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    • All HBS Web  (162)
      • Faculty Publications  (23)

      Government Subsidies Remove Government Subsidies →

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      • 2022
      • Chapter

      Lessons Learned from Support to Business during COVID-19

      By: Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, Benjamin Iverson and Adi Sunderam
      The authors survey the new federal subsidies and loans provided to businesses in the first year of the pandemic—including the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), the Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) program, and aid targeted at specific industries such as airlines...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Small Business; Government Legislation; Policy
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      Chodorow-Reich, Gabriel, Benjamin Iverson, and Adi Sunderam. "Lessons Learned from Support to Business during COVID-19." Chap. 4 in Recession Remedies: Lessons Learned from the U.S. Economic Policy Response to COVID-19, edited by Wendy Edelberg, Louise Sheiner, and David Wessel, 123–162. Brookings Institution Press, 2022.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Dance Between Government and Private Investors: Public Entrepreneurial Finance around the Globe

      By: Jessica Bai, Shai Bernstein, Abhishek Dev and Josh Lerner
      This paper examines the interaction between governments and private capital investors when financing early-stage ventures. We first provide a simple conceptual framework to explore when collaboration between governments and private investors is likely to emerge. Using...  View Details
      Keywords: Public Entrepreneurship; Subsidy; Industrial Policy; Entrepreneurship; Public Sector; Financing and Loans; Venture Capital; Global Range
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      Bai, Jessica, Shai Bernstein, Abhishek Dev, and Josh Lerner. "The Dance Between Government and Private Investors: Public Entrepreneurial Finance around the Globe." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-120, April 2021. (Revised January 2022.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Crisis Interventions in Corporate Insolvency

      By: Samuel Antill and Christopher Clayton
      We model the optimal resolution of insolvent firms in general equilibrium. Absent externalities, the optimal corporate-insolvency system encourages lending by letting banks assign liquidations ex-post. We show that a social planner optimally intervenes in such a system...  View Details
      Keywords: Insolvent Firms; Government Intervention; Liquidation; Econometric Models; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Governance; Policy
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      Antill, Samuel, and Christopher Clayton. "Crisis Interventions in Corporate Insolvency." Working Paper, February 2021.
      • August 2020 (Revised November 2020)
      • Case

      Gogoro: From Electric Scooter to Energy Platform

      By: Tarun Khanna and Billy Chan
      The founder of Gogoro had always wanted to revolutionize the energy market from day one since he started the electric scooter business that featured an innovative battery swapping technology. Over the course of five years, he had developed a premium line of electric...  View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Information Technology; Energy; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Strategy; Taiwan
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      Khanna, Tarun, and Billy Chan. "Gogoro: From Electric Scooter to Energy Platform." Harvard Business School Case 721-379, August 2020. (Revised November 2020.)
      • January 2020
      • Case

      Sunset Limited or Full Speed Ahead? Amtrak Talks to Congress

      By: John D. Macomber
      Richard Anderson took the helm of Amtrak in 2017 after leading a successful turnaround at Delta Airlines. Amtrak is a US state owned enterprise with about $3.5 bn in annual revenue (and a large operating loss) that is responsible for substantial segments of passenger...  View Details
      Keywords: Railroad; Passenger Transportation; Urbanization; Cities; U.S. Congress; Infrastructure; Transition; Transportation; Rail Transportation; Climate Change; Urban Scope; Strategic Planning; Business and Government Relations; Rail Industry; United States
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      Macomber, John D. "Sunset Limited or Full Speed Ahead? Amtrak Talks to Congress." Harvard Business School Case 220-052, January 2020.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Optimal Interventions for Increasing Healthy Food Consumption Among Low Income Households

      By: Retsef Levi, Elisabeth Paulson and Georgia Perakis
      The federal government currently spends over $100 billion per year on policies aimed to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption among low income households. These include price-, nutrition education-, and access-related interventions. Currently, the government...  View Details
      Keywords: Bi-level Optimization; Optimal Subsidies; Public Policy; Food Policy; Central Planner; Government Administration; Poverty; Food; Nutrition
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      Levi, Retsef, Elisabeth Paulson, and Georgia Perakis. "Optimal Interventions for Increasing Healthy Food Consumption Among Low Income Households." MIT Sloan Research Paper, No. 6053-19, November 2019.
      • May 2019 (Revised September 2019)
      • Case

      Mobike and ofo: Dancing with Titans (A)

      By: Shikhar Ghosh and Haibo Zhao
      This case address pacing issues – how fast does a company need to scale? It also examines the role of investors in determining company strategy and exit.
      Mobike and ofo were two dominant players in China’s emerging dockless bike-sharing market, that allowed users...  View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Venture Capital; Financing and Loans; Competition; Value Creation; Governance; Economics; Business Startups; Strategy; Business Exit or Shutdown; Entrepreneurship; Infrastructure; Transportation; Bicycle Transportation; China
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, and Haibo Zhao. "Mobike and ofo: Dancing with Titans (A)." Harvard Business School Case 819-135, May 2019. (Revised September 2019.)
      • November 2018 (Revised May 2019)
      • Case

