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    • All HBS Web  (277)
      • Faculty Publications  (21)

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      • January 2025
      • Technical Note

      Get Cool: Air Conditioning Industry Background

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jacob A. Small
      The “air conditioning paradox” is tied to climate change: the more the planet warms, the greater the need for cooling (due to the dangers of extreme heat as well as comfort within buildings), but the use of electricity-powered AC contributes to further warming. There... View Details
      Keywords: Appliances; Global Warming; Energy Efficiency; Climate Change; Venture Capital; Demand and Consumers; Distribution Channels; Green Technology; United States; Asia
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Jacob A. Small. "Get Cool: Air Conditioning Industry Background." Harvard Business School Technical Note 325-077, January 2025.
      • December 2023
      • Article

      When Should the Off-Grid Sun Shine at Night? Optimum Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Investments

      By: Christian Kaps, Simone Marinesi and Serguei Netessine
      Globally, 1.5 billion people live off the grid, their only access to electricity often limited to operationally-expensive fossil fuel generators. Solar power has risen as a sustainable and less costly option, but its generation is variable during the day and... View Details
      Keywords: Energy; Renewable Energy
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      Kaps, Christian, Simone Marinesi, and Serguei Netessine. "When Should the Off-Grid Sun Shine at Night? Optimum Renewable Generation and Energy Storage Investments." Management Science 69, no. 12 (December 2023): 7633–7650.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Residential Battery Storage - Reshaping the Way We Do Electricity

      By: Christian Kaps and Serguei Netessine
      In this paper, we aim to understand when private households invest in behind-the-meter battery storage next to rooftop solar and how those batteries impact households, the electricity market, and emissions. We answer three main research questions: 1) When do customers... View Details
      Keywords: Solar Power; Energy Storage; Technology And Innovation Management; Energy; Energy Policy; Renewable Energy; Technological Innovation; Innovation and Management; Energy Industry
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      Kaps, Christian, and Serguei Netessine. "Residential Battery Storage - Reshaping the Way We Do Electricity." Working Paper, February 2025.
      • January 2023 (Revised December 2023)
      • Case

      OhmConnect: Energizing the Future

      By: Jeffrey F. Rayport, Jennifer Fonstad and Nicole Tempest Keller
      Founded in 2013, OhmConnect was a free consumer web app that alerted customers about peak hours of electricity demand, and paid them to lower their energy use at home during these periods. The company sold the aggregated reductions generated by thousands of households... View Details
      Keywords: App Development; Renewable Energy; Electricity Usage; Regulations; VC; Technology; Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC); Scalability; Applications and Software; Growth and Development Strategy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Business Model; Venture Capital; Energy Industry; United States; California; Texas; Europe
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      Rayport, Jeffrey F., Jennifer Fonstad, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "OhmConnect: Energizing the Future." Harvard Business School Case 823-065, January 2023. (Revised December 2023.)
      • April 2022
      • Case

      NIO: A Chinese EV Company's Global Strategy

      By: William C. Kirby, Shu Lin and Noah B. Truwit
      Founded in November 2014 and based in Shanghai, NIO designed, jointly manufactured, and sold premium “smart” EVs. Its mission was to “shape a joyful lifestyle by offering high-performance smart electric vehicles and being the best user enterprise. At NIO Day 2021,... View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Expansion; Technological Innovation; Market Entry and Exit; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Green Technology; Auto Industry; China; Europe; Norway
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      Kirby, William C., Shu Lin, and Noah B. Truwit. "NIO: A Chinese EV Company's Global Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 322-106, April 2022.
      • October 2021 (Revised May 2023)
      • Case

      Engine No. 1: An Impact Investing Firm Engages with ExxonMobil

      By: Mark Kramer, Shawn Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi and T. Robert Zochowski
      ExxonMobil, the world's fifth largest source of carbon emissions, remained committed to aggressively expanding its oil & gas business despite global warming. During the COVID pandemic this strategy resulted in massive losses as the price and demand for oil declined. ... View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Global Warming; Impact Investment Funds; Hedge Fund Activism; Leadership Development; Business Model; Renewable Energy; Resource Allocation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Governing and Advisory Boards
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      Kramer, Mark, Shawn Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Engine No. 1: An Impact Investing Firm Engages with ExxonMobil." Harvard Business School Case 222-028, October 2021. (Revised May 2023.)
      • May 2018 (Revised October 2018)
      • Case

