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    • All HBS Web  (115)
      • Faculty Publications  (24)

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      • April 2022
      • Case

      Mastercard: Creating a World Beyond Cash

      By: Sunil Gupta, Linda A. Hill, Julia Kelley and Emily Tedards
      In late 2021, Mastercard CEO Michael Miebach and Chairman and former CEO Ajaypal “Ajay” Banga considered how Mastercard could best position itself for continued success in the years to come. Since Mastercard’s initial public offering in 2006, the company had grown and...  View Details
      Keywords: Technological Innovation; Leadership; Leading Change; Organizational Culture; Business Strategy; Change; Change Management; Money; Cash; Credit; Financial Institutions; Banks and Banking; Central Banking; Financial Instruments; Credit Cards; Financial Markets; Globalization; Innovation and Invention; Innovation and Management; Innovation Strategy; Leadership Style; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Information Technology; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; North and Central America; United States; New York (state, US)
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      Gupta, Sunil, Linda A. Hill, Julia Kelley, and Emily Tedards. "Mastercard: Creating a World Beyond Cash." Harvard Business School Case 522-001, April 2022.
      • February 2021
      • Case

      Yellow Digital Retailers: Providing Solar Electricity to Transform Rural Africa

      By: Lynda M. Applegate, Frank V. Cespedes and Michael Norris
      In 2020, Mike Heyink and Maya Stewart, co-founders of the Pay-as-you-Go Solar company Yellow were considering how to grow their startup. They had achieved some success in their first market, Malawi, and had recently entered Uganda, where business was slower. What did...  View Details
      Keywords: Solar Energy; Business Model; Business Startups; Developing Countries and Economies; Alternative Energy; Renewable Energy; Social Entrepreneurship; Green Technology; Salesforce Management; Diversification; Expansion; Energy Industry; Africa; South Africa; Malawi; Uganda
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      Applegate, Lynda M., Frank V. Cespedes, and Michael Norris. "Yellow Digital Retailers: Providing Solar Electricity to Transform Rural Africa." Harvard Business School Case 821-041, February 2021.
      • July 2020 (Revised January 2021)
      • Case

      Pattern Brands

      By: Sunil Gupta, Elie Ofek and Julia Kelley
      In March 2020, direct-to-consumer (DTC) company Pattern Brands needed to decide how to allocate resources across its different brands. Pattern Co-Founders Nick Ling and Emmett Shine hoped to avoid the pitfalls faced by some DTC companies—such as inability to scale and...  View Details
      Keywords: Direct-to-consumer; Brands and Branding; Marketing Channels; Marketing Strategy; Product Marketing; Product Launch; Product Positioning; Business Model; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Demand and Consumers; Business Strategy; Diversification; Competitive Advantage; Consumer Products Industry; Retail Industry; North and Central America; United States; New York (city, NY); New York (state, US)
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      Gupta, Sunil, Elie Ofek, and Julia Kelley. "Pattern Brands." Harvard Business School Case 521-009, July 2020. (Revised January 2021.)
      • August 2019 (Revised February 2020)
      • Case

      New Hope Liuhe: Building an Integrated Agri-Food Business

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt, Shu Lin, Natalie Kindred and Nancy Hua Dai
      In October 2018, LIU Chang (Angela), chairman of Beijing-based New Hope Liuhe (NHL), was considering the strategy of the firm. With $9 billion in sales and a presence in nearly 20 countries, NHL was China’s largest animal feed producer and a major pork and poultry...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Food; Agribusiness; Expansion; Diversification; Growth Management; Consumer Behavior; Change Management; Entrepreneurship; Organizational Structure; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Government and Politics; Animal-Based Agribusiness; Transformation; Volatility; Business Cycles; Goods and Commodities; Supply Chain; Product; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; China; Asia
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      Reinhardt, Forest L., Shu Lin, Natalie Kindred, and Nancy Hua Dai. "New Hope Liuhe: Building an Integrated Agri-Food Business." Harvard Business School Case 720-009, August 2019. (Revised February 2020.)
      • December 2018 (Revised May 2019)
      • Case