      Almarai Company: Milk and Modernization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

      By: Kristin Fabbe, Safwan Al-Amin, Esel Cekin and Natalie Kindred
      With SAR 14 billion ($3.7 billion) in 2017 revenues, Almarai was Saudi Arabia’s largest dairy producer, distributor, and marketer, with a large portfolio of branded dairy products, juices, bakery goods, and infant formula and a sales presence across the Gulf region,...  View Details
      Keywords: Dairy; Agriculture; Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia; Almarai; Schorderet; Food Security; Public Policy; Self Sufficiency; Gulf; GCC; Business And Government; Agribusiness; Marketing; Distribution; Change Management; Leading Change; Strategy; Government and Politics; Policy; Diversification; Integration; Horizontal Integration; Vertical Integration; Food; Brands and Branding; Growth and Development Strategy; Business and Government Relations; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Consumer Products Industry; Saudi Arabia; Middle East
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      Fabbe, Kristin, Safwan Al-Amin, Esel Cekin, and Natalie Kindred. "Almarai Company: Milk and Modernization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Harvard Business School Case 719-020, November 2018. (Revised May 2019.)
      • May 2018 (Revised October 2018)
      • Case

      Argentina Power—Don't Cry for Me Argentina

      By: Nori Gerardo Lietz and Sayiddah Fatima McCree
      In 2016, Bruce Wayne, Managing Director of Energy Finance Corporation (“EFC”), was refining the Investment/Credit Committee materials for the development of up to 10 power generating plants in Argentina. As a subsidiary of the much larger International Conglomerate...  View Details
      Keywords: Cross Border; Energy Markets; Infrastructure Finance; Infrastructure Development; Business Subsidiaries; Business Cycles; Macroeconomics; Energy Generation; International Finance; Project Finance; Government and Politics; Demand and Consumers; Infrastructure; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; Financial Services Industry; Argentina; Latin America
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      Lietz, Nori Gerardo, and Sayiddah Fatima McCree. "Argentina Power—Don't Cry for Me Argentina." Harvard Business School Case 218-041, May 2018. (Revised October 2018.)
      • June 2014 (Revised April 2015)
      • Background Note

      Affordable Housing and Low-Income Housing Tax Credits in the United States

      By: Arthur I Segel and Nicolas P. Retsinas
      This background note explores the basic themes surrounding the government's approach to providing housing: namely its shift from a supplier and builder of affordable housing to an approach that focuses on demand-side solutions and indirect subsidies to private...  View Details
      Keywords: Housing; Welfare; Government and Politics
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      Segel, Arthur I., and Nicolas P. Retsinas. "Affordable Housing and Low-Income Housing Tax Credits in the United States." Harvard Business School Background Note 214-107, June 2014. (Revised April 2015.)
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Innovation, Reallocation and Growth

      By: Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit, Harun Alp, Nicholas Bloom and William R. Kerr
      We build a model of firm-level innovation, productivity growth, and reallocation featuring endogenous entry and exit. A new and central economic force is the selection between high- and low-type firms, which differ in terms of their innovative capacity. We estimate the...  View Details
      Keywords: Entry; Growth; Industrial Policy; Innovation; R&D; Reallocation; Selection; Business Ventures; Resource Allocation; Performance Productivity; Policy; Research and Development; Innovation and Invention; Growth and Development; United States
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      Acemoglu, Daron, Ufuk Akcigit, Harun Alp, Nicholas Bloom, and William R. Kerr. "Innovation, Reallocation and Growth." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-088, April 2013. (Revised November 2017. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 18993, April 2013)
      • Article

      Tax Policy and the Efficiency of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad

      By: Mihir A. Desai, C. Fritz Foley and James R. Hines Jr.
      Deferral of U.S. taxes on foreign source income is commonly characterized as a subsidy to foreign investment, as reflected in its inclusion among "tax expenditures" and occasional calls for its repeal. This paper analyzes the extent to which tax deferral and other...  View Details
      Keywords: International Taxation; Dynamic Efficiency; Deferral; Policy; Taxation; Performance Efficiency; Foreign Direct Investment; Investment Funds; Investment Return; Business Earnings; Equity; Financing and Loans; Cash Flow; Capital; United States
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      Desai, Mihir A., C. Fritz Foley, and James R. Hines Jr. "Tax Policy and the Efficiency of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad." National Tax Journal 64, no. 4 (December 2011): 1055–1082.
      • June 2012 (Revised February 2014)
      • Case

