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    • All HBS Web  (1,432)
      • Faculty Publications  (218)

      Economic Measurement Remove Economic Measurement →

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      • January 2023
      • Case

      Natura: Weathering the Pandemic at Brazil's Cosmetic Giant

      By: Brian Trelstad, Pedro Levindo and Carla Larangeira
      Brazil's Natura, a multi-brand cosmetics group, has taken several measures to safeguard the livelihoods of its thousands of employees and millions of sales representatives during the COVID-19 health and economic crisis. The company has also made strides in its efforts...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; ESG Reporting; Acquisition; Customer Focus and Relationships; Decision Making; Social Entrepreneurship; Environmental Sustainability; Environmental Management; Climate Change; Ethics; Moral Sensibility; Values and Beliefs; Global Strategy; Corporate Governance; Health Pandemics; Human Resources; Human Capital; Crisis Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Marketing; Distribution Channels; Supply Chain; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Culture; Customer Ownership; Relationships; Business and Community Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Networks; Partners and Partnerships; Science-Based Business; Reputation; Human Needs; Social Issues; Strategy; Equality and Inequality; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Brazil; Latin America
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      Trelstad, Brian, Pedro Levindo, and Carla Larangeira. "Natura: Weathering the Pandemic at Brazil's Cosmetic Giant." Harvard Business School Case 323-065, January 2023.
      • January 2023
      • Case

      Adams + Beasley Associates

      By: Dennis Campbell and Iuliana Mogosanu
      This case illustrates how a strong culture, founder-led SME designed and used a unique performance metric — the job security index — to manage through periods of economic uncertainty. The case centers specifically on how the job security index was used in an...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Measurement and Metrics; Employee Ownership; Risk and Uncertainty; Small Business; Leadership; Organizational Culture
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      Campbell, Dennis, and Iuliana Mogosanu. "Adams + Beasley Associates." Harvard Business School Case 123-051, January 2023.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States

      By: Shai Bernstein, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade and Beatriz Pousada
      We characterize the contribution of immigrants to US innovation, both through their direct productivity as well as through their indirect spillover effects on their native collaborators. To do so, we link patent records to a database containing the first five digits of...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Economic Growth; Immigrants; Innovation and Invention; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Patents; Innovation Strategy
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      Bernstein, Shai, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timothy McQuade, and Beatriz Pousada. "The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-065, December 2021. (NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30797, December 2022.)
      • November 2022
      • Article

      Measuring Inequality beyond the Gini Coefficient May Clarify Conflicting Findings

      By: Kristin Blesch, Oliver P. Hauser and Jon M. Jachimowicz
      Prior research has found mixed results on how economic inequality is related to various outcomes. These contradicting findings may in part stem from a predominant focus on the Gini coefficient, which only narrowly captures inequality. Here, we conceptualize the...  View Details
      Keywords: Economic Inequalty; Gini Coefficient; Income Inequality; Equality and Inequality; Social Issues; Health; Status and Position
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      Blesch, Kristin, Oliver P. Hauser, and Jon M. Jachimowicz. "Measuring Inequality beyond the Gini Coefficient May Clarify Conflicting Findings." Nature Human Behaviour 6, no. 11 (November 2022): 1525–1536.
      • 2022
      • White Paper

      The American Opportunity Index: A Corporate Scorecard of Worker Advancement

      By: Matt Sigelman, Joseph Fuller, Nik Dawson and Gad Levanon
      The American Opportunity Index: A Corporate Scorecard of Worker Advancement is a new effort to give companies and other stakeholders a set of robust tools that measure how well major employers are doing in fostering economic mobility for workers and how they could do...  View Details
      Keywords: Upward Mobility; Career Advancement; Personal Development and Career; Compensation and Benefits; Employees; Wages; Human Capital; Recruitment
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      Sigelman, Matt, Joseph Fuller, Nik Dawson, and Gad Levanon. "The American Opportunity Index: A Corporate Scorecard of Worker Advancement." White Paper, Burning Glass Institute, October 2022 (A joint project with Harvard Business School Project on Managing the Future of Work and Schultz Family Foundation.)
      • September 2022
      • Technical Note

      Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the American Landscape

      By: Susanna Gallani and Jacob Riegler
      Social determinants of health (SDOH) have gained significant attention in recent years. A growing body of research shows that a person’s health is influenced by a large number of non-genetic factors, most of which operate outside the realm of health care and are...  View Details
      Keywords: Socioeconomic Determinants Of Health; Social Determinants Of Health; Population Health; Health; Health Care and Treatment; Social Issues; Health Industry; Insurance Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; United States
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      Gallani, Susanna, and Jacob Riegler. "Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the American Landscape." Harvard Business School Technical Note 123-023, September 2022.
      • August 29, 2022
      • Other Article

      Income Inequality Is Rising. Are We Even Measuring It Correctly?