      Argentina Power—Don't Cry for Me Argentina

      By: Nori Gerardo Lietz and Sayiddah Fatima McCree
      In 2016, Bruce Wayne, Managing Director of Energy Finance Corporation (“EFC”), was refining the Investment/Credit Committee materials for the development of up to 10 power generating plants in Argentina. As a subsidiary of the much larger International Conglomerate... View Details
      Keywords: Cross Border; Energy Markets; Infrastructure Finance; Infrastructure Development; Business Subsidiaries; Business Cycles; Macroeconomics; Energy Generation; International Finance; Project Finance; Government and Politics; Demand and Consumers; Infrastructure; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; Financial Services Industry; Argentina; Latin America
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      Lietz, Nori Gerardo, and Sayiddah Fatima McCree. "Argentina Power—Don't Cry for Me Argentina." Harvard Business School Case 218-041, May 2018. (Revised October 2018.)
      • 2018
      • Report

      The Future of Nuclear Energy in a Carbon-Constrained World: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study

      By: Joseph B. Lassiter III
      The Future of Nuclear Energy in a Carbon-Constrained World study is the eighth in the MIT Energy Initiative’s "Future of" series, which aims to shed light on a range of complex and important issues involving energy and the environment. A central theme is... View Details
      Keywords: Nuclear Energy; Carbon Emissions; Environment; Environmental Sustainability; Energy; Energy Policy; Energy Sources
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      "The Future of Nuclear Energy in a Carbon-Constrained World: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study." "Future of" Series, MIT Energy Initiative, Cambridge, MA, 2018.
      • July 2017 (Revised March 2019)
      • Technical Note

      The Future of Mobility: Economic, Environmental, and Social Implications

      By: George Serafeim and David Freiberg
      This technical note explores how advancements in technology are fundamentally transforming how consumers interact with mobility. Transformation is being driven by three independent trends: the emergence of affordable electric vehicles, the development of autonomous... View Details
      Keywords: Oil & Gas; Automobile Manufacturing; Technological And Scientific Innovation; Mobility; Inequality; Electric Vehicles; Ride-sharing; Ambidexterity; Transformation; Disruption; Change; Technological Innovation; Transportation; Equality and Inequality; Auto Industry; Technology Industry; Transportation Industry; Distribution Industry
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "The Future of Mobility: Economic, Environmental, and Social Implications." Harvard Business School Technical Note 118-008, July 2017. (Revised March 2019.)
      • April 2017
      • Case

      Yushan Bicycles: Learning to Ride Abroad

      By: Christopher A. Bartlett and Paul S. Myers
      Yushan Bicycles, one of Taiwan's leading bicycle manufacturers, is pursuing an international expansion strategy by increasing demand for its range of traditional and electric bicycles and shifting its product mix toward higher-margin models sold through specialty... View Details
      Keywords: Globalized Firms and Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Conflict Management; Learning; Bicycle Industry; Taiwan; Australia
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      Bartlett, Christopher A., and Paul S. Myers. "Yushan Bicycles: Learning to Ride Abroad." Harvard Business School Brief Case 917-539, April 2017.
      • 2016
      • Book

      Innovation Equity: Assessing and Managing the Monetary Value of New Products and Services

      By: Elie Ofek, Eitan Muller and Barak Libai
      This book bridges the gap between what academics know, and what innovation stakeholders—from managers, to investors, to analysts, to consumers—need to know about how new products and services are expected to perform in the marketplace. The book develops a compelling... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Technology Diffusion; New Products; Customer Lifetime Value; Monetization Strategy; Social Influence; Innovation Adoption; Forecasting Demand; Commercialization; Marketing Strategy; Practice; Customer Value and Value Chain; Research; Innovation and Management; Technology Adoption; Forecasting and Prediction; Product Development
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      Ofek, Elie, Eitan Muller, and Barak Libai. Innovation Equity: Assessing and Managing the Monetary Value of New Products and Services. University of Chicago Press, 2016.
      • January 2013
      • Case

      Luotang Power: Variances Explained

      By: Robert Simons and Craig Chapman
      The general manager of Luotang Power, a coal-fired power plant located in central China, reviews annual results before a meeting with the board of directors. He thought the company performed well during the year and both plant availability and fuel economy had improved... View Details
      Keywords: China; Financial Statements; Management Accounting; Variance Analysis; Environmental Regulations; Incentives; Electric Power Generation; Contracts; Valuation; Energy Generation; Accounting; Performance Evaluation; Energy Industry; China
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      Simons, Robert, and Craig Chapman. "Luotang Power: Variances Explained." Harvard Business School Brief Case 913-533, January 2013.
      • August 2012 (Revised September 2013)
      • Case

      EnerNOC: DemandSMART

      By: Michael W. Toffel, Kira Fabrizio and Stephanie van Sice
      EnerNOC is an energy company with an innovative business model: it serves as an intermediary between electric utilities and electricity users. It contracts with electricity users willing to reduce demand during periods of peak energy demand, and sells this as excess... View Details
      Keywords: Production Planning; Productivity; Environmental Protection; Energy; Environment; Business Government Relations; Laws And Regulation; Business Model; Environmental Sustainability; Innovation and Invention; Opportunities; Risk and Uncertainty; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Supply Chain Management; Production; Energy Conservation; Energy Industry
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      Toffel, Michael W., Kira Fabrizio, and Stephanie van Sice. "EnerNOC: DemandSMART." Harvard Business School Case 613-036, August 2012. (Revised September 2013.)
      • February 2012 (Revised April 2017)
      • Case

