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    • All HBS Web  (1,274)
      • Faculty Publications  (203)

      Flexibility Remove Flexibility →

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      • January–February 2023
      • Article

      Rethink Your Employee Value Proposition: Offer Your People More Than Just Flexibility

      By: Mark Mortensen and Amy C. Edmondson
      A lot of leaders believe that the formula for attracting and keeping talent is simple: Just ask people what they want and give it to them. The problem is, that approach tends to address only the material aspects of jobs that are top of employees’ minds at the moment,...  View Details
      Keywords: Compensation and Benefits; Retention; Recruitment; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Satisfaction
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      Mortensen, Mark, and Amy C. Edmondson. "Rethink Your Employee Value Proposition: Offer Your People More Than Just Flexibility." Harvard Business Review 101, no. 1 (January–February 2023): 45–49.
      • December 2022
      • Case

      Freelancer, Ltd.

      By: Christopher Stanton, Karim R. Lakhani, Jin Hyun Paik and Nina Cohodes
      Over the course of the 2010s, the rapid advancement of mobile technologies and the rise of online freelancing platforms seemed to portend a radical transformation of labor markets into on-demand, flexible talent pools. Even though several Fortune 500...  View Details
      Keywords: Freelancers; Labor Markets; Internet and the Web; Digital Platforms; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Human Capital; Change Management; Globalized Firms and Management; Employment; Global Range; Employment Industry
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      Stanton, Christopher, Karim R. Lakhani, Jin Hyun Paik, and Nina Cohodes. "Freelancer, Ltd." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 823-706, December 2022.
      • December 2022
      • Supplement

      Freelancer, Ltd. Case Supplement

      By: Christopher Stanton, Karim R. Lakhani, Jin Hyun Paik and Nina Cohodes
      Over the course of the 2010s, the rapid advancement of mobile technologies and the rise of online freelancing platforms seemed to portend a radical transformation of labor markets into on-demand, flexible talent pools. Even though several Fortune 500 companies,...  View Details
      Keywords: Labor Markets; Freelancers; Change Management; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Globalized Firms and Management; Human Capital; Employment; Digital Platforms; Global Range; Adoption; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Growth and Development Strategy; Computer Industry; Electronics Industry; Employment Industry; Information Industry; Australia; United States; Philippines
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      Stanton, Christopher, Karim R. Lakhani, Jin Hyun Paik, and Nina Cohodes. "Freelancer, Ltd. Case Supplement." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 823-707, December 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Volt Lines: Leading a B2B Service Provider through a Crisis (A)

      By: Navid Mojir and Gamze Yucaoglu
      Volt Lines was a next-generation transportation service in Istanbul, Turkey. The company was trying to disrupt the traditional corporate transportation market by developing software that allowed it to offer subscription-based transportation. Under the subscription...  View Details
      Keywords: Business To Business Marketing; B2B Marketing; B2B Pricing; Subscription Model; Crisis Marketing; Startup; Service Management; Information Technology; Transportation; COVID-19 Pandemic; Disruptive Innovation; Digital Platforms; Business Model; Price; Crisis Management; Opportunities; Transportation Industry; Technology Industry; Turkey
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      Mojir, Navid, and Gamze Yucaoglu. "Volt Lines: Leading a B2B Service Provider through a Crisis (A)." Harvard Business School Case 523-037, October 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      The case describes BMW’s electrification and decarbonization strategy, and how the company measured carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of its vehicles and used tools like carbon abatement cost curves to evaluate decarbonization opportunities. In mid-2022,...  View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Change; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Accounting; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Battery Industry; Germany; China; United States; Europe
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Case 123-008, October 2022.
      • Article

      Recovering Investor Expectations from Demand for Index Funds

      By: Mark Egan, Alexander J. MacKay and Hanbin Yang
      We use a revealed-preference approach to estimate investor expectations of stock market returns. Using data on demand for index funds that follow the S&P 500, we develop and estimate a model of investor choice to flexibly recover the time-varying distribution of...  View Details
      Keywords: Stock Market Expectations; Demand Estimation; Exchange-traded Funds (ETFs); Demand and Consumers; Investment
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      Egan, Mark, Alexander J. MacKay, and Hanbin Yang. "Recovering Investor Expectations from Demand for Index Funds." Review of Economic Studies 89, no. 5 (October 2022): 2559–2599.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      What Would It Mean for a Machine to Have a Self?