      By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, K. Blesch and Oliver P. Hauser
      Income inequality is on the rise in many countries around the world, according to the United Nations. What’s more, disparities in global income were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, with some countries facing greater economic losses than others. Policymakers...  View Details
      Keywords: Income Inequality; Gini Coefficient; COVID-19 Pandemic; Government Administration; Equality and Inequality; Health Pandemics; Measurement and Metrics
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      Jachimowicz, Jon M., K. Blesch, and Oliver P. Hauser. "Income Inequality Is Rising. Are We Even Measuring It Correctly?" Harvard Business School Working Knowledge (August 29, 2022).
      • August, 2022
      • Article

      Billing and Insurance-Related Administrative Costs: A Cross-National Analysis

      By: Barak D. Richman, Robert S. Kaplan, Japees Kohli, Dennis Purcell, Mahek Shah, Igna Bonfrer, Brian Golden, Rosemary Hannam, Will Mitchell, Daniel Cehic, Garry Crispin and Kevin A. Schulman
      Billing and insurance-related costs are a significant source of wasteful health care spending in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development nations, but these administrative burdens vary across national systems. We executed a microlevel accounting of these...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care Costs; Administrative Costs; Cost; Health Care and Treatment; Health Industry
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      Richman, Barak D., Robert S. Kaplan, Japees Kohli, Dennis Purcell, Mahek Shah, Igna Bonfrer, Brian Golden, Rosemary Hannam, Will Mitchell, Daniel Cehic, Garry Crispin, and Kevin A. Schulman. "Billing and Insurance-Related Administrative Costs: A Cross-National Analysis." Health Affairs 41, no. 8 (August, 2022): 1098–1106.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Overreaction and Diagnostic Expectations in Macroeconomics

      By: Pedro Bordalo, Nicola Gennaioli and Andrei Shleifer
      We present the case for the centrality of overreaction in expectations for addressing important challenges in finance and macroeconomics. First, non-rational expectations by market participants can be measured and modeled in ways that address some of the key challenges...  View Details
      Keywords: Overreaction; Rational Expectations; Macroeconomics; Market Participation; Social Psychology
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      Bordalo, Pedro, Nicola Gennaioli, and Andrei Shleifer. "Overreaction and Diagnostic Expectations in Macroeconomics." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30356, August 2022.
      • 2022
      • Article

      National Customer Orientation: A Framework, Propositions and Agenda for Future Research

      By: Ofer Mintz, Imran S. Currim and Rohit Deshpandé
      Purpose This paper aims to propose a new country-level construct, national customer orientation, to provide a benchmark for global headquartered managers’ decisions and scholars investigating cross-national research. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual framework...  View Details
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      Mintz, Ofer, Imran S. Currim, and Rohit Deshpandé. "National Customer Orientation: A Framework, Propositions and Agenda for Future Research." European Journal of Marketing 56 (2022): 1014–1041.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Measuring the Tolerance of the State: Theory and Application to Protest

      By: Veli Andirin, Yusuf Neggers, Mehdi Shadmehr and Jesse M. Shapiro
      We develop a measure of a regime's tolerance for an action by its citizens. We ground our measure in an economic model and apply it to the setting of political protest. In the model, a regime anticipating a protest can take a costly action to repress it. We define the...  View Details
      Keywords: Political Protests; Modeling And Analysis; Government and Politics; Conflict and Resolution
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      Andirin, Veli, Yusuf Neggers, Mehdi Shadmehr, and Jesse M. Shapiro. "Measuring the Tolerance of the State: Theory and Application to Protest." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30167, June 2022.
      • April 27, 2022
      • Article

      Inequality in Researchers' Minds: Four Guiding Questions for Studying Subjective Perceptions of Economic Inequality

