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      • November 2022
      • Teaching Note

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW - Teaching Note

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      Teaching note in support of the case "Driving Decarbonization at BMW" (HBS No. 123-008)  View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Climate Change; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Germany; Europe; China; United States
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW - Teaching Note." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 123-049, November 2022.
      • October 2022
      • Case

      Driving Decarbonization at BMW

      By: Shirley Lu, George Serafeim and Michael W. Toffel
      The case describes BMW’s electrification and decarbonization strategy, and how the company measured carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of its vehicles and used tools like carbon abatement cost curves to evaluate decarbonization opportunities. In mid-2022,...  View Details
      Keywords: Decarbonization; Climate Change; Environment; Sustainability; Carbon Accounting; Carbon; Carbon Abatement; Electric Vehicles; Automobiles; Transportation; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Management; Environmental Sustainability; Accounting; Strategy; Technological Innovation; Supply Chain; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Battery Industry; Germany; China; United States; Europe
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      Lu, Shirley, George Serafeim, and Michael W. Toffel. "Driving Decarbonization at BMW." Harvard Business School Case 123-008, October 2022.
      • April 2022
      • Case

      NIO: A Chinese EV Company's Global Strategy

      By: William C. Kirby, Shu Lin and Noah B. Truwit
      Founded in November 2014 and based in Shanghai, NIO designed, jointly manufactured, and sold premium “smart” EVs. Its mission was to “shape a joyful lifestyle by offering high-performance smart electric vehicles and being the best user enterprise. At NIO Day 2021,...  View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Expansion; Technological Innovation; Market Entry and Exit; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Green Technology; Auto Industry; China; Europe; Norway
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      Kirby, William C., Shu Lin, and Noah B. Truwit. "NIO: A Chinese EV Company's Global Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 322-106, April 2022.
      • March 2022 (Revised May 2022)
      • Case

      Doubling Down: Elon Musk's Big Bets in 2022

      By: David Yoffie and Daniel Fisher
      2021 was a banner year for Elon Musk. CEO of the electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla, the aerospace manufacturer SpaceX, and a few smaller startups, Musk became the richest person on Earth after Tesla reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion and SpaceX a private...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation and Management; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Information Infrastructure; Applications and Software; Transportation; Strategic Planning; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Goals and Objectives; Aerospace Industry; Auto Industry; Battery Industry; United States; Europe; China
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      Yoffie, David, and Daniel Fisher. "Doubling Down: Elon Musk's Big Bets in 2022." Harvard Business School Case 722-439, March 2022. (Revised May 2022.)
      • February 2022 (Revised September 2022)
      • Case

      Lilium: Preparing for Takeoff

      By: Navid Mojir, Vincent Dessain, Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej and Emer Moloney
      Lilium is a German company focused on developing electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) that can be used to offer air taxi services. The company went public in September 2021 through a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) deal, raising more than...  View Details
      Keywords: SPACs; Business Model; Forecasting and Prediction; Green Technology; Capital Markets; Venture Capital; Initial Public Offering; Rural Scope; Urban Scope; City; Disruptive Innovation; Growth and Development Strategy; Technological Innovation; Demand and Consumers; Market Timing; Industry Growth; Infrastructure; Logistics; Product Design; Product Development; Production; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Strategic Planning; Partners and Partnerships; Risk and Uncertainty; Urban Development; Sustainable Cities; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Air Transportation; Aerospace Industry; Air Transportation Industry; Green Technology Industry; Transportation Industry; Travel Industry; Germany; Munich; Brazil; United States; Florida
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      Mojir, Navid, Vincent Dessain, Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej, and Emer Moloney. "Lilium: Preparing for Takeoff." Harvard Business School Case 522-084, February 2022. (Revised September 2022.)
      • February 2022 (Revised March 2022)
      • Case