      Low-Carbon, Indigenous Innovation in China

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor
      For the past seven years or so, the Chinese government has been powering ahead with industrial policies to promote low-carbon energy technologies—wind, solar, electric batteries and vehicles, nuclear power, and even carbon capture and sequestration. In 2009, the...  View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Renewables; Carbon; Environment; Industrial Policy; Competitiveness; Environmental Sustainability; Policy; Renewable Energy; Competition; Globalized Markets and Industries; Energy Industry; China
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      Vietor, Richard H.K. "Low-Carbon, Indigenous Innovation in China." Harvard Business School Case 712-061, June 2012. (Revised February 2014.)
      • 2011
      • Working Paper

      Tax Policy and the Efficiency of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad

      By: Mihir A. Desai, C. Fritz Foley and James R. Hines Jr.
      Deferral of U.S. taxes on foreign source income is commonly characterized as a subsidy to foreign investment, as reflected in its inclusion among "tax expenditures" and occasional calls for its repeal. This paper analyzes the extent to which tax deferral and other...  View Details
      Keywords: Cash Flow; Investment Return; Foreign Direct Investment; Investment Funds; Policy; Taxation; United States
      Citation
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      Desai, Mihir A., C. Fritz Foley, and James R. Hines Jr. "Tax Policy and the Efficiency of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 17202, July 2011.
      • 2011
      • Working Paper

      Historical Trajectories and Corporate Competences in Wind Energy

      By: Geoffrey Jones and Loubna Bouamane
      This working paper surveys the business history of the global wind energy turbine industry between the late nineteenth century and the present day. It examines the long-term prominence of firms headquartered in Denmark, the more fluctuating role of U.S.-based firms,...  View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Renewable Energy; Competitive Advantage; Technology Adoption; Policy; Business and Government Relations; Energy Industry; United States; Denmark
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      Jones, Geoffrey, and Loubna Bouamane. "Historical Trajectories and Corporate Competences in Wind Energy." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-112, May 2011.
      • 2010
      • Book

      International Differences in Entrepreneurship

      By: Josh Lerner and Antoinette Schoar
      Often considered one of the major forces behind economic growth and development, the entrepreneurial firm can accelerate the speed of innovation and dissemination of new technologies, thus increasing a country's competitive edge in the global market. As a result,...  View Details
      Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Entrepreneurship; Globalized Economies and Regions; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Supply and Industry; Business and Government Relations
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      Lerner, Josh, and Antoinette Schoar, eds. International Differences in Entrepreneurship. National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
      • September 2009 (Revised January 2012)
      • Case

      Suntech Power

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor
      Suntech, a Chinese manufacturer of photovoltaic cells and solar panels, is the third largest solar company in the world. About 90 percent of its sales have been in Europe—especially Germany and Spain. But with its new "pluto" technology, and with new governmental...  View Details
      Keywords: Solar Power; Renewable Energy; Globalized Markets and Industries; Competition; Market Entry and Exit; Business and Government Relations; Expansion; Strategy; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; China
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      Vietor, Richard H.K. "Suntech Power." Harvard Business School Case 710-013, September 2009. (Revised January 2012.)
      • 2009
      • Working Paper

      Securing Jobs or the New Protectionism?: Taxing the Overseas Activities of Multinational Firms

      By: Mihir A. Desai
      Tax policy toward American multinational firms would appear to be approaching a crossroads. The presumed linkages between domestic employment conditions and the growth of foreign operations by American firms have led to calls for increased taxation on foreign...  View Details
      Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Policy; Taxation; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; United States
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      Desai, Mihir A. "Securing Jobs or the New Protectionism?: Taxing the Overseas Activities of Multinational Firms." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-107, March 2009.
      • 2009
      • Other Unpublished Work

      When Does Industrial Policy Work? Evidence from the Brazilian Ethanol Fuel Industry

      By: Santiago Mingo and Tarun Khanna
      What is the impact of a state-led industrial policy program on entrepreneurial activity, industry evolution, and firm competitiveness? How and when is industrial policy an effective tool to spur the development of an emerging industry? To address these questions, we...  View Details
      Keywords: Economic Growth; Entrepreneurship; Policy; Industry Growth; Business and Government Relations; Competition; Energy Industry; Brazil
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      Mingo, Santiago, and Tarun Khanna. "When Does Industrial Policy Work? Evidence from the Brazilian Ethanol Fuel Industry." 2009.
      • 2008
      • Working Paper

      Investable Tax Credits: The Case of the Low Income Housing Tax Credit

      By: Mihir A. Desai, Dhammika Dharmapala and Monica Singhal
      The Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) represents a novel tax expenditure program that employs "investable" tax credits to spur production of low-income rental housing. While it has grown into the largest source of new affordable housing in the U.S. and its...  View Details
      Keywords: Investment; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Taxation; Housing; Renting or Rental; United States
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      Desai, Mihir A., Dhammika Dharmapala, and Monica Singhal. "Investable Tax Credits: The Case of the Low Income Housing Tax Credit." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 14149, June 2008.
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