      By: Julian De Freitas, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Laurie Paul, Joshua B. Tenenbaum and Tomer Ullman
      What would it mean for autonomous AI agents to have a ‘self’? One proposal for a minimal notion of self is a representation of one’s body spatio-temporally located in the world, with a tag of that representation as the agent taking actions in the world. This turns...  View Details
      Keywords: Self; AI; Games; Reinforcement Learning; Avatar; AI and Machine Learning
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      De Freitas, Julian, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, Zeliha Uğuralp, Laurie Paul, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Tomer Ullman. "What Would It Mean for a Machine to Have a Self?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-017, September 2022.
      • August 2022
      • Case

      One Tiger Per Mountain: The He Family Office

      By: Lauren Cohen, Fei Wu and Grace Headinger
      Roy He, founder and majority shareholder of his family construction material production company, was preparing to pass down the family business through its first generational handover to his children. His decision would establish his familial legacy and set a precedent...  View Details
      Keywords: Governance Structure; Family Business; Family Ownership; Strategic Planning; Family and Family Relationships; Leadership; Construction Industry; Canton (city, China); Canton (province, China); China
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      Cohen, Lauren, Fei Wu, and Grace Headinger. "One Tiger Per Mountain: The He Family Office." Harvard Business School Case 223-001, August 2022.
      • June 2022
      • Article

      The Welfare Effects of Peer Entry in the Accommodation Market: The Case of Airbnb and the Accommodation Industry

      By: Chiara Farronato and Andrey Fradkin
      We study the effects of enabling peer supply through Airbnb in the accommodation industry. We present a model of competition between flexible and dedicated sellers—peer hosts and hotels—who provide differentiated products. We estimate this model using data from major...  View Details
      Keywords: Peer To Peer; Airbnb; Digital Platforms; Market Entry and Exit; Competition; Accommodations Industry
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      Farronato, Chiara, and Andrey Fradkin. "The Welfare Effects of Peer Entry in the Accommodation Market: The Case of Airbnb and the Accommodation Industry." American Economic Review 112, no. 6 (June 2022): 1782–1817.
      • April 6, 2022
      • Article

      In Uncertain Times, Big Companies Need to Take Care of Their Suppliers

      By: Willy C. Shih
      Many large original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have long been ruthless with their suppliers, demanding extremely low prices and loading them up with risks. Given that the current turmoil buffeting global supply chains is unlikely to end anytime soon, OEMs should...  View Details
      Keywords: Supplier Relationship; Supply Chain Management; Supply Chain; Relationships; Risk and Uncertainty; Auto Industry; Industrial Products Industry; Manufacturing Industry; United States
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      Shih, Willy C. "In Uncertain Times, Big Companies Need to Take Care of Their Suppliers." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (April 6, 2022).
      • March 30, 2022
      • Article

      To Retain Employees, Support Their Passions Outside Work

      By: Lauren C Howe, Jon M. Jachimowicz and Jochen I. Menges
      With more and more people quitting, leaders need to find new ways to boost retention. One under-recognized way to keep employees on board is to give them the flexibility and resources they need to pursue their out-of-work passions. Drawing on their research, the...  View Details
      Keywords: Passion; Employees; Retention; Interests; Work-Life Balance; Human Resources; Strategy
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      Howe, Lauren C., Jon M. Jachimowicz, and Jochen I. Menges. "To Retain Employees, Support Their Passions Outside Work." Harvard Business Review (website) (March 30, 2022).
      • Article

      Advancing Digital Health Applications: Priorities for Innovation in Real-World Evidence Generation

      By: Ariel Dora Stern, Jan Brönneke, Jörg F Debatin, Julia Hagen, Henrik Matthies, Smit Patel, Ieuan Clay, Bjoern Eskofier, Annika Herr, Kurt Hoeller, Ashley Jaksa, Daniel B Kramer, Mattias Kyhlstedt, Katherine T Lofgren, Nirosha Mahendraratnam, Holger Muehlan, Simon Reif, Lars Riedemann and Jennifer C Goldsack
      In 2019, Germany passed the Digital Healthcare Act, which, among other things, created a “Fast-Track” regulatory and reimbursement pathway for digital health applications in the German market. The pathway explicitly provides for flexibility in how researchers can...  View Details
      Keywords: Digital Health; Health Care and Treatment; Technological Innovation
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      Stern, Ariel Dora, Jan Brönneke, Jörg F Debatin, Julia Hagen, Henrik Matthies, Smit Patel, Ieuan Clay, Bjoern Eskofier, Annika Herr, Kurt Hoeller, Ashley Jaksa, Daniel B Kramer, Mattias Kyhlstedt, Katherine T Lofgren, Nirosha Mahendraratnam, Holger Muehlan, Simon Reif, Lars Riedemann, and Jennifer C Goldsack. "Advancing Digital Health Applications: Priorities for Innovation in Real-World Evidence Generation." Lancet Digital Health 4, no. 3 (March 2022): e200–e206.
      • Article

      Geographic Mobility, Immobility, and Geographic Flexibility—A Review and Agenda for Research on the Changing Geography of Work

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury
      I review and integrate a wide range of literature that has examined how geographic mobility of high-skilled workers creates value for organizations and individuals. Drawing on this interdisciplinary literature, I document that geographic mobility creates value by...  View Details
      Keywords: Geographic Mobility; Frictions; Work-from-anywhere; Employees; Geographic Location; Organizational Change and Adaptation
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj. "Geographic Mobility, Immobility, and Geographic Flexibility—A Review and Agenda for Research on the Changing Geography of Work." Academy of Management Annals 16, no. 1 (January 2022): 258–296.
      • 2022
      • Book

      Ripe for Revolution: Building Socialism in the Third World

      By: Jeremy Friedman
      A historical account of ideology in the Global South as the postwar laboratory of socialism, its legacy following the Cold War, and the continuing influence of socialist ideas worldwide.