      Bord Bia: Strategically Growing Irish Exports

      By: Jose B. Alvarez, Forest L. Reinhardt and Emer Moloney
      Agriculture was Ireland’s largest indigenous industry. Its agri-food sector was export driven, with almost 90% of production exported. Bord Bia was the Irish government agency charged with the promotion, trade development, and marketing of the Irish food, drink, and...  View Details
      Keywords: Agribusiness; Trends; Disruption; Communication Strategy; Experience and Expertise; Talent and Talent Management; Public Sector; Trade; Education; Food; Geography; Geographic Location; Rural Scope; Corporate Governance; Government Administration; Information; Knowledge Dissemination; Marketing Channels; Brands and Branding; Marketing Communications; Marketing Strategy; Planning; Business and Government Relations; Environmental Sustainability; Public Opinion; Business Strategy; Diversification; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Public Administration Industry; Retail Industry; Republic of Ireland; United Kingdom; Europe
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      Alvarez, Jose B., Forest L. Reinhardt, and Emer Moloney. "Bord Bia: Strategically Growing Irish Exports." Harvard Business School Case 519-043, December 2018. (Revised May 2019.)
      • November 2018 (Revised April 2019)
      • Technical Note

      Saudi Arabia: A Brief Background

      By: Kristin Fabbe, Natalie Kindred and Safwan Al-Amin
      This note provides a brief overview of the history of Saudi Arabia as well as the economic and political context in 2018. The note is an essential supplement to the case “Almarai Company: Milk and Modernization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,” HBS No. 719-020, but is...  View Details
      Keywords: Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia; Public Policy; Economic Development; Monarchy; Islam; Gulf; GCC; Business And Government; Vision 2030; National Strategy; Economic Diversification; OPEC; Oil; Energy Policy; Strategy; Government and Politics; Policy; Diversification; Economy; Energy; History; Saudi Arabia; Middle East
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      Fabbe, Kristin, Natalie Kindred, and Safwan Al-Amin. "Saudi Arabia: A Brief Background." Harvard Business School Technical Note 719-043, November 2018. (Revised April 2019.)
      • January 2018 (Revised September 2021)
      • Case

      Saudi Arabia: Vision 2030

      By: Richard H.K. Vietor and Haviland Sheldahl-Thomason
      Saudi Arabia’s King Salman faces several challenges, both domestic and foreign. Domestically, he needs to build the country’s economy to accommodate a "youth bulge" while balancing between liberals and conservatives. And he needs to diversify the economy away from its...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategic Planning; Economy; Demographics; Diversification; Government and Politics; International Relations; Saudi Arabia
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      Vietor, Richard H.K., and Haviland Sheldahl-Thomason. "Saudi Arabia: Vision 2030." Harvard Business School Case 718-034, January 2018. (Revised September 2021.)
      • May 2016
      • Supplement

      2016 Update: Argentina Turns the Page

      By: David E. Bell, Forest Reinhardt and Natalie Kindred
      This brief case is a supplement to “Cresud and Argentina” (515-043) and “Note on Agriculture in Argentina” (515-069). Set in early 2016, it describes developments in Argentina under newly elected President Mauricio Macri, including the country’s return to international...  View Details
      Keywords: Argentina; " Cresud; Agriculture; Economic Reform; Economic Policy; Land Investment; Macri; Currency; Agribusiness; Diversification; Economy; Emerging Markets; Credit; Currency Exchange Rate; Investment; Business and Government Relations; Government and Politics; Inflation and Deflation; Trade; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Argentina; Buenos Aires; South America
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      Bell, David E., Forest Reinhardt, and Natalie Kindred. "2016 Update: Argentina Turns the Page." Harvard Business School Supplement 716-077, May 2016.
      • March 2016 (Revised August 2018)
      • Case

      JPMorgan Chase after the Financial Crisis: What Is the Optimal Scope of the Largest Bank in the U.S.?