      National Electric Vehicles Sweden (NEVS): Materializing a Vision

      By: Shane Greenstein and Elena Corsi
      In 2021, the car manufacturer National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) faced the challenge of securing funding from its investor to launch an innovative mobility solution based on fleets of shared autonomous driving (AD) cars. The system was complex as it required the...  View Details
      Keywords: Autonomous Vehicles; Product Design; Sustainable Cities; Transportation Networks; Auto Industry; Sweden; Europe
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      Greenstein, Shane, and Elena Corsi. "National Electric Vehicles Sweden (NEVS): Materializing a Vision." Harvard Business School Case 622-076, February 2022. (Revised March 2022.)
      • January 2022 (Revised August 2022)
      • Case

      Geely SEA: New Electric Vehicle Platforms

      By: Willy C. Shih and Shu Lin
      Kent Bovellan, the Chief Engineer and Head of the Vehicle Architecture Center for Geely Holding, the Hangzhou, China headquartered global automotive group, was debating the platform choice for an upcoming "D" segment midsized battery electric vehicle (BEV). He had led...  View Details
      Keywords: Product Innovation; Product Architecture; Product Engineering; Platform Design; Platform Strategy; Information Infrastructure; Digital Platforms; Information Technology; Product Design; Product Development; Cost Management; Decision Making; Competitive Strategy; Industry Structures; Auto Industry; China; Sweden
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      Shih, Willy C., and Shu Lin. "Geely SEA: New Electric Vehicle Platforms." Harvard Business School Case 622-001, January 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
      • November 2021 (Revised May 2022)
      • Case

      QuantumScape's Mission to Revolutionize Energy Storage for a Sustainable Future

      By: William A. Sahlman, Allison M. Ciechanover and Jeff Huizinga
      QuantumScape CEO Jagdeep Singh juggles the many activities required to lead the next-generation battery pioneer. Founded in 2010, QuantumScape’s mission was to develop new “solid-state” car batteries that would improve upon traditional lithium-ion batteries in key...  View Details
      Keywords: Batteries; Electric Vehicles; SPACs; Innovation and Management; Technological Innovation; Science-Based Business; Environmental Sustainability; Auto Industry; Energy Industry; California; San Jose
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      Sahlman, William A., Allison M. Ciechanover, and Jeff Huizinga. "QuantumScape's Mission to Revolutionize Energy Storage for a Sustainable Future." Harvard Business School Case 822-044, November 2021. (Revised May 2022.)
      • September 2021
      • Case

      Tesla Motors in 2021: Competition Revs Up

      By: Eric J. Van den Steen, Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Karen Elterman
      Over its 17 years in existence, Tesla had redefined people’s view of electric cars, and in 2020, the company saw its stock rise by more than 700% to became the most valuable carmaker in the world. In December 2020, Tesla celebrated its fifth consecutive quarter of...  View Details
      Keywords: Barrier To Entry; Competitive Advantage; Innovation; Tesla; Automotive Industry; Sustainable Competitive Advantage; Values; Vision; Learning By Doing; Economies Of Scale; Electric Vehicle; Scenario Planning; Batteries; Competitive Strategy; Product Positioning; Profit; Competition; Industry Growth; Auto Industry
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      Van den Steen, Eric J., Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, and Karen Elterman. "Tesla Motors in 2021: Competition Revs Up." Harvard Business School Case 722-375, September 2021.
      • September 2021 (Revised October 2021)
      • Case

      Tesla's Uncertain Fate as EV Race Accelerates

      By: David Collis and Haisley Wert
      By September 2021, Tesla had a staggering market cap of $755 billion. As the leader of the automobile industry, Tesla’s worth surpassed that of the six largest runner-ups combined, including Toyota, Volkswagen, BYD, Daimler, Great Wall Motors, and General Motors. As...  View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Valuation; Competitive Advantage; Value Creation; Auto Industry
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      Collis, David, and Haisley Wert. "Tesla's Uncertain Fate as EV Race Accelerates." Harvard Business School Case 722-368, September 2021. (Revised October 2021.)
      • November 2020
      • Case

