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Publications

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    • All HBS Web  (2,363)
      • Faculty Publications  (434)

      Equality and InequalityRemove Equality and Inequality →

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      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Pushing the Envelope: The Effects of Salary Negotiations

      By: Zoë B. Cullen, Bobak Pakzad-Hurson and Ricardo Perez-Truglia
      Salary negotiations are a widespread phenomenon that can shape key labor market outcomes, such as welfare and inequality. We provide novel empirical and theoretical insights into the causes and consequences of salary negotiations. We conducted two field experiments... View Details
      Keywords: Compensation and Benefits; Negotiation; Policy; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Welfare
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      Cullen, Zoë B., Bobak Pakzad-Hurson, and Ricardo Perez-Truglia. "Pushing the Envelope: The Effects of Salary Negotiations." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 33903, June 2025.
      • June 2025
      • Article

      Social Security and Trends in Wealth Inequality

      By: Sylvain Catherine, Max Miller and Natasha Sarin
      Recent influential work finds large increases in inequality in the U.S. based on measures of wealth concentration that notably exclude the value of social insurance programs. This paper shows that top wealth shares have not changed much over the last three decades when... View Details
      Keywords: Wealth; Equality and Inequality; Taxation; Insurance; Welfare
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      Catherine, Sylvain, Max Miller, and Natasha Sarin. "Social Security and Trends in Wealth Inequality." Journal of Finance 80, no. 3 (June 2025): 1497–1531.
      • May 2025
      • Background Note

      Social Enterprise in Latin America

      By: Brian L. Trelstad and Karina Souza
      This research note provides an overview of the social enterprise ecosystem in Latin America, exploring current dynamics across key markets, including country-specific insights on Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Central America. In a region characterized... View Details
      Keywords: Latin America; Brazil; Mexico; Argentina; Colombia; Chile; Impact Investing; Developing Countries and Economies; Social Entrepreneurship; Emerging Markets; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Ownership; Social Enterprise; Business Strategy; Equality and Inequality; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Latin America; Brazil; Mexico; Argentina; Colombia; Chile; Guatemala; Central America
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      Trelstad, Brian L., and Karina Souza. "Social Enterprise in Latin America." Harvard Business School Background Note 325-117, May 2025.
      • May 2025
      • Article

      Workplace Segregation Between College and Non-college Workers

      By: Francis Dillon, Edward L. Glaeser and William Kerr
      We measure the level and growth of education segregation in American workplaces from 2000 to 2020. American workplaces show an educational segregation, measured by the degree to which the establishment has mostly workers of similar education levels, that is... View Details
      Keywords: Isolation; Segregation; Mobility; Education; Demographics; Equality and Inequality; Labor
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      Dillon, Francis, Edward L. Glaeser, and William Kerr. "Workplace Segregation Between College and Non-college Workers." AEA Papers and Proceedings 115 (May 2025): 139–145.
      • April 2025
      • Article

      Skill Dependencies Uncover Nested Human Capital

      By: Moh Hosseinioun, Frank Neffke, Letian Zhang and Hyejin Youn
      Modern economies require increasingly diverse and specialized skills, many of which depend on the acquisition of other skills first. Here we analyse US survey data to reveal a nested structure within skill portfolios, where the direction of dependency is inferred... View Details
      Keywords: Competency and Skills; Human Capital; Personal Development and Career; Equality and Inequality; Analytics and Data Science
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      Hosseinioun, Moh, Frank Neffke, Letian Zhang, and Hyejin Youn. "Skill Dependencies Uncover Nested Human Capital." Nature Human Behaviour 9, no. 4 (April 2025): 673–687.
      • March 2025
      • Case

      Niramai: An AI Solution to Save Lives

      By: Rembrand Koning, Maria P. Roche and Kairavi Dey
      Founded in 2017, Niramai developed Thermalytix, a breast cancer screening tool. Thermalytix used a high-resolution thermal sensing device and machine learning algorithms to analyze thermal images and detect tumors. Its patented solution leveraged big data analytics,... View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; AI and Machine Learning; Technology Adoption; Health Care and Treatment; Technology Industry; Health Industry; Asia; India; South Asia
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      Koning, Rembrand, Maria P. Roche, and Kairavi Dey. "Niramai: An AI Solution to Save Lives." Harvard Business School Case 725-439, March 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Teaching Note

      South Africa: Growth and Inequality

      By: Marco Tabellini, Marlous van Waijenburg and Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 724-038. View Details
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      Tabellini, Marco, Marlous van Waijenburg, and Maisie Wiltshire-Gordon. "South Africa: Growth and Inequality." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 725-023, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Supplement

      Creating Value by Splitting Aster (B): Can One Minus One Equal Two?