      By: David Collis and Ashley Hartman
      When Jamie Dimon took over as CEO of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPMorgan Chase) in 2005, he reaffirmed the commitment to pursue a "universal bank" strategy—providing a full range of products and services to both retail and wholesale clients. Yet the merits of the universal...  View Details
      Keywords: Scope; Regulatory Reforms; Universal Banking; Synergy; Optimization; Simplification; Finance; Strategy; Business Strategy; Financial Crisis; Consolidation; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Collis, David, and Ashley Hartman. "JPMorgan Chase after the Financial Crisis: What Is the Optimal Scope of the Largest Bank in the U.S.?" Harvard Business School Case 716-448, March 2016. (Revised August 2018.)
      • December 2013 (Revised July 2015)
      • Case

      VP Group: Vegpro Grows Beyond Kenya

      By: Jose Alvarez and Natalie Kindred
      In 2013, Kenyan horticulture producer and exporter VP Group is weighing potential expansion opportunities against the growing risks in its production and export markets. With $121 million in 2012 revenues, VP Group has grown rapidly in recent years by expanding its...  View Details
      Keywords: James Cartwright; Bharat Patel; Umang Patel; Vegpro; VP Group; Kenya; Nairobi; Africa; Vegetables; Flowers; Marks & Spencer; Sainsbury's; Horticulture; Sugar; Growth; Diversification; Freighting; Agribusiness; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Trade; Marketing; Marketing Strategy; Vertical Integration; Supply Chain; Employees; Growth and Development Strategy; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Shipping Industry; Kenya; Nairobi; Africa; United Kingdom; Europe; Ethiopia; Ghana
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      Alvarez, Jose, and Natalie Kindred. "VP Group: Vegpro Grows Beyond Kenya." Harvard Business School Case 514-055, December 2013. (Revised July 2015.)
      • August 2009 (Revised September 2009)
      • Case

      Tenova: Mining for Growth in an Economic Crisis

      By: Gary P. Pisano, Elena Corsi and Elisa Farri
      In December 2008, Gianluigi Nova, CEO of Tenova SpA, a technology and equipment supplier to the metals and mining industry, had to choose between two options. The first was to continue growing in the company's core business: equipment for the steel production. The...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Financial Crisis; Leadership; Crisis Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Diversification; Industrial Products Industry; Mining Industry
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      Pisano, Gary P., Elena Corsi, and Elisa Farri. "Tenova: Mining for Growth in an Economic Crisis." Harvard Business School Case 610-021, August 2009. (Revised September 2009.)
      • April 2009
      • Article

      Sovereign Wealth in Abu Dhabi

      By: Rawi Abdelal
      By the turn of the century, oil had already made the tiny emirate of Abu Dhabi rich beyond anyone's wildest dreams. A sovereign wealth fund, the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA), has invested extra oil revenues abroad for more than thirty years and amassed a...  View Details
      Keywords: Development Economics; Financial Management; Investment Funds; Sovereign Finance; Wealth; Diversification; Abu Dhabi
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      Abdelal, Rawi. "Sovereign Wealth in Abu Dhabi." Geopolitics 14, no. 2 (April 2009): 317–327.
      • May 2009
      • Article

      Asymmetric Information Effects on Loan Spreads

      By: Victoria Ivashina
      The paper estimates the cost arising from information asymmetry between the lead bank and members of the lending syndicate. In a lending syndicate, the lead bank retains only a fraction of the loan but acts as the intermediary between the borrower and the syndicate...  View Details
      Keywords: Cost; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Interest Rates; Capital; Investment Portfolio; Credit; Diversification; Risk and Uncertainty
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      Ivashina, Victoria. "Asymmetric Information Effects on Loan Spreads." Journal of Financial Economics 92, no. 2 (May 2009): 300–319.
      • November 2007 (Revised March 2011)
      • Case

