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All HBS Web
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- Faculty Publications (60)
- Article
We Need Better Carbon Accounting. Here's How to Get There.
By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
Any effective system of greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting needs to measure each company’s supply-chain carbon impacts accurately. Such information would provide visibility and incentives for the company to make more climate-friendly product-specification and purchasing...
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Keywords:
Accounting;
Greenhouse Gas Emissions;
GHG;
Carbon Accounting;
Environmental Accounting;
Environmental Management;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Supply Chain
Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "We Need Better Carbon Accounting. Here's How to Get There." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (April 12, 2022).
- March 2022 (Revised July 2022)
- Case
Climate Action in Miami
The Miami metropolitan area is a global epicenter of climate risk from heat and sea level rise, but leaders have only recently mobilized for action to respond to this systemic challenge. Resilient 305 began a collaboration across officials in the cities of Miami and...
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Keywords:
Climate Change;
Climate Impact;
Change;
Leadership;
Cross-sector Collaboration;
Coalition;
Ecosystem;
Greenhouse Gas Emissions;
Green Business;
Adaptation;
Environmental Sustainability;
Infrastructure;
Green Technology;
Environmental Management;
Miami
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. "Climate Action in Miami." Harvard Business School Case 322-101, March 2022. (Revised July 2022.)
- February 2022 (Revised April 2024)
- Case
Aleph Farms: A New Culture of Meat
By: Elie Ofek and Jeff Huizinga
Aleph Farms, an Israeli food-tech start-up, was hoping to play a major role in disrupting the conventional meat sector. Compared to intensive agricultural practices, Aleph’s cultured (or lab-grown) meat solution held the promise of considerably reducing greenhouse gas...
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Keywords:
Innovation;
Disruptive Innovation;
Adoption;
Go To Market Strategy;
Industry Evolution;
Food Industry;
Environmental And Social Sustainability;
Marketing Of Innovations;
Brand Building;
Capital Expenditures-equipment;
Disruption;
Green Technology;
Environmental Sustainability;
Food;
Market Entry and Exit;
Brands and Branding;
Consumer Behavior;
Competitive Strategy;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Food and Beverage Industry
Ofek, Elie, and Jeff Huizinga. "Aleph Farms: A New Culture of Meat." Harvard Business School Case 522-071, February 2022. (Revised April 2024.)
- 2022
- Article
Reversible Power-to-Gas Systems for Energy Conversion and Storage
By: Gunther Glenk and Stefan Reichelstein
In the transition to decarbonized energy systems, Power-to-Gas (PtG) processes have the potential to connect the existing markets for electricity and hydrogen. Specifically, reversible PtG systems can convert electricity to hydrogen at times of ample power supply, yet...
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Keywords:
Decarbonization;
Energy Storage;
Renewable Energy;
Batteries;
Carbon Emissions;
Green Hydrogen;
Greenhouse Gas Emissions;
Energy;
Environmental Accounting;
Environmental Management;
Environmental Sustainability;
Green Technology;
Decision Making;
Investment;
Operations;
Energy Industry;
Utilities Industry;
Transportation Industry;
Industrial Products Industry;
Manufacturing Industry;
Auto Industry;
Europe;
North America;
South America;
Africa;
Asia
Glenk, Gunther, and Stefan Reichelstein. "Reversible Power-to-Gas Systems for Energy Conversion and Storage." Art. 2010. Nature Communications 13 (2022).
- Article
Accounting for Climate Change
By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
Corporations are facing growing pressure—from investors, advocacy groups, politicians, and even business leaders themselves—to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from their operations and their supply and distribution chains. About 90% of the companies in the S&P...
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Keywords:
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation;
Social Accounting;
E-liabilities;
Business And The Environment;
Climate Change;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Environmental Sustainability
Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "Accounting for Climate Change." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 6 (November–December 2021): 120–131.
- October 2021 (Revised May 2023)
- Case
Engine No. 1: An Impact Investing Firm Engages with ExxonMobil
By: Mark Kramer, Shawn Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi and T. Robert Zochowski
ExxonMobil, the world's fifth largest source of carbon emissions, remained committed to aggressively expanding its oil & gas business despite global warming. During the COVID pandemic this strategy resulted in massive losses as the price and demand for oil declined. ...
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Keywords:
Carbon Emissions;
Global Warming;
Impact Investment Funds;
Hedge Fund Activism;
Leadership Development;
Business Model;
Renewable Energy;
Resource Allocation;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Governing and Advisory Boards
Kramer, Mark, Shawn Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Engine No. 1: An Impact Investing Firm Engages with ExxonMobil." Harvard Business School Case 222-028, October 2021. (Revised May 2023.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
How to Fix ESG Reporting
By: Robert S. Kaplan and Karthik Ramanna
Investors, advocacy groups, academics, and the 200 CEOs of the US Business Roundtable have asked corporations to take on an added purpose beyond a narrow pursuit of shareholder value. In response, many companies now issue ESG (Environmental, Societal, and Governance)...
