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Publications

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      • November 2023
      • Case

      'Care in Every Drop': Ayala Corporation and Manila Water (A)

      By: Debora L. Spar, Paul Healy, Tricia Peralta and Julia Comeau
      Since 1834, eight generations of the Ayala family have used their conglomerate to fund nation-building projects in the Philippines, including investments in tramcars, telecommunications, hospitals, and schools. In 1997, Ayala’s subsidiary, Manila Water, took control...  View Details
      Keywords: Family Business; Economic Growth; Social Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Natural Resources; Crisis Management; Failure; Privatization; Social Issues; Urban Development; Adaptation; Utilities Industry; Asia; Philippines
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      Spar, Debora L., Paul Healy, Tricia Peralta, and Julia Comeau. "'Care in Every Drop': Ayala Corporation and Manila Water (A)." Harvard Business School Case 324-038, November 2023.
      • November 2023
      • Supplement

      'Care in Every Drop': Ayala Corporation and Manila Water (B)

      By: Debora L. Spar, Paul Healy, Tricia Peralta and Julia Comeau
      Since 1834, eight generations of the Ayala family have used their conglomerate to fund nation-building projects in the Philippines, including investments in tramcars, telecommunications, hospitals, and schools. In 1997, Ayala’s subsidiary, Manila Water, took control of...  View Details
      Keywords: Family Business; Economic Growth; Social Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Natural Resources; Crisis Management; Failure; Privatization; Social Issues; Urban Development; Adaptation; Utilities Industry; Asia
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      Spar, Debora L., Paul Healy, Tricia Peralta, and Julia Comeau. "'Care in Every Drop': Ayala Corporation and Manila Water (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-039, November 2023.
      • September 2023 (Revised September 2023)
      • Case

      ReMo Energy: Sizing Up Investors

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang and Tom Quinn
      In 2023, executives with ReMo Energy (founded 2020) were deciding which size ammonia plant to build as their first project. Their innovative model produced ammonia – useful for making fertilizer and for energy storage – from renewable energy, and they had received...  View Details
      Keywords: Factories, Labs, and Plants; Business Startups; Cost vs Benefits; Design; Energy Conservation; Energy Generation; Renewable Energy; Venture Capital; Investment Return; Goods and Commodities; Size; Infrastructure; Risk and Uncertainty; Science-Based Business; Commercialization; Chemical Industry; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; United States; Boston
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., and Tom Quinn. "ReMo Energy: Sizing Up Investors." Harvard Business School Case 824-027, September 2023. (Revised September 2023.)
      • April 2023
      • Supplement

      Fresh Food Generation

      By: Brian Trelstad
      Instructors should consider the timing of making videos available to students, as they may reveal key case details.

      This case highlights one of five BIPOC entrepreneuers in the Boston area as part of the HBS Impact Investment Fund. In fall 2021, a team of...  View Details
      Keywords: Growth and Development Strategy; Entrepreneurship; Race; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Trelstad, Brian. "Fresh Food Generation." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 323-704, April 2023.
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Spaceport America, Public Sector Risk-taking, and Political Accountability (A)

      By: Matthew Weinzierl, Dava Newman, Rebecca Browder and Angela Acocella
      Sitting quietly in the heart of the New Mexico desert in the summer of 2014, Spaceport America (SA) housed little of the activity its supporters anticipated when opening its hangar doors in 2011. Despite $1 million in annual rent from Virgin Galactic, British...  View Details
      Keywords: Funding Sources; Risk and Uncertainty; Public Sector; Business and Government Relations; Factories, Labs, and Plants; Aerospace Industry; New Mexico
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, Dava Newman, Rebecca Browder, and Angela Acocella. "Spaceport America, Public Sector Risk-taking, and Political Accountability (A)." Harvard Business School Case 723-011, October 2022.
      • August 2022
      • Case