      By: V.G. Narayanan and Kairavi Dey
      Keywords: Corporate Governance; Corporate Accountability; Leadership; Change Management; Mergers and Acquisitions; Health Industry; Asia; India; Middle East; United Arab Emirates
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      Narayanan, V.G., and Kairavi Dey. "Creating Value by Splitting Aster (B): Can One Minus One Equal Two?" Harvard Business School Supplement 125-070, January 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised March 2025)
      • Case

      Creating Value by Splitting Aster: Can One Minus One Equal Two?

      By: V.G. Narayanan and Kairavi Dey
      Aster DM Healthcare (Aster), founded by Dr. Azad Moopen in 1987, is a prominent healthcare conglomerate with operations spanning hospitals, clinics, retail pharmacies, and diagnostic centers across India and the GCC. After its 2018 listing on India’s National Stock... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Governance; Corporate Accountability; Leadership; Change Management; Mergers and Acquisitions; Restructuring; Negotiation; Valuation; Health Industry; Asia; India; Middle East; United Arab Emirates
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      Narayanan, V.G., and Kairavi Dey. "Creating Value by Splitting Aster: Can One Minus One Equal Two?" Harvard Business School Case 125-069, January 2025. (Revised March 2025.)
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Apax Partners: Deciding Whether to Bid for Trader Corp.

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Edward A. Meyer
      Apax Partners’ investment committee was schedule to meet on March 21, 2011, to decide whether to invest in Trader Corporation, a Canadian classified advertising business for used automobiles with both print (magazines) and digital (website) distribution. What made this... View Details
      Keywords: Value Creation; Network Effects; Private Equity; Growth Management; Digital Marketing; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; E-commerce; Valuation; Competition; Digital Platforms; Digital Strategy; Digital Transformation; Transition; Investment; Risk and Uncertainty; Advertising Industry; Auto Industry; Information Industry; Canada; United Kingdom; New York (state, US); New York (city, NY)
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Edward A. Meyer. "Apax Partners: Deciding Whether to Bid for Trader Corp." Harvard Business School Case 225-032, January 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Transforming Talent at Teach For Taiwan

      By: Juan Alcácer and Chi Kuan
      The Teach For Taiwan (TFT) case follows founder Anting Liu as she considers how to scale the nonprofit’s talent strategy after a decade of impact in rural education. TFT recruits high-potential young professionals into a 2-year teaching fellowship, aiming to address... View Details
      Keywords: Teaching; Talent and Talent Management; Leadership Development; Growth and Development Strategy; Mission and Purpose; Nonprofit Organizations; Education Industry; Taiwan
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      Alcácer, Juan, and Chi Kuan. "Transforming Talent at Teach For Taiwan." Harvard Business School Case 725-387, January 2025.
      • November 2024
      • Case

      Demond Martin and WellWithAll

      By: Hise Gibson, Archie L. Jones and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone
      This case study chronicles the transformative entrepreneurial path of Demond Martin, co-founder and CEO of WellWithAll, a health and wellness startup. Motivated by a pivotal life experience and deep concern for racial health inequities, Martin transitions from a... View Details
      Keywords: Customers; Diversity; Ethnicity; Race; Health; Recruitment; Leadership Style; Management Style; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Organizational Culture; Mission and Purpose; Relationships; Trust; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Investment; Business Startups; Transition; Entrepreneurship; Equality and Inequality; Consumer Products Industry; Retail Industry; Health Industry; United States; Chicago; Boston; Atlanta; North Carolina; District of Columbia
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      Gibson, Hise, Archie L. Jones, and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone. "Demond Martin and WellWithAll." Harvard Business School Case 625-041, November 2024.
      • 2024
      • Working Paper

      A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?

      By: Paula Rettl, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi and Sergi Pardos-Prado
      The growing participation of women in the labor market has marked a significant societal transformation, coinciding with the rise of gender conservatism and far-right support. We study whether the economic consequences of labor market feminization and gender backlash... View Details
      Keywords: Gender Bias; Gender Equality; Gender Inclusivity; Politics; Political Backlash; Political Culture; Conservatism; Gender; Government and Politics; Equality and Inequality; Prejudice and Bias; Labor
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      Rettl, Paula, Diane Bolet, Catherine E. De Vries, Simone Cremaschi, Tarik Abou-Chadi, and Sergi Pardos-Prado. "A Gender Backlash: Does Exposure to Female Labor Market Participation Fuel Gender Conservatism?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-022, November 2024.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Generative AI

      By: Nicholas G. Otis, Solène Delecourt, Katelynn Cranney and Rembrand Koning
      Generative AI has the potential to transform productivity and reduce inequality, but only if adopted broadly. In this paper, we show that recently identified gender gaps in generative AI use are nearly universal. Synthesizing data from 18 studies covering more than... View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Technology Adoption; Behavior
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      Otis, Nicholas G., Solène Delecourt, Katelynn Cranney, and Rembrand Koning. "Global Evidence on Gender Gaps and Generative AI." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-023, October 2024. (Revised January 2025.)
      • October 2024
      • Article

