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- April 2022
- Case
Mastercard: Creating a World Beyond Cash
In late 2021, Mastercard CEO Michael Miebach and Chairman and former CEO Ajaypal “Ajay” Banga considered how Mastercard could best position itself for continued success in the years to come. Since Mastercard’s initial public offering in 2006, the company had grown and...
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Keywords:
Technological Innovation;
Leadership;
Leading Change;
Organizational Culture;
Business Strategy;
Change;
Change Management;
Money;
Cash;
Credit;
Financial Institutions;
Banks and Banking;
Central Banking;
Financial Instruments;
Credit Cards;
Financial Markets;
Globalization;
Innovation and Invention;
Innovation and Management;
Innovation Strategy;
Leadership Style;
Competitive Advantage;
Corporate Strategy;
Diversification;
Information Technology;
Banking Industry;
Financial Services Industry;
North and Central America;
United States;
New York (state, US)
- February 2021
- Case
Yellow Digital Retailers: Providing Solar Electricity to Transform Rural Africa
By: Lynda M. Applegate, Frank V. Cespedes and Michael Norris
In 2020, Mike Heyink and Maya Stewart, co-founders of the Pay-as-you-Go Solar company Yellow were considering how to grow their startup. They had achieved some success in their first market, Malawi, and had recently entered Uganda, where business was slower. What did...
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- July 2020 (Revised January 2021)
- Case
Pattern Brands
By: Sunil Gupta, Elie Ofek and Julia Kelley
In March 2020, direct-to-consumer (DTC) company Pattern Brands needed to decide how to allocate resources across its different brands. Pattern Co-Founders Nick Ling and Emmett Shine hoped to avoid the pitfalls faced by some DTC companies—such as inability to scale and...
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Keywords:
Direct-to-consumer;
Brands and Branding;
Marketing Channels;
Marketing Strategy;
Product Marketing;
Product Launch;
Product Positioning;
Business Model;
Business Startups;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Demand and Consumers;
Business Strategy;
Diversification;
Competitive Advantage;
Consumer Products Industry;
Retail Industry;
North and Central America;
United States;
New York (city, NY);
New York (state, US)
- August 2019 (Revised February 2020)
- Case
New Hope Liuhe: Building an Integrated Agri-Food Business
By: Forest L. Reinhardt, Shu Lin, Natalie Kindred and Nancy Hua Dai
In October 2018, LIU Chang (Angela), chairman of Beijing-based New Hope Liuhe (NHL), was considering the strategy of the firm. With $9 billion in sales and a presence in nearly 20 countries, NHL was China’s largest animal feed producer and a major pork and poultry...
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Keywords:
Strategy;
Corporate Strategy;
Food;
Agribusiness;
Expansion;
Diversification;
Growth Management;
Consumer Behavior;
Change Management;
Entrepreneurship;
Organizational Structure;
Organizational Change and Adaptation;
Government and Politics;
Animal-Based Agribusiness;
Transformation;
Volatility;
Business Cycles;
Goods and Commodities;
Supply Chain;
Product;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Food and Beverage Industry;
China;
Asia
- December 2018 (Revised May 2019)
- Case
Bord Bia: Strategically Growing Irish Exports
By: Jose B. Alvarez, Forest L. Reinhardt and Emer Moloney
Agriculture was Ireland’s largest indigenous industry. Its agri-food sector was export driven, with almost 90% of production exported. Bord Bia was the Irish government agency charged with the promotion, trade development, and marketing of the Irish food, drink, and...
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Keywords:
Agribusiness;
Trends;
Disruption;
Communication Strategy;
Experience and Expertise;
Talent and Talent Management;
Public Sector;
Trade;
Education;
Food;
Geography;
Geographic Location;
Rural Scope;
Corporate Governance;
Government Administration;
Information;
Knowledge Dissemination;
Marketing Channels;
Brands and Branding;
Marketing Communications;
Marketing Strategy;
Planning;
Business and Government Relations;
Environmental Sustainability;
Public Opinion;
Business Strategy;
Diversification;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Food and Beverage Industry;
Public Administration Industry;
Retail Industry;
Republic of Ireland;
United Kingdom;
Europe
- November 2018 (Revised April 2019)
- Technical Note
Saudi Arabia: A Brief Background
By: Kristin Fabbe, Natalie Kindred and Safwan Al-Amin
This note provides a brief overview of the history of Saudi Arabia as well as the economic and political context in 2018. The note is an essential supplement to the case “Almarai Company: Milk and Modernization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,” HBS No. 719-020, but is...
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Keywords:
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia;
Public Policy;
Economic Development;
Monarchy;
Islam;
Gulf;
GCC;
Business And Government;
Vision 2030;
National Strategy;
Economic Diversification;
OPEC;
Oil;
Energy Policy;
Strategy;
Government and Politics;
Policy;
Diversification;
Economy;
Energy;
History;
Saudi Arabia;
Middle East
- January 2018 (Revised September 2021)
- Case
Saudi Arabia: Vision 2030
By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Haviland Sheldahl-Thomason
Saudi Arabia’s King Salman faces several challenges, both domestic and foreign. Domestically, he needs to build the country’s economy to accommodate a "youth bulge" while balancing between liberals and conservatives. And he needs to diversify the economy away from its...
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- May 2016
- Supplement
2016 Update: Argentina Turns the Page
By: David E. Bell, Forest Reinhardt and Natalie Kindred
This brief case is a supplement to “Cresud and Argentina” (515-043) and “Note on Agriculture in Argentina” (515-069). Set in early 2016, it describes developments in Argentina under newly elected President Mauricio Macri, including the country’s return to international...
