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- 2022
- Article
Dynamic Pricing Algorithms, Consumer Harm, and Regulatory Response
By: Alexander MacKay and Samuel N. Weinstein
Pricing algorithms are rapidly transforming markets, from ride-sharing apps, to air travel, to online retail. Regulators and scholars have watched this development with a wary eye. Their focus so far has been on the potential for pricing algorithms to facilitate...
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Keywords:
Competition Policy;
Regulation;
Algorithmic Pricing;
Dynamic Pricing;
Economics;
Law And Economics;
Law And Regulation;
Consumer Protection;
Antitrust Law;
Industrial Organization;
Antitrust Issues And Policies;
Technological Change: Choices And Consequences;
Competition;
Policy;
Price;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Microeconomics;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Law
MacKay, Alexander, and Samuel N. Weinstein. "Dynamic Pricing Algorithms, Consumer Harm, and Regulatory Response." Washington University Law Review 100, no. 1 (2022): 111–174. (Direct download.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
Information Spillovers in Experience Goods Competition
By: Zhuoqiong Charlie Chen, Christopher Stanton and Catherine Thomas
When experience goods compete, consuming one product can be informative about value for similar untried products. We study a two-period model of duopoly competition in markets that have this feature and where firms can price discriminate between consumers based on...
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Keywords:
Experience Goods;
Competition;
Information;
Valuation;
Consumer Behavior;
Demand and Consumers;
Price
Chen, Zhuoqiong Charlie, Christopher Stanton, and Catherine Thomas. "Information Spillovers in Experience Goods Competition." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28584, March 2021. (Minor Revise and Resubmit at Management Science.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
Competitive Two-Part Tariffs
By: Jorge Tamayo and Guofu Tan
We study competitive two-part tariffs in a model of asymmetric duopoly firms that offer (vertically and horizontally) differentiated products. We show that the sign of the markup for each product depends on the average expected demand among all customers as well as the...
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Keywords:
Product Differentiation;
Two-part Tariffs;
Marginal-cost Pricing;
Cross-subsidization;
Competition;
Price
Tamayo, Jorge, and Guofu Tan. "Competitive Two-Part Tariffs." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-089, March 2021. (R&R American Economic Journal: Microeconomics.)
- 2021
- Working Paper
Consumer Inertia and Market Power
By: Alexander MacKay and Marc Remer
We study the pricing decision of firms in the presence of consumer inertia. Inertia, which can arise from habit formation, brand loyalty, and switching costs, generates dynamic pricing incentives. These incentives mediate the impact of competition on market power in...
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Keywords:
Consumer Inertia;
Market Power;
Dynamic Competition;
Demand Estimation;
Consumer Behavior;
Markets;
Performance;
Competition;
Price
MacKay, Alexander, and Marc Remer. "Consumer Inertia and Market Power." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-111, April 2019. (Revised January 2022. Direct download.)
- October 2018 (Revised August 2019)
- Case
Beth Israel Deaconess: Consolidating to Strengthen, or to Stave Off, Competition?
By: Leemore Dafny
In July 2017, CEO Kevin Tabb of Boston's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center announced his plan to consolidate 11 Massachusetts hospitals under a common management structure. These hospitals collectively generated $5 billion in patient revenue and 25% of...
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Keywords:
Beth Israel Deaconess;
Lahey;
Partners;
Health Care;
Hospitals;
Payers;
Providers;
Anti-trust;
Health Care Regulation;
Mergers and Acquisitions;
Health Care and Treatment;
Market Design;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Negotiation;
Consolidation;
Competition;
Health Industry;
Massachusetts;
Boston
Dafny, Leemore. "Beth Israel Deaconess: Consolidating to Strengthen, or to Stave Off, Competition?" Harvard Business School Case 319-026, October 2018. (Revised August 2019.)
- November–December 2017
- Article
Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy
By: Pavel Kireyev, Vineet Kumar and Elie Ofek
Multichannel retailing has created several new strategic choices for retailers. With respect to pricing, an important decision is whether to offer a “self-matching policy,” which allows a multichannel retailer to offer the lowest of its online and store prices to...
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Keywords:
Price Self-matching;
Multichannel Retailing;
Pricing Strategy;
Online Shopping;
Omnichannel;
Price Discrimination;
Price;
Strategy;
Competitive Strategy
Kireyev, Pavel, Vineet Kumar, and Elie Ofek. "Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy." Marketing Science 36, no. 6 (November–December 2017): 908–930.
