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    • All HBS Web  (1,350)
      • Faculty Publications  (116)

      Expectancy Effects Remove Expectancy Effects →

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      • Working Paper

      Electoral Turnovers

      By: Benjamin Marx, Vincent Pons and Vincent Rollet
      In most national elections, voters face a key choice between continuity and change. Electoral turnovers occur when the incumbent candidate or party fails to win reelection. To understand how turnovers affect national outcomes, we study the universe of presidential and...  View Details
      Keywords: Election Outcomes; Regression Discontinuity Design; Political Elections; Change; Global Range; Outcome or Result; Economy; Governance; Performance Improvement
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      Marx, Benjamin, Vincent Pons, and Vincent Rollet. "Electoral Turnovers." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29766, February 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Background Note

      Residual Income Valuation Model

      By: Charles C.Y. Wang and Albert Shin
      This note explains the residual income valuation model (RIM), how it relates to "traditional" valuation models, the intuition behind its use, and empirical research related to its value relevance. RIM is theoretically equivalent to the dividend discount model and the...  View Details
      Keywords: Residual Income Valuation; Valuation; Research; Theory; Measurement and Metrics; Performance; Financial Management; Business Strategy
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      Wang, Charles C.Y., and Albert Shin. "Residual Income Valuation Model." Harvard Business School Background Note 122-070, January 2022.
      • Article

      A Prescriptive Analytics Framework for Optimal Policy Deployment Using Heterogeneous Treatment Effects

      By: Edward McFowland III, Sandeep Gangarapu, Ravi Bapna and Tianshu Sun
      We define a prescriptive analytics framework that addresses the needs of a constrained decision-maker facing, ex ante, unknown costs and benefits of multiple policy levers. The framework is general in nature and can be deployed in any utility maximizing context, public...  View Details
      Keywords: Prescriptive Analytics; Heterogeneous Treatment Effects; Optimization; Observed Rank Utility Condition (OUR); Between-treatment Heterogeneity; Machine Learning; Decision Making; Analysis; Mathematical Methods
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      McFowland III, Edward, Sandeep Gangarapu, Ravi Bapna, and Tianshu Sun. "A Prescriptive Analytics Framework for Optimal Policy Deployment Using Heterogeneous Treatment Effects." MIS Quarterly 45, no. 4 (December 2021): 1807–1832.
      • December 2021
      • Article

      Cash-for-Information Whistleblower Programs: Effects on Whistleblowing and Consequences for Whistleblowers

      By: Aiyesha Dey, Jonas Heese and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos
      We study the effect of financial incentives on whistleblowing and the consequences for whistleblowers under the cash-for-information program of the False Claims Act (FCA). Exploiting appeals-court decisions that increase financial incentives for whistleblowing, we find...  View Details
      Keywords: Whistleblowers; Cash-for-information Whistleblower Programs; False Claims Act; Corporate Misconduct; Consequences For Whistleblowers; Crime and Corruption; Information; Cost
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      Dey, Aiyesha, Jonas Heese, and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos. "Cash-for-Information Whistleblower Programs: Effects on Whistleblowing and Consequences for Whistleblowers." Journal of Accounting Research 59, no. 5 (December 2021): 1689–1740.
      • December 2021
      • Article

      Trade Policy Uncertainty and Stock Returns

      By: Marcelo Bianconi, Federico Esposito and Marco Sammon
      A recent literature has documented large real effects of trade policy uncertainty (TPU) on trade, employment, and investment, but there is little evidence that investors are compensated for bearing such risk. To quantify the risk premium associated with TPU, we exploit...  View Details
      Keywords: Trade Policy; Uncertainty; Stock Returns; Risk Premium; Tariff Rates; Portfolio Analysis; Trade; Policy; Risk and Uncertainty; Stocks; Investment Return
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      Bianconi, Marcelo, Federico Esposito, and Marco Sammon. "Trade Policy Uncertainty and Stock Returns." Art. 102492. Journal of International Money and Finance 119 (December 2021).
      • November 2021
      • Article

      Ratings, Reviews, and the Marketing of New Products

      By: Itay P. Fainmesser, Dominique Olié Lauga and Elie Ofek
      We study how user-generated content (UGC) about new products impacts a firm's advertising and pricing decisions and the effect on profits and market dynamics. We construct a two-period model where consumers value quality and are heterogeneous in their taste for the new...  View Details
      Keywords: Online Reviews; Product Ratings; Social Networks; Word Of Mouth; Pricing; User-generated Content; Advertising; Product Marketing; Price; Consumer Behavior; Product Positioning
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      Fainmesser, Itay P., Dominique Olié Lauga, and Elie Ofek. "Ratings, Reviews, and the Marketing of New Products." Management Science 67, no. 11 (November 2021): 7023–7045.
      • November 2021
      • Article