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Keywords:
ESG Reporting;
Sustainability;
Corporate Purpose;
Greenhouse Gas;
Activity-Based Costing;
Environmental Sustainability;
Environmental Management;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Measurement and Metrics;
Goals and Objectives;
Agreements and Arrangements;
Corporate Accountability
Kaplan, Robert S., and Karthik Ramanna. "How to Fix ESG Reporting." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-005, July 2021.
- 2021
- Working Paper
Accounting for Product Impact in the Oil and Gas Industry
By: Katie Panella, George Serafeim and Katie Trinh
We apply the product impact measurement framework of the Impact-Weighted Accounts Initiative (IWAI) in two competitor companies within the oil and gas industry. We design a monetization methodology that allows us to calculate monetary product impact estimates of...
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Keywords:
Product Innovation;
Impact;
Impact Investing;
Impact Measurement;
ESG;
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) Performance;
ESG Ratings;
Social Corporate Responsibility;
Corporate Social Responsibility;
Social Impact;
Oil;
Oil & Gas;
Oil And Gas;
IWAI;
Impact-Weighted Accounts;
Product Design;
Product Positioning;
Society;
Environmental Sustainability;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Product
Panella, Katie, George Serafeim, and Katie Trinh. "Accounting for Product Impact in the Oil and Gas Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-140, June 2021.
- February 2021
- Article
Topic Classification of Electric Vehicle Consumer Experiences with Transformer-Based Deep Learning
By: Sooji Ha, Daniel J Marchetto, Sameer Dharur and Omar Isaac Asensio
The transportation sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is a driver of adverse health effects globally. Increasingly, government policies have promoted the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a solution to mitigate GHG emissions....
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Keywords:
Natural Language Processing;
Analytics and Data Science;
Environmental Sustainability;
Infrastructure;
Transportation;
Policy
Ha, Sooji, Daniel J Marchetto, Sameer Dharur, and Omar Isaac Asensio. "Topic Classification of Electric Vehicle Consumer Experiences with Transformer-Based Deep Learning." Art. 100195. Patterns 2, no. 2 (February 2021).
- May 2020
- Article
Tackling Climate Change Requires Organizational Purpose
By: Rebecca Henderson and George Serafeim
Unchecked climate change presents a profound threat to economic growth and political stability but despite widespread public concern about the issue, global emissions of greenhouse gases have not declined. Indeed current “business as usual” predictions imply that...
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Keywords:
Corporate Purpose;
Purpose;
Sustainability;
Environment;
Climate Change;
Organizations;
Mission and Purpose;
Environmental Sustainability;
Strategy;
Leadership
Henderson, Rebecca, and George Serafeim. "Tackling Climate Change Requires Organizational Purpose." AEA Papers and Proceedings 110 (May 2020): 177–180.
- November 2019
- Supplement
Hapag-Lloyd AG: Complying with IMO 2020
By: Benjamin C. Esty, Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej and Emer Moloney
A new environmental regulation known as IMO 2020 was creating what one industry analyst called “the biggest shakeup for the oil and shipping industries in decades.” According to the new regulation, all ocean-going ships would have to limit their sulfur emissions by...
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- November 2019
- Case
Hapag-Lloyd AG: Complying with IMO 2020
By: Benjamin C. Esty, Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej and Emer Moloney
A new environmental regulation known as IMO 2020 was creating what one industry analyst called “the biggest shakeup for the oil and shipping industries in decades.” According to the new regulation, all ocean-going ships would have to limit their sulfur emissions by...
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Keywords:
Valuation;
Ship Transportation;
Strategic Planning;
Game Theory;
Pollutants;
Supply Chain;
Corporate Accountability;
Capital Budgeting;
Environmental Sustainability;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Governance Compliance;
Shipping Industry;
Transportation Industry;
Germany
Esty, Benjamin C., Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej, and Emer Moloney. "Hapag-Lloyd AG: Complying with IMO 2020." Harvard Business School Case 220-003, November 2019.
- 2018
- Dictionary Entry
Communicating about Climate Change with Corporate Leaders and Stakeholders
Within the corporate sector, climate change represents an unfolding market shift, one that is driven by policy but also by pressures from a variety of market constituents such as consumers, suppliers, buyers, insurance companies, banks, and others. The shift takes...
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Hoffman, Andrew J. "Communicating about Climate Change with Corporate Leaders and Stakeholders." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Climate Change Communication. 3 vols. Edited by Matthew Nisbet, Shirley Ho, Ezra Markowitz, Saffron O’Neill, Mike Schäfer, and Jagadish Thaker. Oxford University Press, 2018.
- February 2016 (Revised October 2017)
- Case
Nuclear Energy: An Answer to Climate Change?
By: Michael W. Toffel, Glen W. S. Dowell and James Weber
Environmental activist groups have traditionally opposed nuclear energy. However, the growing environmental problems associated with global climate change require major changes to reduce the carbon intensity of electricity generation. Should environmental groups...
