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      • 2023
      • Article

      The Power of Modularity Today: 20 years of 'Design Rules'

      By: Stefano Brusoni, Joachim Henkel, Michael G Jacobides, Samina Karim, Alan MacCormack, Phanish Puranam and Melissa Schilling
      In 2000, Carliss Baldwin and Kim Clark published “Design Rules: The Power of Modularity,” a book that introduced new ways of understanding and explaining the architecture of complex systems This Special Issue of Industrial and Corporate Change celebrates this seminal...  View Details
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      Brusoni, Stefano, Joachim Henkel, Michael G Jacobides, Samina Karim, Alan MacCormack, Phanish Puranam, and Melissa Schilling. "The Power of Modularity Today: 20 years of 'Design Rules'." Industrial and Corporate Change 32 (2023): 1–10.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Institutional Emplacement and the Novel Resurgence of Independent Bookstores

      By: Ryan Raffaelli and Ryann Noe
      This study reveals how actors leverage physical place as an asset to facilitate organizational adaptation and industry evolution. Through a longitudinal, qualitative analysis of the U.S. independent bookselling industry from 1995 to 2019, we outline how dispersed...  View Details
      Keywords: Industry Growth; Small Business; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Business Processes; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; United States
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      Raffaelli, Ryan, and Ryann Noe. "Institutional Emplacement and the Novel Resurgence of Independent Bookstores." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-033, December 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      The Regulation of Medical AI: Policy Approaches, Data, and Innovation Incentives

      By: Ariel Dora Stern
      For those who follow health and technology news, it is difficult to go more than a few days without reading about a compelling new application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to health care. AI has myriad applications in medicine and its adjacent industries, with...  View Details
      Keywords: AI and Machine Learning; Health Care and Treatment; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Technological Innovation; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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      Stern, Ariel Dora. "The Regulation of Medical AI: Policy Approaches, Data, and Innovation Incentives." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30639, December 2022.
      • November–December 2022
      • Article

      Your Company Needs a Space Strategy. Now.

      By: Matthew Weinzierl, Prithwiraj (Raj) Choudhury, Tarun Khanna, Alan MacCormack and Brendan Rosseau
      Space is becoming a potential source of value for businesses across a range of sectors, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, and tourism. To understand what the opportunities are for your company, the authors advise you to consider the four ways in...  View Details
      Keywords: Space Strategy; Emerging Markets; Natural Resources; Analytics and Data Science; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Adaptation; Competition; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, Prithwiraj (Raj) Choudhury, Tarun Khanna, Alan MacCormack, and Brendan Rosseau. "Your Company Needs a Space Strategy. Now." Harvard Business Review (November–December 2022): 80–91.
      • November 2022
      • Background Note

      The Future of E-Commerce: Lessons from the Livestream Wars in China

      By: Ayelet Israeli, Jeremy Yang and Billy Chan
      This note explores the emerging multi-billion dollar commerce trend of livestream commerce. Livestream commerce is the sale of goods or services directly to consumers via live shows on digital platforms (such as social media or e-commerce platforms). It is a form of...  View Details
      Keywords: Retail; Retailing; E-commerce; E-Commerce Strategy; Ecommerce; Channels Of Distribution; Marketing Communication; Livestream Commerce; Marketing; Marketing Channels; Marketing Strategy; Advertising; Brands and Branding; Media; Consumer Behavior; Social Media; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; Retail Industry; China; United States; United Kingdom
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      Israeli, Ayelet, Jeremy Yang, and Billy Chan. "The Future of E-Commerce: Lessons from the Livestream Wars in China." Harvard Business School Background Note 523-055, November 2022.
      • October 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      Ginkgo Bioworks vs. Scorpion Capital: The Debate Over Related-Party Revenues

