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    • All HBS Web  (237)
      • Faculty Publications  (25)

      Esg Disclosure Metrics Remove Esg Disclosure Metrics →

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      ESG Metrics: Reshaping Capitalism?
      ESG Metrics: Reshaping Capitalism?
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      • 2020
      • Article

      Research on Corporate Sustainability: Review and Directions for Future Research

      By: Jody Grewal and George Serafeim
      We review the literature on corporate sustainability and provide directions for future research. Our review focuses on three actions: measuring, managing and communicating corporate sustainability performance. Measurement is the least developed of the three and...  View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Sustainability Reporting; Sustainability Management; Nonfinancial Disclosure; Nonfinancial Information; Nonfinancial Performance; Materiality; Esg; Esg (environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Esg (environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Esg Disclosure; Esg Disclosure Metrics; Esg Ratings; Esg Reporting; Inequality; Corporate Social Responsibility; Accounting; Finance; Management; Strategy; Environmental Sustainability; Climate Change; Diversity; Equality And Inequality; Corporate disclosure; Measurement And metrics; Corporate Governance; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact
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      Grewal, Jody, and George Serafeim. "Research on Corporate Sustainability: Review and Directions for Future Research." Foundations and Trends® in Accounting 14, no. 2 (2020): 73–127.
      • Article

      Human Capital and the Future of Work: Implications for Investors and ESG Integration

      By: Sakis Kotsantonis and George Serafeim
      Human capital development (HCD) is a key consideration for most companies, but only recently have investors focused on understanding the risks and opportunities related to human capital with the emergence of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investment...  View Details
      Keywords: Future Of Work; Esg; Employee Engagement; Employee Compensation; Human Capital; Human Resources; Employees; Compensation And Benefits; Wages
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      Kotsantonis, Sakis, and George Serafeim. "Human Capital and the Future of Work: Implications for Investors and ESG Integration." Journal of Financial Transformation 51 (April 2020): 115–130.
      • January 2020 (Revised July 2020)
      • Case

      BlackRock: Linking Purpose to Profit

      By: Rohit Deshpandé, Aiyesha Dey and George Serafeim
      The case revolves around the actions that Barbara Novick, co-founder and Vice-Chair of Blackrock, and Michelle Edkins, Global Head of Investment Stewardship, would need to take in response to the controversial CEO letters from Laurence (Larry) Fink, Chairman and CEO of...  View Details
      Keywords: Boards Of Directors; Institutional Investors; disclosure; Transparency; Corporate Purpose; Corporate Profits; Esg; Esg Disclosure Metrics; Corporate Sustainability; Engagement Strategy Of Institutions; Stewardship Role Of Institutions; Blackrock; Corporate Governance; Governing And Advisory Boards; Institutional Investing; Accounting; Corporate disclosure; Mission And Purpose; Profit; Environmental Sustainability; Climate Change; Diversity; Corporate Accountability; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Deshpandé, Rohit, Aiyesha Dey, and George Serafeim. "BlackRock: Linking Purpose to Profit." Harvard Business School Case 120-042, January 2020. (Revised July 2020.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      How ESG Issues Become Financially Material to Corporations and Their Investors

      By: David Freiberg, Jean Rogers and George Serafeim
      Management and disclosure of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues have received substantial interest over the last decade. In this paper, we outline a framework of how ESG issues become financially material, affecting corporate profitability and valuation....  View Details
      Keywords: Materiality; Esg; Pharmaceutical Companies; Business Ethics; Sustainability; Environment; disclosure; Disclosure And Access; Regulation; Social Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Social Issues; Corporate Governance; Ethics; Corporate disclosure; Corporate Accountability; Resource Allocation; Finance; Accounting; Valuation
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      Freiberg, David, Jean Rogers, and George Serafeim. "How ESG Issues Become Financially Material to Corporations and Their Investors." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-056, November 2019. (Revised November 2020.)
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      The Consequences of Mandatory Corporate Sustainability Reporting