      Holaluz: Taking on the Spanish Energy Market

      By: Elie Ofek, Marco Bertini, Oded Koenigsberg, Elena Corsi and Emer Moloney
      In 2020, the three cofounders of Holaluz, a newcomer to Spain’s electricity retail market, are preparing to launch a new offering: installing and managing solar panels on households' roofs at no extra cost for the consumer, who would still benefit from the energy...  View Details
      Keywords: Electricity; Solar Power; Subscription Business; Renewable Energy; Entrepreneurship; Service Delivery; Business Model; Product Launch; Marketing; Energy Industry; Spain
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      Ofek, Elie, Marco Bertini, Oded Koenigsberg, Elena Corsi, and Emer Moloney. "Holaluz: Taking on the Spanish Energy Market." Harvard Business School Case 521-045, November 2020.
      • June 6, 2019
      • Article

      Tesla's Advantage? 'It's the Software, Stupid.'

      By: Lou Shipley
      Without question, entrepreneur, innovator and engineer Elon Musk is a controversial figure, but there is no disputing that his first-to-market Tesla electric vehicles are not only revolutionizing the high-end driving experience, but also disrupting the automobile...  View Details
      Keywords: Tesla; Elon Musk; Autonomous Vehicle; Transportation; Software; Technology; Disruption; Auto Industry
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      Shipley, Lou. "Tesla's Advantage? 'It's the Software, Stupid.'." The Hill (June 6, 2019).
      • May 2019
      • Case

      Elon Musk's Big Bets Update, 2019

      By: David B. Yoffie and Daniel Fisher
      This short case provides an update to Elon Musk's strategy and tactical moves with Tesla, Solar City, and SpaceX from 2016-2019.  View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Batteries; Solar Power; Execution; Space Flight; Tesla; SolarCity; SpaceX; Elon Musk; Information Technology; Risk and Uncertainty; Expansion; Renewable Energy; Strategy; Investment; Manufacturing Industry; Green Technology Industry; Auto Industry; Aerospace Industry; Battery Industry
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      Yoffie, David B., and Daniel Fisher. "Elon Musk's Big Bets Update, 2019." Harvard Business School Case 719-512, May 2019.
      • February 2018
      • Teaching Plan

      Tesla in 2015

      By: Lynda M. Applegate, Olivia Hull and Sarah Mehta
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 817-081.  View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicle; Internal Combustion Vehicle; Battery; Product Distribution; Platform Disruption; Vertical Integration; Patents; Disruption; Innovation and Invention; Disruptive Innovation; Innovation Leadership; Innovation Strategy; Technological Innovation; Energy; Entrepreneurship; Leading Change; Product Marketing; Information Technology; Digital Platforms; Transportation; Auto Industry; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Technology Industry; Transportation Industry; California
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      Applegate, Lynda M., Olivia Hull, and Sarah Mehta. "Tesla in 2015." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 818-009, February 2018.
      • January 2018 (Revised May 2018)
      • Supplement

      Wanxiang Group: A Chinese Company's Global Strategy (C)

      By: William C. Kirby and Yuanzhuo Wang
      This case updates Wanxiang Group's activities since 2012, focusing on its electric vehicle strategy and a transition of the group's leadership.  View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Leadership Succession; Strategy; Management Succession; Global Range; Auto Industry; United States; China
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      Kirby, William C., and Yuanzhuo Wang. "Wanxiang Group: A Chinese Company's Global Strategy (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 318-091, January 2018. (Revised May 2018.)
      • July 2017 (Revised March 2019)
      • Technical Note