      Mubadala: Forging Development in Abu Dhabi

      By: Rawi E. Abdelal and Irina Tarsis
      In 2007, Khaldoon Khalifa Al Mubarak, the CEO of Mubadala Development Company (Mubadala), had every reason to be optimistic about the future of his home, Abu Dhabi, one of the emirates comprising the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The tiny, sandy, and dry emirate with a...  View Details
      Keywords: Development Economics; Economy; Non-Renewable Energy; Globalization; Leading Change; State Ownership; Diversification; Abu Dhabi
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      Abdelal, Rawi E., and Irina Tarsis. "Mubadala: Forging Development in Abu Dhabi." Harvard Business School Case 708-033, November 2007. (Revised March 2011.)
      • January 2006 (Revised February 2006)
      • Case

      E.ON Corporate Strategy

      By: Forest L. Reinhardt and Sebastian Frankenberger
      Examines the corporate strategy of German energy giant E.ON. The firm is vertically integrated, horizontally diversified across electricity and natural gas, and active in numerous countries in Europe as well as in the United States. Explores the costs and benefits of...  View Details
      Keywords: Diversification; Vertical Integration; Corporate Strategy; Globalization; Energy Sources; Economics; Energy Industry; Germany; United States; Europe
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      Reinhardt, Forest L., and Sebastian Frankenberger. "E.ON Corporate Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 706-015, January 2006. (Revised February 2006.)
      • November 2001 (Revised February 2010)
      • Case

      Intel Corporation: 1997-2000

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Michael G. Rukstad
      Describes Intel's diversification strategy initiated in 1998 by CEO Craig Barrett. Initially, Barrett's strategy worked well, as market value reached $510 billion in September 2000. Just three months later, however, investor pessimism over a slowing economy and recent...  View Details
      Keywords: Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Investment; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Valuation; Technology Industry
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Michael G. Rukstad. "Intel Corporation: 1997-2000." Harvard Business School Case 702-420, November 2001. (Revised February 2010.)
      • November 1998 (Revised November 1999)
      • Case

      British Sugar in China

      By: Ray A. Goldberg, Carin-Isabel Knoop and Srinivas Sunder
      British Sugar, the first major diversification of Associated British Foods, is entering China as part of the global sweetener, starch, and ingredient strategy.  View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Food; Globalization; Marketing Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Diversification; Consumer Products Industry; China; United Kingdom
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      Goldberg, Ray A., Carin-Isabel Knoop, and Srinivas Sunder. "British Sugar in China." Harvard Business School Case 599-059, November 1998. (Revised November 1999.)
      • 1998
      • Book

      The Multinational Traders

      By: Geoffrey Jones
      This book examines the history and theory of multinational trading companies. The essays in this volume demonstrate the importance of trading companies in trade and investment flows in the world economy from the nineteenth century to the present day. The empirical...  View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Globalization; Company History; Books; Organizational Structure; Perspective; Diversification; Theory; Asia; Europe; United States
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      Jones, Geoffrey, ed. The Multinational Traders. Routledge International Studies in Business History. London: Routledge, 1998.
      • Article

      Merchants as Business Groups: British Trading Companies in Asia before 1945

      By: G. Jones and Judith Wale
      Merchants formed an important component of British foregn direct investment before 1945. Locating in parts of Asia, Latin America and other developing economies, they often diversified into non-trading activities, inclding the ownership of plantations. This article...  View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Developing Countries and Economies; Diversification; Competency and Skills; Entrepreneurship; Foreign Direct Investment; Asia; Latin America; Europe; Africa; North and Central America
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      Jones, G., and Judith Wale. "Merchants as Business Groups: British Trading Companies in Asia before 1945." Business History Review 72, no. 3 (Fall 1998): 367–408.
      • September 1998
      • Case

      Cooperating to Compete: EGS of Turkey

      By: Pankaj Ghemawat and C. Fritz Foley
      In the early 1980s, Turkey adopted policies that liberalized trade as a part of a structural adjustment program. Within the garment industry, small- and medium-scale enterprises were not well positioned to take advantage of the new opportunities to compete in...  View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Corporate Governance; Policy; Partners and Partnerships; Competitive Strategy; Diversification; Turkey
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      Ghemawat, Pankaj, and C. Fritz Foley. "Cooperating to Compete: EGS of Turkey." Harvard Business School Case 799-024, September 1998.
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