      By: Ioannis Ioannou and George Serafeim
      A key aspect of the governance process inside organizations and markets is the measurement and disclosure of important metrics and information. In this chapter, we examine the effect of sustainability disclosure regulations on firms’ disclosure practices and...  View Details
      Keywords: Mandatory Disclosure; Mandatory Reporting; Sustainability; Corporate Social Responsibility; Social Impact; Valuation; Corporate Governance; China; South Africa; Europe; Asia; Regulation; Corporate disclosure; Integrated Corporate Reporting; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; Corporate Governance; China; Denmark; Malaysia; South Africa
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      Ioannou, Ioannis, and George Serafeim. "The Consequences of Mandatory Corporate Sustainability Reporting." In The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility: Psychological and Organizational Perspectives, edited by Abagail McWilliams, Deborah E. Rupp, Donald S. Siegel, Günter K. Stahl, and David A. Waldman, 452–489. Oxford University Press, 2019.
      • 2019
      • White Paper

      Impact-Weighted Financial Accounts: The Missing Piece for an Impact Economy

      By: George Serafeim, T. Robert Zochowski and Jennifer Downing
      Reimagining capitalism is an imperative. We need to create a more inclusive and sustainable form of capitalism that works for every person and the planet. Massive environmental damage, growing income and wealth disparity, stress, and depression within developed...  View Details
      Keywords: Impact-weighted Accounts; Iwai; Background; Economic Systems; Economy; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Measurement And metrics; Financial Statements
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      Serafeim, George, T. Robert Zochowski, and Jennifer Downing. "Impact-Weighted Financial Accounts: The Missing Piece for an Impact Economy." White Paper, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, September 2019.
      • July 2019
      • Article

      Market Reaction to Mandatory Nonfinancial Disclosure

      By: Jody Grewal, Edward J. Riedl and George Serafeim
      We examine the equity market reaction to events associated with the passage of a directive in the European Union (EU) mandating increased nonfinancial disclosure. These disclosures relate to firms’ environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and would be...  View Details
      Keywords: Nonfinancial Information; Nonfinancial Performance; Esg; Esg (environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Investor Behavior; disclosure; Disclosure Regulation; Regulation; Sustainability; Corporate Performance; Information; Corporate disclosure; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; Performance; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Governance; Outcome Or Result
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      Grewal, Jody, Edward J. Riedl, and George Serafeim. "Market Reaction to Mandatory Nonfinancial Disclosure." Management Science 65, no. 7 (July 2019): 3061–3084.
      • Article

      Four Things No One Will Tell You About ESG Data

      By: Sakis Kotsantonis and George Serafeim
      As the ESG finance field and the use of ESG data in investment decision-making continue to grow, the authors seek to shed light on several important aspects of ESG measurement and data. This article is intended to provide a useful guide for the rapidly rising number of...  View Details
      Keywords: Esg; Esg (environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Esg Reporting; Data Analytics; Sustainability; Sustainability Reporting; Csr; Transparency; Investment Management; Socially Responsible Investing; Sustainable Finance; Sustainable Development; Climate Change; Inclusion; Inclusive Growth; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Corporate Accountability; Investment; Management; Climate Change; Corporate Governance; Diversity; Integrated Corporate Reporting
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      Kotsantonis, Sakis, and George Serafeim. "Four Things No One Will Tell You About ESG Data." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 31, no. 2 (Spring 2019): 50–58.
      • November 2018 (Revised June 2019)
      • Case

      JANA Partners: Impact through Activism?