      By: Jon M. Jachimowicz, Shai Davidai, Daniela Goya-Tocchetto, Barnabas Szaszi, Martin Day, Stephanie Tepper, L. Taylor Phillips, M. Usman Mirza, Nailya Ordabayeva and Oliver P. Hauser
      Subjective perceptions of inequality can substantially influence policy attitudes, public health metrics, and societal well-being, but the lack of consensus in the scientific community on how to best operationalize and measure these perceptions may impede progress on...  View Details
      Keywords: Equality and Inequality; Perception; Analysis
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      Jachimowicz, Jon M., Shai Davidai, Daniela Goya-Tocchetto, Barnabas Szaszi, Martin Day, Stephanie Tepper, L. Taylor Phillips, M. Usman Mirza, Nailya Ordabayeva, and Oliver P. Hauser. "Inequality in Researchers' Minds: Four Guiding Questions for Studying Subjective Perceptions of Economic Inequality." Journal of Economic Surveys (April 27, 2022).
      • 2022
      • Book

      A Political Economy of Justice

      By: Danielle Allen, Yochai Benkler, Leah Downey, Rebecca Henderson and Joshua Simons
      Defining a just economy in a tenuous social-political time.
      If we can agree that our current social-political moment is tenuous and unsustainable—and indeed, that may be the only thing we can agree on right now—then how do markets, governments, and people...  View Details
      Keywords: Political Economy; Social Justice; Capitalism; Business And Society; Economy; Society; Fairness; Economic Systems; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; United States
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      Allen, Danielle, Yochai Benkler, Leah Downey, Rebecca Henderson, and Joshua Simons, eds. A Political Economy of Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022.
      • March 2022 (Revised April 2022)
      • Case

      Pittsburgh: A Successful City?

      By: Karen Mills, Caroline Elkins, Vikram Gandhi, Gabriella Elanbeck and Zeke Gillman
      Pittsburgh, PA, was once the crown jewel of American heavy industry. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the city was an undisputed leader in steel production, boasting some of the largest companies and wealthiest individuals in the world. Its abundance of...  View Details
      Keywords: Economic And Social Disparities; Economic Development; Local Economic Development; Contextual Intelligence; Contextual Knowledge; Context; City Growth; City Innovation; City Leadership; Pittsburgh; Local Government; Local Stakeholders; Business And Community; Business And Community Relations; Community Engagement; Community Relations; Cross-sector Collaboration; Innovation; Innovation Economy; Innovation Clusters; Innovation Ecosystems; Shared Prosperity; Equality Of Opportunity; Equity; Inclusion; Business And Government; Business & Government Relations; Business And Government Relations; Business And Society; Neighborhoods; Race And Ethnicity; Innovation & Entrepreneurship; Diversity; Ethnicity; Race; Household; Income; Economic Growth; Economic Sectors; Economics; Local Range; Urban Development; Urban Scope; City; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Government and Politics; Government Administration; Growth and Development; History; Leadership; Goals and Objectives; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Society; Civil Society or Community; Culture; Human Needs; Public Opinion; Public Sector; Social Issues; Poverty; Equality and Inequality; Manufacturing Industry; Steel Industry; Education Industry; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry; Technology Industry; United States; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania
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      Mills, Karen, Caroline Elkins, Vikram Gandhi, Gabriella Elanbeck, and Zeke Gillman. "Pittsburgh: A Successful City?" Harvard Business School Case 322-080, March 2022. (Revised April 2022.)
      • 2022
      • Chapter

      Key Success Factors in Environmental Entrepreneurship: The Case of Wilderness Safaris

      By: James E. Austin, Megan Epler Woods and Herman B. Leonard
      This chapter analyzes the entrepreneurial conception and evolution of the Wilderness Safaris (WS) ecotourism enterprise operating in eight African countries. It illuminates a series of factors that contribute to positive environmental impact as well as financial...  View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Entrepreneurship
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      Austin, James E., Megan Epler Woods, and Herman B. Leonard. "Key Success Factors in Environmental Entrepreneurship: The Case of Wilderness Safaris." Chap. 7 in World Scientific Encyclopedia of Business Sustainability, Ethics, and Entrepreneurship, Volume 1: Environmental and Social Entrepreneurship, edited by Peter Gianiodis, Maritza I. Espina, and William R. Meek, 175–196. World Scientific Publishing, 2022.
      • January 2022 (Revised February 2022)
      • Case

      Introducing EVA at ISS: A Better Way to Evaluate CEO Performance and Compensation?

