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- 2022
- Chapter
Lessons Learned from Support to Business during COVID-19
By: Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, Benjamin Iverson and Adi Sunderam
The authors survey the new federal subsidies and loans provided to businesses in the first year of the pandemic—including the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), the Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) program, and aid targeted at specific industries such as airlines...
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- November 2021 (Revised January 2023)
- Case
The Global Great Depression, 1929-1939
By: Alberto Cavallo, Sophus A. Reinert and Federica Gabrieli
The Great Depression was, by far, the worst economic contraction of the twentieth century, and some of the most important ideas about both fiscal and monetary policy in the second half of the century were developed in response to it. The economic collapse, which...
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- 2021
- Other Unpublished Work
Fiscal Policy at a Time of Polarization: Addressing Latin America’s Tough Dilemmas
By: Laura Alfaro, Guillermo Calvo, Augusto de la Torre, José de Gregorio, Roque Fernandez, Pablo Guidotti, Paulo Leme, Enrique Mendoza, Ernesto Talvi, Liliana Rojas-Suarez and Andrés Velasco
- January 2021
- Article
State and Local Government Employment in the COVID-19 Crisis
By: Daniel Green and Erik Loualiche
Local governments are facing large losses in revenues and increased expenditures because of the COVID-19 crisis. We document a causal relationship between fiscal pressures induced by COVID-19 and the layoffs of state and local government workers. States that depend...
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- October 2020
- Case
Fiscal Responses to COVID-19
For the first half of 2020, the COVID-19 crisis seemed on the verge of spiraling out of control. The business world struggled to figure out what COVID meant for macroeconomics. Extended restrictions limiting human interaction meant an end to normal economic production,...
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- May 2020 (Revised March 2022)
- Case
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and the Global Economy (A)
By: Alberto Cavallo and Christian Godwin
In April 2020, the world struggled to contain the exponential escalation of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Dozens of countries had imposed restrictions on travel, work, and social gatherings. A large share of the global population was under lockdowns and...
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Keywords:
COVID-19 Pandemic;
Demand and Consumers;
Supply and Industry;
Finance;
Central Banking;
Financial Markets;
International Finance;
Globalization;
Government and Politics;
Health Pandemics;
Decision Making;
Macroeconomics;
Employment;
Crisis Management;
Supply Chain;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Air Transportation Industry;
Banking Industry;
Consumer Products Industry;
Employment Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
Food and Beverage Industry;
Health Industry;
Medical Devices and Supplies Industry;
Pharmaceutical Industry;
Public Administration Industry;
Retail Industry;
Service Industry;
Shipping Industry;
Tourism Industry;
Travel Industry;
Asia;
China;
Europe;
Latin America;
Africa;
United States
- 2020
- Working Paper
HBS COVID-19 Global Policy Tracker
By: Alberto Cavallo and Tannya Cai
The HBS COVID-19 Global Policy Tracker is an initiative by the Business, Government and the International Economy (BGIE) unit at Harvard Business School (HBS) to collect and standardize economic policies implemented as a response to the coronavirus pandemic around the...
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- January 2020
- Teaching Note
Chile: Unrest in the Copper Nation
By: Laura Alfaro and Sarah Jeong
For decades, Chile enjoyed the stability of being the world’s largest producer of copper. Keynes would have advised that this period of growth would have been the time for the government to save, that “the boom, not the slump, is the right time for austerity at the...
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- November 2019 (Revised June 2020)
- Case
Russia: A Drama In Three Acts
By: Rawi Abdelal, Rafael Di Tella, Galit Goldstein and Sogomon Tarontsi
The collapse of central authority in the Soviet Union in 1991 ushered in a period of revolutionary transformations for the states that emerged in its wake. The leaders of Russia, the USSR's successor, struggled to reestablish central authority while also seeking to...
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Keywords:
Business ＆ Government Relations;
Developing Countries;
Government Policy;
Policy Change;
Policy Making;
Economic Systems;
Economics;
Globalization;
Emerging Markets;
Privatization;
Non-Renewable Energy;
Governance;
Global Strategy;
Corporate Governance;
Policy;
Business History;
Lawfulness;
Problems and Challenges;
Business and Government Relations;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Strategy;
Change Management;
Russia;
Moscow
- March 2017
- Article
Land Institutions and Chinese Political Economy: Institutional Complementarities and Macroeconomic Management
By: Meg Rithmire
This article critically examines the origins and evolution of China’s unique land institutions and situates land policy in the larger context of China’s reforms and pursuit of economic growth. It argues that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has strengthened the...