      By: Aiyesha Dey, Jonas Heese, Suraj Srinivasan and Annelena Lobb
      Ginkgo Bioworks, a synthetic biology company based in Boston, Massachusetts, faced divergent views on its revenue possibilities and accounting practices. After a report emerged accusing it of fraudulent accounting and lack of innovation, its share price plunged. But...  View Details
      Keywords: Fraud Allegations; Revenue; Reports; Accounting Audits; Innovation and Management; Investment; Biotechnology Industry; Boston
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      Dey, Aiyesha, Jonas Heese, Suraj Srinivasan, and Annelena Lobb. "Ginkgo Bioworks vs. Scorpion Capital: The Debate Over Related-Party Revenues." Harvard Business School Case 123-037, October 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • October 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation

      By: Brian Trelstad and Bonnie Yining Cao
      Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART), a set of software and analytical tools designed for the purpose of wildlife conservation, had demonstrated significant improvements in patrol coverage, with some observed reductions in poaching and contributing to wildlife...  View Details
      Keywords: Business and Government Relations; Emerging Markets; Technology Adoption; Strategy; Management; Ethics; Social Enterprise; AI and Machine Learning; Analytics and Data Science; Natural Environment; Technology Industry; Cambodia; United States; Africa
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      Trelstad, Brian, and Bonnie Yining Cao. "SMART: AI and Machine Learning for Wildlife Conservation." Harvard Business School Case 323-036, October 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Masdar City: Aiming for Sustainable and Profitable Real Estate

      By: Boris Vallee and Fares Khrais
      Masdar City broke ground in 2008 and was conceived by the Abu Dhabi government to be an international beacon of innovation in sustainable energy and real estate. It was also to be a profitable investment for the government. At first glance, the two goals pulled in...  View Details
      Keywords: Analysis; Green Building; Business Growth And Maturation; Decisions; Public Sector; Financial Crisis; Construction; Climate Change; Green Technology; Borrowing And Debt; Corporate Finance; Capital; Capital Budgeting; Capital Structure; Cost Of Capital; Equity; REIT; Financial Management; Financial Strategy; Initial Public Offering; Innovation; Growth And Development Strategy; Emerging Markets; Urban Development; Middle East; United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Cities; Green Buildings; Business and Government Relations; Decision Choices and Conditions; Financing and Loans; Real Estate Industry; Real Estate Industry; Real Estate Industry; Real Estate Industry; Abu Dhabi
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      Vallee, Boris, and Fares Khrais. "Masdar City: Aiming for Sustainable and Profitable Real Estate." Harvard Business School Case 223-036, October 2022.
      • June 2022
      • Article

      A New Initiative to Track HIV Resource Allocation and Costs

      By: Ryan McBain, AK Nandakumar, Michael Ruffner, Carlyn Mann, Mai Hijazi, Susanna Baker, Linden Morrison, Kalipso Chalkidou, Shufang Zhang, Iris Semini, Fern Terris-Prestholt, Steven Forsythe, Sarah Byakika, Joshua Musinguzi and Robert S. Kaplan
      In early 2020, several global health institutions – including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS); United States Agency for International Development; and Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator at...  View Details
      Keywords: Activity Based Costing; HIV; Cost; Health Care; Healthcare; Health Care and Treatment; Activity Based Costing and Management; Resource Allocation; Health Industry; Africa
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      McBain, Ryan, AK Nandakumar, Michael Ruffner, Carlyn Mann, Mai Hijazi, Susanna Baker, Linden Morrison, Kalipso Chalkidou, Shufang Zhang, Iris Semini, Fern Terris-Prestholt, Steven Forsythe, Sarah Byakika, Joshua Musinguzi, and Robert S. Kaplan. "A New Initiative to Track HIV Resource Allocation and Costs." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 100, no. 6 (June 2022): 358–358A.
      • September 2022
      • Case

      The Pokémon Company: Evolving into an Everlasting Brand

      By: Tomomichi Amano and Masaki Nomura
      Super Bowl 50, the fiftieth annual championship game of the American National Football League played in February 2016, featured 52 commercials, and brands spent more than six million dollars each for a 30-second commercial slot. Surprisingly, the commercial that...  View Details
      Keywords: Advertising; Brands and Branding; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Growth and Development Strategy; Video Game Industry; Japan
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      Amano, Tomomichi, and Masaki Nomura. "The Pokémon Company: Evolving into an Everlasting Brand." Harvard Business School Case 523-022, September 2022.
      • September 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Navya: Steering Toward a Driverless Future