      On Why Women-owned Businesses Take More Time to Secure Microloans

      By: Goran Calic, Moren Lévesque and Anton Shevchenko
      Examining gender differences in business financing reveals important dimensions on which women- and men-owned businesses differ. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding gender differences in mobilizing resources, the role of time in business... View Details
      Keywords: Microfinance; Gender; Financing and Loans; Equality and Inequality; Risk and Uncertainty; Decision Choices and Conditions; Entrepreneurship
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      Calic, Goran, Moren Lévesque, and Anton Shevchenko. "On Why Women-owned Businesses Take More Time to Secure Microloans." Small Business Economics 63, no. 3 (October 2024): 917–938.
      • October 2024
      • Article

      Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective

      By: Sanaz Mobasseri, William A. Kahn and Robin J. Ely
      This paper uses systems psychodynamic concepts to develop theory about the persistence of racial inequality in U.S. organizations and to inform an approach for disrupting it. We treat White men as the dominant group and Black people as the archetypal subordinate group... View Details
      Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Race; Prejudice and Bias; Organizational Culture; Gender; Power and Influence; Employees; Attitudes
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      Mobasseri, Sanaz, William A. Kahn, and Robin J. Ely. "Racial Inequality in Organizations: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective." Academy of Management Review 49, no. 4 (October 2024): 718–745.
      • Fall, 2024
      • Article

      Sixty Years of the Voting Rights Act: Progress and Pitfalls

      By: Andrea Bernini, Giovanni Facchini, Marco Tabellini and Cecilia Testa
      We review the literature on the effects of the 1965 Voting Rights Act (VRA), which removed formal restrictions to Black political participation. After a brief description of racial discrimination suffered by Black Americans since Reconstruction, we introduce the goals... View Details
      Keywords: Prejudice and Bias; Equality and Inequality; Race; Political Elections; Voting; Policy; Outcome or Result; Government Legislation
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      Bernini, Andrea, Giovanni Facchini, Marco Tabellini, and Cecilia Testa. "Sixty Years of the Voting Rights Act: Progress and Pitfalls." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 40, no. 3 (Fall, 2024): 486–497.
      • September 2024
      • Case

      The Health Equity Accelerator at Boston Medical Center

      By: Susanna Gallani, Mary Witkowski and Katie Sonnefeldt
      This case describes how Boston Medical Center, a hospital and safety net organization, changed its strategic approach to health equity after realizing that previous efforts were not sufficient to address the health disparities among their patients. In 2021, the Health... View Details
      Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Health Disorders; Innovation and Management; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Adaptation; Business Strategy; Mission and Purpose; Decisions; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Diversity; Race; Ethnicity; Urban Scope; Local Range; Equality and Inequality; Health Industry; Boston
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      Gallani, Susanna, Mary Witkowski, and Katie Sonnefeldt. "The Health Equity Accelerator at Boston Medical Center." Harvard Business School Case 125-039, September 2024.
      • September 2024
      • Article

      Gender Gaps: Back and Here to Stay? Evidence from Skilled Ugandan Workers During COVID-19

      By: Livia Alfonsi, Mary Namubiru and Sara Spaziani
      We investigate gender disparities in the effect of COVID-19 on the labor market outcomes of skilled Ugandan workers. Leveraging a high-frequency panel dataset, we find that the lockdowns imposed in Uganda reduced employment by 69% for women and by 45% for men,... View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19; Wage Gap; Gender; Equality and Inequality; Employment; Wages; Uganda
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      Alfonsi, Livia, Mary Namubiru, and Sara Spaziani. "Gender Gaps: Back and Here to Stay? Evidence from Skilled Ugandan Workers During COVID-19." Review of Economics of the Household 22, no. 3 (September 2024): 999–1046.
      • September 2024
      • Article

      Investing in the Next Generation: The Long-Run Impacts of a Liquidity Shock

      By: Patrick Agte, Arielle Bernhardt, Erica M. Field, Rohini Pande and Natalia Rigol
      How do poor entrepreneurs trade off investments in business enterprises versus children's human capital, and how do these choices influence intergenerational socio-economic mobility? To examine this, we exploit experimental variation in household income resulting from... View Details
      Keywords: Socio-economic Mobility; Entrepreneurship; Education; Income; Literacy; Poverty
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      Agte, Patrick, Arielle Bernhardt, Erica M. Field, Rohini Pande, and Natalia Rigol. "Investing in the Next Generation: The Long-Run Impacts of a Liquidity Shock." American Economic Review 114, no. 9 (September 2024): 2792–2824.
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