      Venture Capitalists and COVID-19

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Will Gornall, Steven N. Kaplan and Ilya A. Strebulaev
      We survey over 1,000 institutional and corporate venture capitalists (VCs) at more than 900 different firms to learn how their decisions and investments have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. We compare their survey answers to those provided by a large sample of...  View Details
      Keywords: Investment Decisions; COVID-19 Pandemic; Impact; Health Pandemics; Venture Capital; Investment; Decision Making; Surveys
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      Gompers, Paul A., Will Gornall, Steven N. Kaplan, and Ilya A. Strebulaev. "Venture Capitalists and COVID-19." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 56, no. 7 (November 2021).
      • October 2021
      • Case

      Ant Group (A)

      By: Krishna G. Palepu, Feng Zhu, Susie L. Ma and Kerry Herman
      In 2004, Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba created Alipay, an app to facilitate payments on its e-commerce sites. As Alibaba grew, so did Alipay, until Alipay spawned its own ecosystem of financial technology products and services under the name of Ant Group. By 2020,...  View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Value Creation; Network Effects; Strategy; Disruptive Innovation; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry; China
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      Palepu, Krishna G., Feng Zhu, Susie L. Ma, and Kerry Herman. "Ant Group (A)." Harvard Business School Case 122-003, October 2021.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Science-Based Carbon Emissions Targets

      By: David Freiberg, Jody Grewal and George Serafeim
      We examine the effect of voluntarily adopting a standard for setting science-based carbon emissions targets on target difficulty and investments to achieve those targets. We find that firms with a track record of setting and achieving ambitious carbon targets are more...  View Details
      Keywords: Target; Targeting; Target-setting; Target Efficiency; Management Control Systems; Management Accounting; Environment; Environmental And Social Sustainability; Climate Change; Environmental Management; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Sustainability; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques
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      Freiberg, David, Jody Grewal, and George Serafeim. "Science-Based Carbon Emissions Targets." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-108, March 2021.
      • April 2021
      • Article

      Evaluating Firm-Level Expected-Return Proxies: Implications for Estimating Treatment Effects

      By: Charles M.C. Lee, Eric C. So and Charles C.Y. Wang
      We introduce a parsimonious framework for choosing among alternative expected-return proxies (ERPs) when estimating treatment effects. By comparing ERPs’ measurement-error variances in the cross section and in time series, we provide new evidence on the relative...  View Details
      Keywords: Implied Cost Of Capital; Expected Returns; Cost of Capital; Investment Return; Performance Evaluation
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      Lee, Charles M.C., Eric C. So, and Charles C.Y. Wang. "Evaluating Firm-Level Expected-Return Proxies: Implications for Estimating Treatment Effects." Review of Financial Studies 34, no. 4 (April 2021): 1907–1951.
      • April–May 2021
      • Article

      The Effect of Retaliation Costs on Employee Whistleblowing

      By: Jonas Heese and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos
      We use large increases in unemployment insurance (UI) benefits to study the effects of expected retaliation costs on employee whistleblowing. Increases in UI benefits reduce the costs that arise from a job loss, one of the costliest forms of retaliation. We find that...  View Details
      Keywords: Employee Whistleblowing; Retaliation Costs; Labor Unemployment Insurance; Workplace Safety Inspections
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      Heese, Jonas, and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos. "The Effect of Retaliation Costs on Employee Whistleblowing." Art. 101385. Journal of Accounting & Economics 71, nos. 2-3 (April–May 2021).
      • Article

      Selling After the Crisis

      By: Frank V. Cespedes
      Like perishable goods in grocery stores, sales models have a sell-by date. As product standards evolve and new entrants emerge, buyers have more choices and demand more in terms of quality and performance across vendors. Firms that fail to adjust to changing customer...  View Details
      Keywords: Sales Model; Sales; Management; Customer Relationship Management; Health Pandemics
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      Cespedes, Frank V. "Selling After the Crisis." Harvard Business Review 99, no. 2 (March–April 2021): 52–57.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Reputation Fuels Moralistic Punishment That People Judge to Be Questionably Merited

      By: Jillian J. Jordan and Nour Kteily
      Critics of outrage culture allege that virtue signaling fuels morally questionable punishment. But does reputation actually have the power to motivate punishment that people see as ambiguously deserved? Across four studies (total n = 9,587), among both liberals and...  View Details
      Keywords: Outrage; Signaling; Ideology; Moralistic Punishment; Reputation; Moral Sensibility
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      Jordan, Jillian J., and Nour Kteily. "Reputation Fuels Moralistic Punishment That People Judge to Be Questionably Merited." Working Paper, December 2020.
      • January 2021
      • Article