      By: Julian De Freitas, Elie Ofek, Shaun Ingledew and Tonia Labruyere
      In 2022, Sophie Desormière arrived at French roboshuttle producer Navya, tasked with charting a new course in a challenging sector. The company, which had recently listed on the Paris Stock Exchange, was burning through cash reserves and needed to transform the promise...  View Details
      Keywords: Autonomous Vehicles; Market Entry and Exit; Opportunities; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Consumer Behavior; Business Model; Auto Industry; Auto Industry; France; United States
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      De Freitas, Julian, Elie Ofek, Shaun Ingledew, and Tonia Labruyere. "Navya: Steering Toward a Driverless Future." Harvard Business School Case 523-046, September 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • September 6, 2022
      • Article

      Creating a Platform for Costless Personalization in Clothing

      By: Shane Greenstein
      This study analyzes the role of co-invention in the creation of a platform for print-on-demand-clothing, or PODC. Co-invention is the invention of a new business process to complement new technology, and turn it into a valuable commercial service. PODC copies a design...  View Details
      Keywords: Print-on-demand-clothing; Customization and Personalization; Digital Platforms; Apparel and Accessories Industry
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      Greenstein, Shane. "Creating a Platform for Costless Personalization in Clothing." Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics (September 6, 2022).
      • September 2022
      • Article

      A Spanner in the Works: Category-Spanning Entrants and Audience Valuation of Incumbents

      By: Rory M. McDonald and Ryan T. Allen
      Previous work has examined how audiences evaluate category-spanning organizations, but little is known about how their entrance affects evaluations of other, proximate organizations. We posit that the emergence of category-spanning entrants signals the advent of an...  View Details
      Keywords: Emerging Industries; Industry Dynamics; Organization And Management Theory; Technology Strategy; Technology And Innovation Management; Entrepreneurship; Information Technology; Strategy; Management; Theory; Innovation and Management
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      McDonald, Rory M., and Ryan T. Allen. "A Spanner in the Works: Category-Spanning Entrants and Audience Valuation of Incumbents." Strategy Science 7, no. 6 (September 2022): 190–209.
      • September 2022
      • Article

      The Impact of Financial Assistance Programs on Health Care Utilization: Evidence from Kaiser Permanente

      By: Alyce S. Adams, Raymond Kluender, Neale Mahoney, Jinglin Wang, Francis Wong and Wesley Yin
      Most hospitals have financial assistance programs for low-income patients. We use administrative data from Kaiser Permanente to study the effects of financial assistance on health care utilization. Using a regression discontinuity design based on an income threshold...  View Details
      Keywords: Healthcare; Utilization; Financial Assistance; Health Care and Treatment; Social Issues; Poverty; Health Industry
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      Adams, Alyce S., Raymond Kluender, Neale Mahoney, Jinglin Wang, Francis Wong, and Wesley Yin. "The Impact of Financial Assistance Programs on Health Care Utilization: Evidence from Kaiser Permanente." American Economic Review: Insights 4, no. 3 (September 2022): 389–407.
      • August 2022
      • Case

      Air Wars: Deregulating the U.S. Airline Industry

      By: Tom Nicholas and James Weber
      In the early decades of the twentieth century, the U.S. government assisted in the development of an airline industry by subsidizing the delivery of mail and allowing mail carriers to also fly passengers. Because the government awarded mail routes to the lowest...  View Details
      Keywords: Government Regulation; Deregulation; Change Management; Economics; Entrepreneurship; Financial Management; Business History; Human Resources; Compensation and Benefits; Labor; Labor Unions; Leading Change; Leadership Style; Crisis Management; Industry Structures; Operations; Strategy; Adaptation; Competition; Air Transportation; Air Transportation Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, and James Weber. "Air Wars: Deregulating the U.S. Airline Industry." Harvard Business School Case 823-033, August 2022.
      • August 2022
      • Article