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- 2019
- Working Paper
Fiscal Rules and Sovereign Default
By: Laura Alfaro and Fabio Kanczuk
Recurrent concerns over debt sustainability in emerging and developed nations have prompted renewed debate on the role of fiscal rules. Their optimality, however, remains unclear. We provide a quantitative analysis of fiscal rules in a standard model of sovereign debt...
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- May 2015
- Teaching Note
The United Kingdom and the Means to Prosperity
By: Laura Alfaro, Lakshmi Iyer and Hilary White
After struggling through the country's longest recession since 2008, the U.K. was expected to grow faster than any other G7 nation in 2014. Analysts wondered whether the return to growth was because, or in spite of, Prime Minister David Cameron's controversial £113...
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Keywords:
United Kingdom;
Austerity;
Fiscal Deficits;
Fiscal Policy;
Keynesian Multiplier;
Government;
Government Policy;
Recessions;
Depression;
Inequality;
Government Intervention In The Markets;
Stagnation;
Public Finance;
Economics;
Macroeconomics;
Government Administration;
Business and Government Relations;
Economic Growth;
Economic Slowdown and Stagnation;
Public Sector;
Economy;
Financial Crisis;
Taxation;
Government and Politics;
United Kingdom
- April 2015
- Tutorial
Introduction to International Macroeconomics
By: Laura Alfaro and Elizabeth A. Meyer
This tutorial is a web-based, interactive program which will provide students with an introduction to the basic principles of macroeconomics and international macroeconomics.
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- April 2015 (Revised January 2020)
- Case
Japan's Missing Arrow?
By: Laura Alfaro and Hilary White
In late December 2014, Shinzo Abe was elected to another term as the prime minister of Japan. His re-election was largely interpreted as a vote of confidence for his economics policies, collectively referred to as "Abenomics." Comprised of three "arrows," including...
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Keywords:
Currency;
Bonds;
Government Bonds;
Government Debt;
Public Finance;
Quantitative Easing;
Stimulus;
Fiscal Policy;
Fiscal Deficits;
Debt Management;
Debt Reduction;
Abenomics;
Exchange Rate;
Exports;
Reform;
Economics;
Macroeconomics;
Policy;
Government Legislation;
Government and Politics;
Asia;
Japan
- April 2015
- Teaching Note
International Macroeconomics — An Online Tutorial
By: Laura Alfaro and Elizabeth A. Meyer
This is the Teaching Note to accompany "International Macroeconomics", HBS Tutorial 715-702.
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- October 2013
- Case
Japan: Abe's Three Arrows?
After the Koizumi government ended in 2006, Japan continued to struggle with slow growth, deflation and, in 2011, a tsunami and nuclear disaster. Following a series of several more unsuccessful prime ministers, Shinzo Abe again became the prime minister in 2012 and...
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- March 2012
- Article
Macroeconomic Policy and U.S. Competitiveness
By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Matthew Weinzierl
The United States is on a glide path to fiscal disaster, with experts projecting that the federal government will take in far less money than it spends-indefinitely. Our current fiscal policy is eroding competitiveness in several ways, and business conditions in the...
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- 2011
- Report
Nordic Globalization Barometer 2011
The Nordic Globalization Barometer 2011, the fourth in its series, builds on the methodology established in previous editions: The first part provides a short overview of the macroeconomic climate in the Nordic countries. The second part tracks the changes in economic...
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- April 2011 (Revised May 2013)
- Case
South Africa (A): Stuck in the Middle?
By: Richard H. K. Vietor and Diego Comin
Fifteen years after ending apartheid, formal unemployment in South Africa was still at 24%. While the country had grown at 4 to 5% annually during the 2000s, the financial crisis set it back by 1 million more unemployed. Moreover, it seemed as if the nation were stuck...
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Keywords:
Financial Crisis;
Inflation and Deflation;
Policy;
Employment;
Wages;
Competition;
South Africa
- April 2011 (Revised December 2012)
- Supplement
South Africa (B): Getting Unstuck?
By: Richard H. K. Vietor and Diego Comin
15 years after ending apartheid, formal unemployment in South Africa was still at 24%. While the country had grown at 4 to 5% annually during the 2000s, the financial crisis set it back by 1 million more unemployed. Moreover, it seemed as if the nation were stuck...
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Keywords:
Financial Crisis;
Inflation and Deflation;
Policy;
Employment;
Wages;
Competition;
South Africa