      A Model of Relative Thinking

      By: Benjamin Bushong, Matthew Rabin and Joshua Schwartzstein
      Fixed differences loom smaller when compared to large differences. We propose a model of relative thinking where a person weighs a given change along a consumption dimension by less when it is compared to bigger changes along that dimension. In deterministic settings,...  View Details
      Keywords: Relative Thinking; Econometric Models; Behavior; Cognition and Thinking
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      Bushong, Benjamin, Matthew Rabin, and Joshua Schwartzstein. "A Model of Relative Thinking." Review of Economic Studies 88, no. 1 (January 2021): 162–191.
      • January 2021
      • Article

      Veil-of-Ignorance Reasoning Mitigates Self-Serving Bias in Resource Allocation During the COVID-19 Crisis

      By: Karen Huang, Regan Bernhard, Netta Barak-Corren, Max Bazerman and Joshua D. Greene
      The COVID-19 crisis has forced healthcare professionals to make tragic decisions concerning which patients to save. Furthermore, the COVID-19 crisis has foregrounded the influence of self-serving bias in debates on how to allocate scarce resources. A utilitarian...  View Details
      Keywords: Self-serving Bias; Procedural Justice; Bioethics; COVID-19; Fairness; Health Pandemics; Resource Allocation; Decision Making
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      Huang, Karen, Regan Bernhard, Netta Barak-Corren, Max Bazerman, and Joshua D. Greene. "Veil-of-Ignorance Reasoning Mitigates Self-Serving Bias in Resource Allocation During the COVID-19 Crisis." Judgment and Decision Making 16, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–19.
      • Article

      Going It Alone: Competition Increases the Attractiveness of Minority Status

      By: Erika L. Kirgios, Edward H. Chang and Katherine L. Milkman
      Past research demonstrates that people prefer to affiliate with others who resemble them demographically. However, we posit that when competing for scarce opportunities, strategic considerations moderate the strength of this tendency toward homophily. Across six...  View Details
      Keywords: Homophily; Group Selection; Diversity; Gender; Race; Competition
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      Kirgios, Erika L., Edward H. Chang, and Katherine L. Milkman. "Going It Alone: Competition Increases the Attractiveness of Minority Status." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 161 (November 2020): 20–33.
      • November 2020
      • Article

      When the Boss Comes to Town: The Effects of Headquarters' Visits on Facility-Level Misconduct

      By: Jonas Heese and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos
      We study the effects of headquarters’ visits on facility-level misconduct. We use the staggered introduction of airline routes to identify exogenous travel-time reductions between headquarters and facilities and test whether such reductions affect facility-level...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Misconduct; Visits By Management; Flight Routes; Control Systems; Compliance Programs; Performance Pressure; Business or Company Management; Management Systems; Governance Controls; Governance Compliance; Performance Expectations
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      Heese, Jonas, and Gerardo Pérez Cavazos. "When the Boss Comes to Town: The Effects of Headquarters' Visits on Facility-Level Misconduct." Accounting Review 95, no. 6 (November 2020): 235–261.
      • October 6, 2020
      • Article

      COVID-19 Is Rewriting the Rules of Corporate Governance

      By: Lynn S. Paine
      Boards are facing a complex new reality as a result of COVID-19. The new environment is characterized by pressures and demands from various stakeholder groups, heightened expectations for societal engagement and corporate citizenship, and radical uncertainty about the...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Pandemics; Corporate Governance; Governing and Advisory Boards
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      Paine, Lynn S. "COVID-19 Is Rewriting the Rules of Corporate Governance." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (October 6, 2020).
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Heterogeneity of Gain-Loss Attitudes and Expectations-Based Reference Points

      By: Lorenz Goette, Thomas Graeber, Alex Kellogg and Charles Sprenger
      We examine the role of heterogeneity in gain-loss attitudes for identifying the leading behavioral model of expectations-based reference dependence (Kőszegi and Rabin, 2006, 2007) (KR). Failure to account for recently-documented heterogeneity in gain-loss attitudes is...  View Details
      Keywords: Reference-dependent Preferences; Rational Expectations; Personal Equilibrium; Endowment Effect; Expectations-based Reference Points
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      Goette, Lorenz, Thomas Graeber, Alex Kellogg, and Charles Sprenger. "Heterogeneity of Gain-Loss Attitudes and Expectations-Based Reference Points." Working Paper, October 2020.
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Venture Capitalists and COVID-19

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Will Gornall, Steven N. Kaplan and Ilya A. Strebulaev
      We survey over 1,000 institutional and corporate venture capitalists (VCs) at more than 900 different firms to learn how their decisions and investments have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. We compare their survey answers to those provided by a large sample of...  View Details
      Keywords: Venture Capital; Health Pandemics; Investment; Decision Making; Surveys
      Citation
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      Gompers, Paul A., Will Gornall, Steven N. Kaplan, and Ilya A. Strebulaev. "Venture Capitalists and COVID-19." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27824, September 2020.
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