      In-Q-Tel: Innovation On A Mission

      By: Joshua Lev Krieger and Josh Lerner
      In 2022, the leaders of In-Q-Tel (IQT) considered what was next for the unique mission-driven organization. Since 1999, IQT had one mission: to be the most sophisticated source of strategic technical knowledge and capabilities to the U.S. government and its allies. IQT...  View Details
      Keywords: Mission and Purpose; National Security; Technological Innovation; Research; Geopolitical Units; Risk Management; Recruitment; Growth and Development Strategy; Venture Capital; Knowledge Management; Information Industry; Banking Industry
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      Krieger, Joshua Lev, and Josh Lerner. "In-Q-Tel: Innovation On A Mission." Harvard Business School Case 823-031, August 2022.
      • August 2022 (Revised September 2023)
      • Case

      Fresh Food Generation

      By: Brian Trelstad, Amy Klopfenstein and Mel Martin
      This case highlights one of five BIPOC entrepreneurs in the Boston area as part of the HBS Impact Investment Fund. In fall 2021, a team of HBS students reviewed the financial statements of Fresh Food Generation (FFG), a Dorchester, Massachusetts-based food service...  View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Investment; Entrepreneurial Finance; Entrepreneurship; Race; Food and Beverage Industry; Boston
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      Trelstad, Brian, Amy Klopfenstein, and Mel Martin. "Fresh Food Generation." Harvard Business School Case 323-010, August 2022. (Revised September 2023.)
      • June 2022
      • Case

      PFA Pensions: The Climate Plus Product

      By: Daniel Green, Victoria Ivashina and Alys Ferragamo
      The case explores whether alternative investments play a unique role in achieving low carbon dioxide emissions at the portfolio level. This case is set in April of 2020 and follows Kasper Ahrndt Lorenzen, Chief Investment Officer, and Peter Tind Larsen, Head of...  View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Carbon Footprint; Alternative Assets; Alternative Investment Vehicles; Pension Fund Investing; Private Equity; Renewable Energy; Investment Portfolio; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Denmark
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      Green, Daniel, Victoria Ivashina, and Alys Ferragamo. "PFA Pensions: The Climate Plus Product." Harvard Business School Case 222-088, June 2022.
      • October 2021 (Revised May 2023)
      • Case

      Engine No. 1: An Impact Investing Firm Engages with ExxonMobil

      By: Mark Kramer, Shawn Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi and T. Robert Zochowski
      ExxonMobil, the world's fifth largest source of carbon emissions, remained committed to aggressively expanding its oil & gas business despite global warming. During the COVID pandemic this strategy resulted in massive losses as the price and demand for oil declined. ...  View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Global Warming; Impact Investment Funds; Hedge Fund Activism; Leadership Development; Business Model; Renewable Energy; Resource Allocation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Governing and Advisory Boards
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      Kramer, Mark, Shawn Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Engine No. 1: An Impact Investing Firm Engages with ExxonMobil." Harvard Business School Case 222-028, October 2021. (Revised May 2023.)
      • September 2021 (Revised November 2022)
      • Case

      MAYA Capital

      By: Robert F. White, Carla Larangeira and Pedro Levindo
      MAYA Capital co-founders Lara Lemann and Monica Saggioro raised $41.5 million through a series of closings for their early-stage Latin American venture capital fund. The two women had met for the first time in mid-2016 when Lemann was contemplating scaling her angel...  View Details
      Keywords: Early Stage; Portfolio Construction; Fund Management; Investment; Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Investment Portfolio; Strategy; Business Startups; Management; Investment Funds; Latin America
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      White, Robert F., Carla Larangeira, and Pedro Levindo. "MAYA Capital." Harvard Business School Case 822-038, September 2021. (Revised November 2022.)
      • August 2021
      • Case