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Keywords:
Nuclear Energy;
Nuclear Power;
Climate Change;
Safety;
Activism;
Nonprofit;
Environment;
Environmental Protection;
Social Movements;
Energy;
Energy Generation;
Environmental Sustainability;
Non-Governmental Organizations;
Non-Renewable Energy;
Energy Industry;
United States
Toffel, Michael W., Glen W. S. Dowell, and James Weber. "Nuclear Energy: An Answer to Climate Change?" Harvard Business School Case 616-052, February 2016. (Revised October 2017.)
- February 2016 (Revised February 2017)
- Case
Greening Walmart: Progress and Controversy
By: Rebecca Henderson and James Weber
In 2005, Walmart, the world’s largest retailer, launched a sustainability initiative aimed at reducing waste and making the company more environmentally and socially conscious. By 2015, the company had made progress on multiple dimensions: energy efficiency in its...
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Keywords:
Sustainability;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Business or Company Management;
Motivation and Incentives;
Reputation;
Environmental Sustainability;
Retail Industry;
United States
Henderson, Rebecca, and James Weber. "Greening Walmart: Progress and Controversy." Harvard Business School Case 316-042, February 2016. (Revised February 2017.)
- January 2015 (Revised August 2015)
- Background Note
Climate Change: An Unfolding Story
By: Joseph B. Lassiter III, Sid Misra and Stephanie Puzio
In some parts of the world, the impacts of climate change will prove to be relatively manageable, particularly for the rich. In some parts of the world, these will not, particularly for the poor. The only certainty is that humanity's collective actions will force every...
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Keywords:
Global Warming;
Carbon;
Carbon Cycle;
CO2;
GHG;
Greenhouse Gas;
IPCC;
International Panel On Climate Change;
Climate Change
Lassiter, Joseph B., III, Sid Misra, and Stephanie Puzio. "Climate Change: An Unfolding Story." Harvard Business School Background Note 815-079, January 2015. (Revised August 2015.)
- December 2014
- Supplement
Aspen Skiing Company Video Supplement
Having begun improving the environmental performance of its own operations, Aspen Skiing Company is considering "greening" its supply chain and lobbying for greenhouse gas regulations. A world renowned ski resort vulnerable to global climate change, Aspen's activities...
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Keywords:
Conflict of Interests;
Climate Change;
Supply Chain Management;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Environmental Sustainability;
Tourism Industry;
Entertainment and Recreation Industry;
Aspen
Toffel, Michael W. "Aspen Skiing Company Video Supplement." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 615-704, December 2014.
- Fall 2013
- Article
Engaging Supply Chains in Climate Change
By: Chonnikarn Fern Jira and Michael W. Toffel
Suppliers are increasingly being asked to share information about their vulnerability to climate change and their strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Their responses vary widely. We theorize and empirically identify several factors associated with suppliers...
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Keywords:
Knowledge Sharing;
Motivation and Incentives;
Risk Management;
Climate Change;
Supply Chain Management;
Environmental Sustainability
Jira, Chonnikarn Fern, and Michael W. Toffel. "Engaging Supply Chains in Climate Change." Special Issue on the Environment. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 15, no. 4 (Fall 2013): 559–577.
- June 2011 (Revised December 2013)
- Case
FIJI Water: Carbon Negative?
By: Francesca Gino, Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Seeking to go beyond global best practices in reducing environmental impacts, FIJI Water, a premium artesian bottled water company in the United States, launched a Carbon Negative campaign that would offset more greenhouse gas emissions than were released by the...
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Keywords:
Carbon Footprint;
Carbon Offsetting;
Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;
Environmental Sustainability;
Brands and Branding;
Negotiation Tactics;
Business and Government Relations;
Corporate Strategy;
Food and Beverage Industry;
United States;
Fiji
Gino, Francesca, Michael W. Toffel, and Stephanie van Sice. "FIJI Water: Carbon Negative?" Harvard Business School Case 611-049, June 2011. (Revised December 2013.)
- June 2011 (Revised February 2024)
- Background Note
Carbon Footprints: Methods and Calculations
By: Michael W. Toffel, Stephanie van Sice and Kelsey Carter
Describes methods to calculate the carbon footprint (greenhouse gas emissions) of an organization's operations and supply chain, and a product or service. Illustrates concepts with examples of calculating the carbon footprint of organizations and products. Provides...
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Keywords:
Measurement;
Climate Change;
Climate Impact;
Carbon Accounting;
Carbon Footprint;
Carbon Emissions;
Sustainability;
Environmental Management;
Operations;
Supply Chain;
Pollutants;
Measurement and Metrics;
Environmental Sustainability
Toffel, Michael W., Stephanie van Sice, and Kelsey Carter. "Carbon Footprints: Methods and Calculations." Harvard Business School Background Note 611-075, June 2011. (Revised February 2024.)