      By: Jonas Heese, Charles C.Y. Wang and James Weber
      In early 2019, Anthony Campagna, the global director of fundamental research at ISS EVA, a unit of the proxy advisory firm Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), was preparing to release ISS's analyses of public company performance and CEO compensation ahead of Say...  View Details
      Keywords: Jobs and Positions; Compensation and Benefits; Performance; Performance Productivity; Measurement and Metrics; Analytics and Data Science; Value; Business or Company Management; Performance Evaluation; Business and Shareholder Relations
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      Heese, Jonas, Charles C.Y. Wang, and James Weber. "Introducing EVA at ISS: A Better Way to Evaluate CEO Performance and Compensation?" Harvard Business School Case 122-061, January 2022. (Revised February 2022.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Measuring Time Use in Rural India: Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Survey Module

      By: Erica Field, Rohini Pande, Natalia Rigol, Simone Schaner, Elena Stacy and Charity Troyer Moore
      Time use data can help us understand individual labor supply choices, especially for women who often provide unpaid care and home production. Although enumerator-assisted diary-based time use data collection is suitable for low-literacy populations, it is costly and...  View Details
      Keywords: Time Use; Household; Rural Scope; Developing Countries and Economies; Time Management; Analytics and Data Science; Surveys
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      Field, Erica, Rohini Pande, Natalia Rigol, Simone Schaner, Elena Stacy, and Charity Troyer Moore. "Measuring Time Use in Rural India: Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Survey Module." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29671, January 2022. (Revised September 2022.)
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Cognitive Uncertainty in Intertemporal Choice

      By: Benjamin Enke and Thomas Graeber
      This paper studies the relevance of cognitive uncertainty – subjective uncertainty over one's utility-maximizing action – for understanding and predicting intertemporal choice. The main idea is that when people are cognitively noisy, such as when a decision is complex,...  View Details
      Keywords: Cognitive Uncertainty; Intertemporal Choice; Cognition and Thinking; Complexity; Decision Choices and Conditions
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      Enke, Benjamin, and Thomas Graeber. "Cognitive Uncertainty in Intertemporal Choice." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29577, December 2021. (R&R at The Quarterly Journal of Economics.)
      • 2021
      • Other Unpublished Work

      Computer-Implemented Methods and Systems for Measuring, Estimating, and Managing Economic Outcomes and Technical Debt in Software Systems and Projects: US Patent 11,126,427 B2

      By: Daniel J. Sturtevant, Carliss Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, Sunny Ahn and Sean Gilliland
      An interrelated set of tools and methods is disclosed for: (1) measuring the relationship between software source code attributes (such as code quality, design quality, test quality, and complexity metrics) and software economics outcome metrics (such as...  View Details
      Keywords: Technical Debt; Applications and Software; Economics; Measurement and Metrics; Patents
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      Sturtevant, Daniel J., Carliss Baldwin, Alan MacCormack, Sunny Ahn, and Sean Gilliland. "Computer-Implemented Methods and Systems for Measuring, Estimating, and Managing Economic Outcomes and Technical Debt in Software Systems and Projects: US Patent 11,126,427 B2." Cambridge, MA, September 2021.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      What Can Stockouts Tell Us About Inflation? Evidence from Online Micro Data

      By: Alberto Cavallo and Oleksiy Kryvtsov
      We use a detailed micro dataset on product availability and stockouts to construct a direct high-frequency measure of consumer product shortages during the 2020-2022 pandemic. We document a widespread multi-fold rise in stockouts in nearly all sectors early in the...  View Details
      Keywords: Prices; Stockouts; Inventories; Supply Disruptions; COVID-19 Pandemic; Macroeconomics; Inflation and Deflation; Supply Chain; Disruption; Health Pandemics; Consumer Products Industry; United States; China; Canada; France; Germany; Japan; Spain
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      Cavallo, Alberto, and Oleksiy Kryvtsov. "What Can Stockouts Tell Us About Inflation? Evidence from Online Micro Data." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29209, September 2021.
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