      By: Vikram S. Gandhi and Caitlin Reimers Brumme
      Jana Partners, a well-known “activist” hedge fund has announced the launch of a new fund Jana Impact. The basic premise is that the fund will be able to generate superior returns by using Jana’s activist approach with companies that are underperforming on ESG metrics....  View Details
      Keywords: Hedge Fund; Hedge Funds; Etf; Activist Investing; Activism; Investment Activism; Investment Funds; Asset Management
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., and Caitlin Reimers Brumme. "JANA Partners: Impact through Activism?" Harvard Business School Case 819-073, November 2018. (Revised June 2019.)
      • October 2018
      • Supplement

      JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (B)

      By: George Serafeim and David Freiberg
      The case outlines JetBlue's decision to disclose according to the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards and the ESG metrics they began reporting. Data on resulting changes in institutional ownership are also provided.  View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; metrics; Leadership And Change Management; Airlines; Innovation; Purpose; Esg; Esg (environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainability Reporting; Change Management; Leadership; Mission And Purpose; Financial Reporting
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 119-044, October 2018.
      • October 2017 (Revised October 2018)
      • Case

      JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (A)

      By: George Serafeim and David Freiberg
      In 2017, JetBlue, the airline founded on the mission to “bring humanity back to air travel”, was considering becoming one of the first companies to report its sustainability performance according to the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards. SASB...  View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; metrics; Leadership And Change Management; Airlines; Innovation; Purpose; Esg; Esg (environmental, Social, Governance) Performance; Sustainability Reporting; Change Management; Leadership; Financial Reporting; Environmental Sustainability; Mission And Purpose; Air Transportation Industry; United States
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "JetBlue: Relevant Sustainability Leadership (A)." Harvard Business School Case 118-030, October 2017. (Revised October 2018.)
      • Article

      ESG Integration in Investment Management: Myths and Realities

      By: Sakis Kotsantonis, Christopher Pinney and George Serafeim
      The authors’ aim in this article is to set the record straight on the financial performance of sustainable investing while also correcting a number of other widespread misconceptions about this rapidly growing set of principles and methods. Myth Number 1:...  View Details
      Keywords: Esg; Sustainability; Investment Management; Finance; Corporate Social Responsibility; Integrated Corporate Reporting; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Investment; Environmental Sustainability; Corporate Governance
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      Kotsantonis, Sakis, Christopher Pinney, and George Serafeim. "ESG Integration in Investment Management: Myths and Realities." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 28, no. 2 (Spring 2016): 10–16.
      • March 2016 (Revised April 2019)
      • Technical Note

      ESG Metrics: Reshaping Capitalism?

      By: George Serafeim and Jody Grewal
      In the past twenty-five years, the world had seen an exponential growth in the number of companies reporting environmental, social and governance (ESG) data. Investor interest in ESG data also grew rapidly. A growing belief that increasing levels of social inequality...  View Details
      Keywords: Capitalism; Sustainability; Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility; Responsibilities To Society; Environment; Social Impact Investment; Esg; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Measurement And metrics; Integrated Corporate Reporting; Corporate Accountability; Accounting; Economic Systems
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      Serafeim, George, and Jody Grewal. "ESG Metrics: Reshaping Capitalism?" Harvard Business School Technical Note 116-037, March 2016. (Revised April 2019.)
      • November 2014
      • Article

      The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Performance

      By: Robert G. Eccles, Ioannis Ioannou and George Serafeim
      We investigate the effect of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance. Using a matched sample of 180 U.S. companies, we find that corporations that voluntarily adopted sustainability policies by 1993—termed as High Sustainability...  View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Sustainability Management; Sustainability Research; Sustainability Reporting; Sustainability Targets; Corporate Social Responsibility; Corporate Accountability; Reporting; Corporate Governance; Investor Clientele; Investor Communication; Stock Market; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Performance; United States
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      Eccles, Robert G., Ioannis Ioannou, and George Serafeim. "The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Performance." Management Science 60, no. 11 (November 2014): 2835–2857.
      • Spring 2012
      • Article