      Apax Digital

      By: Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
      The Apax Digital team faced important decisions as they contemplated raising a second fund. Apax Digital Fund I was a $1.1 billion vehicle focused on mid-market growth equity and growth buyouts in the technology sector. The fund had performed well, and the Managing...  View Details
      Keywords: Growth and Development Strategy; Acquisition; Investment Portfolio; Decision Choices and Conditions; Venture Capital; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Tango, Jo, and Alys Ferragamo. "Apax Digital." Harvard Business School Case 822-016, August 2021.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Beefing IT Up for Your Investor? Open Sourcing and Startup Funding: Evidence from GitHub

      By: Annamaria Conti, Christian Peukert and Maria Roche
      We study the participation of nascent firms in open source communities and its implications for attracting funding. To do so, we link data on 160,065 U.S. startups from Crunchbase to their activities on the open source development platform GitHub. In a matched sample...  View Details
      Keywords: Startups; Technology Strategy; GitHub; Machine Learning; Business Startups; Venture Capital; Information Technology; Strategy
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      Conti, Annamaria, Christian Peukert, and Maria Roche. "Beefing IT Up for Your Investor? Open Sourcing and Startup Funding: Evidence from GitHub." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-001, July 2021. (Revised August 2023.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Studying the U.S.-Based Portfolio Companies of U.S. Impact Investors

      By: M. Diane Burton, Gurveen Chadha, Shawn A. Cole, Abhishek Dev, Christina Jarymowycz, Leslie Jeng, Laura Kelley, Josh Lerner, Jaime R. Diaz Palacios, Yue (Cynthia) Xu and T. Robert Zochowski
      Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the reliance on market-based solutions to social and environmental problems around the world (Barman 2016; Horvath and Powell 2020). The growth of impact investing is a vivid example of this trend and, although there have...  View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Impact Portfolio Companies; Investment; Social Issues; Environmental Sustainability; Investment Portfolio; Business Ventures; Analytics and Data Science; Performance; United States
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      Burton, M. Diane, Gurveen Chadha, Shawn A. Cole, Abhishek Dev, Christina Jarymowycz, Leslie Jeng, Laura Kelley, Josh Lerner, Jaime R. Diaz Palacios, Yue (Cynthia) Xu, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Studying the U.S.-Based Portfolio Companies of U.S. Impact Investors." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-130, June 2021.
      • May 2021
      • Case

      Inclusive Innovation at Mass General Brigham

      By: Katherine Baldiga Coffman and Olivia Hull
      Massachusetts General Brigham (MGB) Chief Innovation Officer Christopher Coburn had overseen a period of exciting transformation and growth in healthcare innovation at MGB. In November 2019, the health system was the largest recipient of National Institutes of Health...  View Details
      Keywords: Inclusion; Innovation; Invention; Gender; Business Startups; Investment Funds; Private Equity; Health Care and Treatment; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Intellectual Property; Copyright; Patents; Research; Research and Development; Diversification; Technology; Health Industry; Massachusetts; Boston
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      Coffman, Katherine Baldiga, and Olivia Hull. "Inclusive Innovation at Mass General Brigham." Harvard Business School Case 921-006, May 2021.
      • April 2021 (Revised July 2021)
      • Case

      Public Equities Impact Investing at BlackRock

      By: Shawn A. Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi, Michael Norris and John Masko
      In early 2021, BlackRock—the world’s largest asset manager with $9 trillion in assets under management (AUM)—sought to become a leader in promoting environmental and social sustainability. Over the previous ten years, CEO Larry Fink had written an annual open letter to...  View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Equity; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Financial Management; Investment Funds; Investment Return; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Cole, Shawn A., Vikram S. Gandhi, Michael Norris, and John Masko. "Public Equities Impact Investing at BlackRock." Harvard Business School Case 221-066, April 2021. (Revised July 2021.)
      • January 2021
      • Article