      In the first decades after World War II, many newly independent...  View Details
      Keywords: Socialism; Economic Systems; Globalization; Government and Politics; Developing Countries and Economies
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      Friedman, Jeremy. Ripe for Revolution: Building Socialism in the Third World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022.
      • December 10, 2021
      • Editorial

      Go Ahead and Ask for More Time on That Deadline

      By: A.V. Whillans
      Unrealistic deadlines don’t help anyone—and yet more often than not, employees avoid asking for extensions even when they know more time would help them do a better job. Through a series of studies with more than 4,000 working adults, the author illustrates how despite...  View Details
      Keywords: Deadlines; Extension Request; Employees; Time Management; Behavior; Perception
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      Whillans, A.V. "Go Ahead and Ask for More Time on That Deadline." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (December 10, 2021).
      • Column

      The Changing Geography of Work: Priorities for Policy Makers

      By: Prithwiraj Choudhury
      The COVID-19 pandemic thrust the issue of how and where we work into the spotlight. The adoption of remote and hybrid work increased exponentially as lockdowns necessitated social distancing. But now, as we enter a new phase of the pandemic, the Geography of Work—where...  View Details
      Keywords: Remote Work; Hybrid Work Model; Work-from-anywhere; Employees; Geographic Location; Policy
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      Choudhury, Prithwiraj. "The Changing Geography of Work: Priorities for Policy Makers." OECD Forum Network (December 6, 2021).
      • Article

      Adaptive Machine Unlearning

      By: Varun Gupta, Christopher Jung, Seth Neel, Aaron Roth, Saeed Sharifi-Malvajerdi and Chris Waites
      Data deletion algorithms aim to remove the influence of deleted data points from trained models at a cheaper computational cost than fully retraining those models. However, for sequences of deletions, most prior work in the non-convex setting gives valid guarantees...  View Details
      Keywords: Machine Learning; AI and Machine Learning
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      Gupta, Varun, Christopher Jung, Seth Neel, Aaron Roth, Saeed Sharifi-Malvajerdi, and Chris Waites. "Adaptive Machine Unlearning." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) 34 (2021).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Transitory and Permanent Cash Flow Shocks in Debt Contract Design

      By: Le Ma, Anywhere Sikochi and Yajun Xiao
      We examine how lenders design contracts when borrowers are exposed to volatile transitory or permanent cash flow shocks. We find that volatile transitory shocks are associated with fewer liquidity covenants, indicating financial flexibility that can enable firms to...  View Details
      Keywords: Debt Covenants; Cash Flow Shocks; Debt Contracting; Likelihood Of Default; Cash Flow; System Shocks
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      Ma, Le, Anywhere Sikochi, and Yajun Xiao. "Transitory and Permanent Cash Flow Shocks in Debt Contract Design." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-026, October 2021. (Revised April 2022.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Rising Markups and the Role of Consumer Preferences

      By: Hendrik Döpper, Alexander MacKay, Nathan H. Miller and Joel Stiebale
      We characterize the evolution of markups for consumer products in the United States from 2006 to 2019. We use detailed data on prices and quantities for products in more than 100 distinct product categories to estimate demand systems with flexible consumer preferences....  View Details
      Keywords: Market Power; Markups; Demand Estimation; Consumer Products; Retailers; Product; Price; Demand and Consumers; Consumer Behavior
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      Döpper, Hendrik, Alexander MacKay, Nathan H. Miller, and Joel Stiebale. "Rising Markups and the Role of Consumer Preferences." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-025, October 2021. (Revised October 2022. Direct download.)
      • October 2021 (Revised November 2022)
      • Case

      The 2012 Spanish Labor Reform: Lifting All Boats, or Leveling Down?

      By: Vincent Pons, Rafael Di Tella, Santiago Botella and Elena Corsi
      Since 1978, Spain had struggled to control unemployment. The country’s labor law was protective of employees hired long-term and companies used temporary contracts as buffers. In 2012, amid economic recession and a 23.6% unemployment rate, a center-right government of...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Labor Market; Unemployment; Recession; Globalized Markets and Industries; Government Legislation; International Relations; Working Conditions; Employment; Labor Unions; Contracts; Social Issues; Public Opinion; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Spain; European Union
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      Pons, Vincent, Rafael Di Tella, Santiago Botella, and Elena Corsi. "The 2012 Spanish Labor Reform: Lifting All Boats, or Leveling Down?" Harvard Business School Case 722-008, October 2021. (Revised November 2022.)
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