      The Need for Sector-Specific Materiality and Sustainability Reporting Standards

      By: Robert G. Eccles, Michael P. Krzus, Jean Rogers and George Serafeim
      Even though the supply of sustainability information has increased considerably in the last decade, companies are still failing to disclose material information in a comparable format. We believe this has two downsides. On the one hand, companies are not adequately...  View Details
      Keywords: Sustainability; Reporting; Accounting; Standard Setting; Regulation; Environmental Sustainability; Accounting; Standards; Integrated Corporate Reporting; Corporate disclosure; Competitive Advantage; Capital Markets; Accounting Industry; United States
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      Eccles, Robert G., Michael P. Krzus, Jean Rogers, and George Serafeim. "The Need for Sector-Specific Materiality and Sustainability Reporting Standards." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 24, no. 2 (Spring 2012): 65–71.
      • September – October 2011
      • Article

      The Rise and Consequences of Corporate Sustainability Reporting

      By: Ioannis Ioannou and George Serafeim
      For many decades the cornerstone of corporate reporting has been financial information that is presented in a company's annual, semi-annual, and quarterly reports. These comprehensive financial reports—required by law for public companies in most countries...  View Details
      Keywords: Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; Annual Reports; Operations; Strategy; Business And Shareholder Relations; Business And Stakeholder Relations; Performance; Geography; Civil Society Or Community; Business Model; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Corporate disclosure
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      Ioannou, Ioannis, and George Serafeim. "The Rise and Consequences of Corporate Sustainability Reporting." European Business Review (September–October 2011).
      • Article

      Market Interest in Nonfinancial Information

      By: R. G. Eccles, Michael P. Krzus and George Serafeim
      Market interest in nonfinancial (e.g., Environmental, Social, and Governance [ESG]) information, including data produced by the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), is growing. Using data from Bloomberg we analyze this interest from a variety of different perspectives, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Markets; Data And Data Sets; Perspective; Environmental Sustainability; Social Issues; Corporate disclosure; Projects; Interests
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      Eccles, R. G., Michael P. Krzus, and George Serafeim. "Market Interest in Nonfinancial Information." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 23, no. 4 (Fall 2011): 113–127.
      • June 2011 (Revised February 2013)
      • Case

      Mandatory Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure in the European Union

      By: Robert G. Eccles, George Serafeim and Phillip Andrews
      In 2011, the European Commission was deciding on how to best modify the existing European Union policy on corporate disclosure of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information. Previous directives had recommended that European companies report ESG...  View Details
      Keywords: Integrated Corporate Reporting; Corporate Strategy; Corporate disclosure; Environmental Accounting; Competitive Strategy; International Accounting; Financial Reporting; Corporate Social Responsibility And Impact; Governing Rules, Regulations, And Reforms; Debates; Europe
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      Eccles, Robert G., George Serafeim, and Phillip Andrews. "Mandatory Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure in the European Union." Harvard Business School Case 111-120, June 2011. (Revised February 2013.)
      • May 23, 2011
      • Article

      Leading and Lagging Countries in Contributing to a Sustainable Society

      By: Robert G. Eccles and George Serafeim
      To determine the extent to which corporate and investor behavior is changing to contribute to a more sustainable society, researchers Robert Eccles and George Serafeim analyzed data involving over 2,000 companies in 23 countries. One result: a ranking of countries...  View Details
      Keywords: Change; Society; Corporate disclosure; Natural Environment; Rank And Position; Social Issues; Financial Statements; Behavior
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      Eccles, Robert G., and George Serafeim. "Leading and Lagging Countries in Contributing to a Sustainable Society." Harvard Business School Working Knowledge (May 23, 2011).
      • April 2011
      • Case

      Daniel Kim's Dilemma (A)

      By: Bill George and Natalie Kindred
      Daniel Kim was considering "blowing the whistle" on his friend, the CEO of a fast-growing startup where Kim had spent most of his professional career. When Kim joined the company, called Cardio-Metric, in 2002, it consisted of seven young engineers (including its two...  View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Fairness; Corporate Accountability; Emotions; Behavior; Leadership Style; Governing And Advisory Boards; Corporate disclosure
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      George, Bill, and Natalie Kindred. "Daniel Kim's Dilemma (A)." Harvard Business School Case 411-009, April 2011.
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      ESG Metrics: Reshaping Capitalism?
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