      State and Local Government Employment in the COVID-19 Crisis

      By: Daniel Green and Erik Loualiche
      Local governments are facing large losses in revenues and increased expenditures because of the COVID-19 crisis. We document a causal relationship between fiscal pressures induced by COVID-19 and the layoffs of state and local government workers. States that depend...  View Details
      Keywords: Local Government; Municipal Finance; Public Finance; Fiscal Capacity; Fiscal Policy; Governance; Local Range; Health Pandemics; Employment; Finance; Policy; Public Sector
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      Green, Daniel, and Erik Loualiche. "State and Local Government Employment in the COVID-19 Crisis." Art. 104321. Journal of Public Economics 193 (January 2021).
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Institutional Corporate Bond Pricing

      By: Ishita Sen, Lorenzo Bretscher, Lukas Schmid and Varun Sharma
      We compile a rich dataset that links institutional investors' position level holdings with corporate bond characteristics and estimate demand elasticities with respect to critical sources of risk. Persistence in institutions' holdings provide us with an instrument to...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Bonds; Demand Systems; Insurance Companies; Mutual Funds; Liquidity; Bonds; Insurance; Investment Funds; Financial Liquidity
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      Sen, Ishita, Lorenzo Bretscher, Lukas Schmid, and Varun Sharma. "Institutional Corporate Bond Pricing." Working Paper, December 2020. (Revised January 2022. Revise and Resubmit, Review of Financial Studies.)
      • November 2020 (Revised May 2023)
      • Case

      Holaluz: Taking on the Spanish Energy Market

      By: Elie Ofek, Marco Bertini, Oded Koenigsberg, Elena Corsi and Emer Moloney
      In 2020, the three cofounders of Holaluz, a newcomer to Spain’s electricity retail market, are preparing to launch a new offering: installing and managing solar panels on households' roofs at no extra cost for the consumer, who would still benefit from the energy...  View Details
      Keywords: Electricity; Solar Power; Subscription Business; Renewable Energy; Entrepreneurship; Service Delivery; Business Model; Product Launch; Marketing; Energy Industry; Spain
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      Ofek, Elie, Marco Bertini, Oded Koenigsberg, Elena Corsi, and Emer Moloney. "Holaluz: Taking on the Spanish Energy Market." Harvard Business School Case 521-045, November 2020. (Revised May 2023.)
      • October 2020 (Revised November 2020)
      • Case

      Wilderness Safaris: Impact Investing and Ecotourism Conservation in Africa

      By: James E. Austin, Megan Epler Wood and Herman B. "Dutch" Leonard
      In 2018 the majority ownership of publicly owned Wilderness Safaris, the leading high-end ecotourism company in Africa with safari operations in eight countries, was acquired by The Rise Fund, one of the world’s largest private social impact investing funds, and by FS...  View Details
      Keywords: Investing; Investing For Impact; Ecotourism; COVID-19; Equity Financing; Strategy Formulation; Profitability; Environmental And Social Sustainability; Sustainability; Conservation Planning; Corporate Social Responsibility; Investment; Social Enterprise; Social Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Financing and Loans; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Health Pandemics; Tourism Industry; Africa; Rwanda; Angola
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      Austin, James E., Megan Epler Wood, and Herman B. "Dutch" Leonard. "Wilderness Safaris: Impact Investing and Ecotourism Conservation in Africa." Harvard Business School Case 321-020, October 2020. (Revised November 2020.)
      • September 2020 (Revised November 2020)
      • Case

      d.light

      By: Michael Chu, Krishna G. Palepu and Dilyana Karadzhova Botha
      Kenyan off-grid-solar pioneer d.light can power entire homes in rural Africa but must now decide how to fund the growth of its asset-heavy business model. Ned Tozun and Sam Goldman founded d.light in 2006 to transform lives through solar solutions enabling access to...  View Details
      Keywords: Alternative Energy; Business Model; Capital; Emerging Markets; Expansion; Financial Strategy; Renewable Energy; Strategy; Social Entrepreneurship; Energy Industry; Africa; Kenya; India
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      Chu, Michael, Krishna G. Palepu, and Dilyana Karadzhova Botha. "d.light." Harvard Business School Case 321-069, September 2020. (Revised November 2020.)
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