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Keywords:
Argentina;
＂ Cresud;
Agriculture;
Economic Reform;
Economic Policy;
Land Investment;
Macri;
Currency;
Agribusiness;
Diversification;
Economy;
Emerging Markets;
Credit;
Currency Exchange Rate;
Investment;
Business and Government Relations;
Government and Politics;
Inflation and Deflation;
Trade;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Argentina;
Buenos Aires;
South America
- March 2016 (Revised August 2018)
- Case
JPMorgan Chase after the Financial Crisis: What Is the Optimal Scope of the Largest Bank in the U.S.?
By: David Collis and Ashley Hartman
When Jamie Dimon took over as CEO of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPMorgan Chase) in 2005, he reaffirmed the commitment to pursue a "universal bank" strategy—providing a full range of products and services to both retail and wholesale clients. Yet the merits of the universal...
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- December 2013 (Revised July 2015)
- Case
VP Group: Vegpro Grows Beyond Kenya
By: Jose Alvarez and Natalie Kindred
In 2013, Kenyan horticulture producer and exporter VP Group is weighing potential expansion opportunities against the growing risks in its production and export markets. With $121 million in 2012 revenues, VP Group has grown rapidly in recent years by expanding its...
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Keywords:
James Cartwright;
Bharat Patel;
Umang Patel;
Vegpro;
VP Group;
Kenya;
Nairobi;
Africa;
Vegetables;
Flowers;
Marks ＆ Spencer;
Sainsbury's;
Horticulture;
Sugar;
Growth;
Diversification;
Freighting;
Agribusiness;
Plant-Based Agribusiness;
Trade;
Marketing;
Marketing Strategy;
Vertical Integration;
Supply Chain;
Employees;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
Shipping Industry;
Kenya;
Nairobi;
Africa;
United Kingdom;
Europe;
Ethiopia;
Ghana
- August 2009 (Revised September 2009)
- Case
Tenova: Mining for Growth in an Economic Crisis
By: Gary P. Pisano, Elena Corsi and Elisa Farri
In December 2008, Gianluigi Nova, CEO of Tenova SpA, a technology and equipment supplier to the metals and mining industry, had to choose between two options. The first was to continue growing in the company's core business: equipment for the steel production. The...
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- April 2009
- Article
Sovereign Wealth in Abu Dhabi
By: Rawi Abdelal
By the turn of the century, oil had already made the tiny emirate of Abu Dhabi rich beyond anyone's wildest dreams. A sovereign wealth fund, the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA), has invested extra oil revenues abroad for more than thirty years and amassed a...
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- May 2009
- Article
Asymmetric Information Effects on Loan Spreads
The paper estimates the cost arising from information asymmetry between the lead bank and members of the lending syndicate. In a lending syndicate, the lead bank retains only a fraction of the loan but acts as the intermediary between the borrower and the syndicate...
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- November 2007 (Revised March 2011)
- Case
Mubadala: Forging Development in Abu Dhabi
By: Rawi E. Abdelal and Irina Tarsis
In 2007, Khaldoon Khalifa Al Mubarak, the CEO of Mubadala Development Company (Mubadala), had every reason to be optimistic about the future of his home, Abu Dhabi, one of the emirates comprising the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The tiny, sandy, and dry emirate with a...
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- January 2006 (Revised February 2006)
- Case
E.ON Corporate Strategy
By: Forest L. Reinhardt and Sebastian Frankenberger
Examines the corporate strategy of German energy giant E.ON. The firm is vertically integrated, horizontally diversified across electricity and natural gas, and active in numerous countries in Europe as well as in the United States. Explores the costs and benefits of...
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- November 2001 (Revised February 2010)
- Case
Intel Corporation: 1997-2000
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Michael G. Rukstad
Describes Intel's diversification strategy initiated in 1998 by CEO Craig Barrett. Initially, Barrett's strategy worked well, as market value reached $510 billion in September 2000. Just three months later, however, investor pessimism over a slowing economy and recent...
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- November 1998 (Revised November 1999)
- Case
British Sugar in China
By: Ray A. Goldberg, Carin-Isabel Knoop and Srinivas Sunder
British Sugar, the first major diversification of Associated British Foods, is entering China as part of the global sweetener, starch, and ingredient strategy.
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- 1998
- Book
The Multinational Traders
By: Geoffrey Jones
This book examines the history and theory of multinational trading companies. The essays in this volume demonstrate the importance of trading companies in trade and investment flows in the world economy from the nineteenth century to the present day. The empirical...
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Keywords:
Trade;
Globalization;
Company History;
Books;
Organizational Structure;
Perspective;
Diversification;
Theory;
Asia;
Europe;
United States
- Article
Merchants as Business Groups: British Trading Companies in Asia before 1945
By: G. Jones and Judith Wale
Merchants formed an important component of British foregn direct investment before 1945. Locating in parts of Asia, Latin America and other developing economies, they often diversified into non-trading activities, inclding the ownership of plantations. This article...
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- September 1998
- Case
Cooperating to Compete: EGS of Turkey
By: Pankaj Ghemawat and C. Fritz Foley
In the early 1980s, Turkey adopted policies that liberalized trade as a part of a structural adjustment program. Within the garment industry, small- and medium-scale enterprises were not well positioned to take advantage of the new opportunities to compete in...
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