      Regulatory Considerations to Keep Pace with Innovation in Digital Health Products

      By: John Torous, Ariel Dora Stern and Florence T. Bourgeois
      Rapid innovation and proliferation of software as a medical device have accelerated the clinical use of digital technologies across a wide array of medical conditions. Current regulatory pathways were developed for traditional (hardware) medical devices and offer a...  View Details
      Keywords: Emerging Technologies; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Innovation and Invention; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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      Torous, John, Ariel Dora Stern, and Florence T. Bourgeois. "Regulatory Considerations to Keep Pace with Innovation in Digital Health Products." npj Digital Medicine 5, no. 121 (August 2022).
      • July 2022
      • Case

      David Crane’s Clean(er) Energy Strategy at NRG

      By: George Serafeim, Michael W. Toffel and Tom Quinn
      In 2015, David Crane was the CEO of NRG, the second-largest energy producer in the United States. NRG got most of its power from fossil fuels, but Crane – hired as CEO in 2003 as NRG emerged from bankruptcy – had invested heavily in alternative energy, loudly...  View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Leadership; Corporate Governance; Transformation; Alternative Energy; Energy Generation; Climate Change; Corporate Accountability; Renewable Energy; Energy Industry; United States
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      Serafeim, George, Michael W. Toffel, and Tom Quinn. "David Crane’s Clean(er) Energy Strategy at NRG." Harvard Business School Case 623-005, July 2022.
      • July 2022
      • Case

      Tata Group in 2021: Pursuing Profits through Purpose

      By: Tarun Khanna, Krishna G. Palepu and Vidhya Muthuram
      October 8, 2021: Tata Sons won a bid to acquire India’s national carrier Air India, marking the airline's return to its original owners after 68 long years. The winning bid of $2.4 billion gave Tata Sons full ownership of the airline and its coveted network of 6,200...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Mission and Purpose; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Emerging Markets; Mergers and Acquisitions; Ownership; Air Transportation Industry; India
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      Khanna, Tarun, Krishna G. Palepu, and Vidhya Muthuram. "Tata Group in 2021: Pursuing Profits through Purpose." Harvard Business School Case 123-009, July 2022.
      • June 2022
      • Case

      Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU

      By: George Serafeim and Benjamin Maletta
      In the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union (the EU) had led the global fight against climate change with a wide array of policy measures. The EU’s primary approach to climate policy had been taxation via the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU...  View Details
      Keywords: Regulation; Carbon Emissions; Trade; Sustainability; Decarbonization; Performance; Climate Change; Analysis; Strategy; Taxation; Policy; Environmental Regulation; Industry Structures; European Union
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      Serafeim, George, and Benjamin Maletta. "Business Implications from Regulating Carbon Emissions in the EU." Harvard Business School Case 122-106, June 2022.
      • May 2022
      • Supplement

      Maestro Pizza (B): The Competition Awakens

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Fares Khrais
      Maestro pizza opened its first store in 2013 after its founder, Khalid Al Omran, recognized an opportunity in Saudi Arabia to offer high quality pizza at affordable prices. The business grew rapidly and under the radar at first, but soon enough caught the attention of...  View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Competition; Market Entry and Exit; Emerging Markets; Business Startups; Corporate Entrepreneurship; Product Positioning; Disruption; Disruptive Innovation; Advertising; Advertising Campaigns; Social Media; Forecasting and Prediction; Crisis Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Brands and Branding; Product Development; Production; Service Delivery; Business Growth and Maturation; Financial Statements; Cost Management; Analysis; Quality; Performance Consistency; Customer Satisfaction; Profit; Family Ownership; Food and Beverage Industry; Saudi Arabia; Middle East
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Fares Khrais. "Maestro Pizza (B): The Competition Awakens." Harvard Business School Supplement 722-400, May 2022.
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