      The Future of Mobility: Economic, Environmental, and Social Implications

      By: George Serafeim and David Freiberg
      This technical note explores how advancements in technology are fundamentally transforming how consumers interact with mobility. Transformation is being driven by three independent trends: the emergence of affordable electric vehicles, the development of autonomous...  View Details
      Keywords: Oil & Gas; Automobile Manufacturing; Technological And Scientific Innovation; Mobility; Inequality; Electric Vehicles; Ride-sharing; Ambidexterity; Transformation; Disruption; Change; Technological Innovation; Transportation; Equality and Inequality; Auto Industry; Technology Industry; Transportation Industry; Distribution Industry
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      Serafeim, George, and David Freiberg. "The Future of Mobility: Economic, Environmental, and Social Implications." Harvard Business School Technical Note 118-008, July 2017. (Revised March 2019.)
      • November 2016 (Revised September 2018)
      • Case

      Elon Musk's Big Bets

      By: David B. Yoffie, Eric Baldwin and Brandon Kaufmann
      Between late 2014 and late 2016, Tesla CEO Elon Musk undertook several major, and risky, initiatives that would dramatically expand the scale and scope of Tesla’s business. In late 2014, Tesla began construction on a $5 billion “gigafactory” that would manufacture...  View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicles; Batteries; Solar Power; Strategy; Execution; Technology; Space Flight; Tesla; SolarCity; SpaceX; Elon Musk; Information Technology; Risk and Uncertainty; Expansion; Renewable Energy; Investment; Manufacturing Industry; Green Technology Industry; Auto Industry; Aerospace Industry; Battery Industry
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      Yoffie, David B., Eric Baldwin, and Brandon Kaufmann. "Elon Musk's Big Bets." Harvard Business School Case 717-431, November 2016. (Revised September 2018.)
      • October 2016
      • Case

      Elon Musk: Balancing Purpose and Risk

      By: Shikhar Ghosh and Sarah Mehta
      The case is used to illustrate the place of ‘Purpose’ versus financial risk and returns in a founder’s objectives. It also addresses personal risk profile of different founders, and when paired with the Risk Tolerance Exercise, it enables evaluating one’s own appetite...  View Details
      Keywords: Electric Vehicle; Solar Power; Vision; Trade-offs; Leadership; Mission and Purpose; Risk and Uncertainty; Entrepreneurship; Failure; United States; North America
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      Ghosh, Shikhar, and Sarah Mehta. "Elon Musk: Balancing Purpose and Risk." Harvard Business School Case 817-040, October 2016.
      • 2016
      • Book

      Innovation Equity: Assessing and Managing the Monetary Value of New Products and Services

      By: Elie Ofek, Eitan Muller and Barak Libai
      This book bridges the gap between what academics know, and what innovation stakeholders—from managers, to investors, to analysts, to consumers—need to know about how new products and services are expected to perform in the marketplace. The book develops a compelling...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Technology Diffusion; New Products; Customer Lifetime Value; Monetization Strategy; Social Influence; Innovation Adoption; Forecasting Demand; Commercialization; Marketing Strategy; Practice; Customer Value and Value Chain; Research; Innovation and Management; Technology Adoption; Forecasting and Prediction; Product Development
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      Ofek, Elie, Eitan Muller, and Barak Libai. Innovation Equity: Assessing and Managing the Monetary Value of New Products and Services. University of Chicago Press, 2016.
      • June 2014
      • Teaching Note

      Lit Motors

      By: Thomas Eisenmann
      In mid-2012 Lit Motors had created both engineering and design prototypes and conducted initial customer tests on less than $750,000 of investment. Lit Motors' founder, Daniel Kim, had started the company to design and manufacture an efficient electric 2-wheeled...  View Details
      Keywords: Lean Startup; Prototyping; Electric Vehicle; Urban Vehicle; Customer Test; Gyroscope; Entrepreneurs; Development Stage Enterprises; Creativity; Disruptive Technologies; Consumer Surveys; Market Segmentation; Manufacturing Costs; Entrepreneurship; Auto Industry; United States; California
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      Eisenmann, Thomas. "Lit Motors." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 814-120, June 2014.
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