      Schneider Electric: Becoming the Global Specialist in Energy Management

      By: John D. Macomber and Rachna Tahilyani
      Global electrical products company assesses growth and market demands in India. Company must decide between a products acquisition or developing a service business. Students need to be aware of different country conditions, demands on implementation of different... View Details
      Keywords: Globalization; Energy; Management; Energy Industry
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      Macomber, John D., and Rachna Tahilyani. "Schneider Electric: Becoming the Global Specialist in Energy Management." Harvard Business School Case 212-082, February 2012. (Revised April 2017.)
      • September 2011 (Revised February 2014)
      • Case

      Duke Energy and the Nuclear Renaissance

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Forest L. Reinhardt
      Duke Energy, an American investor-owned electric utility, confronts multibillion dollar decisions about its future fuel mix. In particular, its leaders are considering building new nuclear capacity. Whether this is sensible depends, among other things, on demand... View Details
      Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Expansion; Policy; Business Strategy; Energy Sources; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; United States
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      Vietor, Richard H.K., and Forest L. Reinhardt. "Duke Energy and the Nuclear Renaissance." Harvard Business School Case 712-002, September 2011. (Revised February 2014.)
      • February 2010 (Revised June 2012)
      • Case

      "Plugging In" the Consumer: The Adoption of Electrically Powered Vehicles in the U.S.

      By: Elie Ofek and Polly Ribatt
      How will U.S. consumers respond to the proliferation of alternative-fuel vehicles, such as cars powered partially or completely by electricity, in the coming decade? After a century in which fossil fuel-powered vehicles dominated the market, it appeared consumers would... View Details
      Keywords: Energy Sources; Policy; Marketing; Demand and Consumers; Business and Government Relations; Natural Environment; Pollutants; Adoption; Auto Industry; United States
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      Ofek, Elie, and Polly Ribatt. "Plugging In" the Consumer: The Adoption of Electrically Powered Vehicles in the U.S. Harvard Business School Case 510-076, February 2010. (Revised June 2012.)
      • October 2006 (Revised August 2007)
      • Case

      RKS Guitars

      By: Elie Ofek, Thomas J. Steenburgh, Michael I. Norton and Kerry Herman
      RKS has designed a revolutionary electric guitar and needs to decide how to best market their innovation. The iconic status of existing electric guitars, and the lack of any recent radical innovations in the category, pose challenges in securing consumer adoption. If... View Details
      Keywords: Innovation and Invention; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Consumer Behavior; Product Design; Adoption
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      Ofek, Elie, Thomas J. Steenburgh, Michael I. Norton, and Kerry Herman. "RKS Guitars." Harvard Business School Case 507-003, October 2006. (Revised August 2007.)
      • May 2006 (Revised February 2012)
      • Case

      General Electric's 20th Century CEOs (Abridged)

      By: Nitin Nohria, Anthony J. Mayo and Mark Benson
      General Electric thrived in every decade of the 20th century. Since its founding in 1892, GE has placed a high value on picking and training the best people. Staff members worked with other scientists in the company's research lab to design and manufacture new and... View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Leadership Style; Growth and Development Strategy; Management Style
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      Nohria, Nitin, Anthony J. Mayo, and Mark Benson. "General Electric's 20th Century CEOs (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 406-118, May 2006. (Revised February 2012.)
      • December 2005 (Revised April 2011)
      • Case

      General Electric's 20th Century CEOs

      By: Nitin Nohria, Anthony Mayo and Mark Benson
      General Electric thrived in every decade of the 20th century. Since its founding in 1892, GE has placed a high value on picking and training the best people. Staff members worked with other scientists in the company's research lab to design and manufacture new and... View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Leadership Style; Growth and Development Strategy; Management Style
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      Nohria, Nitin, Anthony Mayo, and Mark Benson. "General Electric's 20th Century CEOs." Harvard Business School Case 406-048, December 2005. (Revised April 2011.)
      • February 2002 (Revised April 2011)
      • Case

      The Future of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

      By: John T. Gourville, Alice Tzou and David Lane
      Set in 2002, this case looks at the potential for hybrid electric vehicles in the United States. Looks at the pressures on the automotive industry to produce a commercially viable, environmentally friendly vehicle and the consumer behavior surrounding purchase of those... View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Marketing Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Environmental Sustainability; Technology Adoption; Auto Industry; United States
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      Gourville, John T., Alice Tzou, and David Lane. "The Future of Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Harvard Business School Case 502-025, February 2002. (Revised April 2011.)
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