- October 2016
- Case
Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel's Cellular Market (A)
By: Joshua Margolis, Amram Migdal and Kerry Herman
The case addresses reforms to regulations in Israel’s telecommunications industry initiated and implemented under the leadership of Minister of Communications Moshe Kahlon in 2009-2010. The case highlights the challenges faced by a politician attempting to institute...
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Keywords:
Market Reform;
Political Leadership;
Industry Regulation;
Regulatory Reforms;
Economic Sectors;
Private Sector;
Public Sector;
Ethics;
Values and Beliefs;
Geopolitical Units;
Country;
Geography;
Government Administration;
Government Legislation;
Business History;
Leadership Style;
Leading Change;
Market Design;
Market Participation;
Supply and Industry;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Industry Structures;
Telecommunications Industry;
Communications Industry;
Public Administration Industry;
Israel
Margolis, Joshua, Amram Migdal, and Kerry Herman. "Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel's Cellular Market (A)." Harvard Business School Case 417-017, October 2016.
- October 2016
- Supplement
Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel's Cellular Market (B)
By: Joshua Margolis, Amram Migdal and Kerry Herman
The case complements “Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel’s Cellular Market (A),” HBS case number 417-017, which addresses reforms to regulations in Israel’s telecommunications industry initiated and implemented under the leadership of...
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Keywords:
Market Reform;
Political Leadership;
Industry Regulation;
Regulatory Reforms;
Economic Sectors;
Private Sector;
Public Sector;
Values and Beliefs;
Ethics;
Geography;
Geopolitical Units;
Country;
Government and Politics;
Government Administration;
Government Legislation;
Leadership;
Leadership Style;
Leading Change;
Market Design;
Market Participation;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Supply and Industry;
Industry Structures;
Telecommunications Industry;
Communications Industry;
Public Administration Industry;
Israel
Margolis, Joshua, Amram Migdal, and Kerry Herman. "Moshe Kahlon: Telecommunications Reform and Competition in Israel's Cellular Market (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 417-018, October 2016.
- 2015
- Working Paper
Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy
By: Pavel Kireyev, Vineet Kumar and Elie Ofek
Multichannel retailing has created several new strategic choices for firms. With respect to pricing, an important decision is whether to offer a "self-matching policy." Self-matching allows a multichannel retailer to offer the lowest of its online and in-store prices...
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Keywords:
Price Self-matching;
Multichannel Retailing;
Pricing Strategy;
Marketing Strategy;
Price;
Distribution Channels;
Supply and Industry;
Retail Industry
Kireyev, Pavel, Vineet Kumar, and Elie Ofek. "Match Your Own Price? Self-Matching as a Retailer's Multichannel Pricing Strategy." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-058, January 2015.
- April 2013
- Article
Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
This paper provides the first formal model of business model innovation. Our analysis focuses on sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic...
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Keywords:
Business Model Innovation;
Imitation;
Sponsor-based Business Model;
Strategic Revelation;
Strategic Concealment;
Business Model;
Innovation and Invention;
Price;
Competitive Strategy;
Adoption;
Value;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Product;
Customers;
Market Entry and Exit;
Monopoly
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Strategic Management Journal 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 464–482.
- January 2013 (Revised January 2015)
- Case
FX Risk Hedging at EADS
By: W. Carl Kester, Vincent Dessain and Karol Misztal
In 2008, EADS, the European aerospace group that owns Airbus, was faced with the decision of how best to hedge a large and growing mismatch between its dollar revenues and its euro manufacturing costs. Specifically, the company needed to decide if it would continue...
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Keywords:
Derivatives;
Foreign Exchange;
Options;
Forward Contract;
Aerospace;
Europe;
Risk Management;
Futures and Commodity Futures;
Aerospace Industry;
Europe
Kester, W. Carl, Vincent Dessain, and Karol Misztal. "FX Risk Hedging at EADS." Harvard Business School Case 213-080, January 2013. (Revised January 2015.)
- Article
Product Positioning in a Two-Dimensional Vertical Differentiation Model: The Role of Quality Costs
By: Dominique Lauga and Elie Ofek
We study a duopoly model where consumers are heterogeneous with respect to their willingness to pay for two product characteristics and marginal costs are increasing with the quality level chosen on each attribute. We show that while firms seek to manage competition...
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Keywords:
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Customers;
Quality;
Product Positioning;
Competition;
Management;
Cost;
Product
Lauga, Dominique, and Elie Ofek. "Product Positioning in a Two-Dimensional Vertical Differentiation Model: The Role of Quality Costs." Marketing Science 30, no. 5 (September–October 2011).
- 2010
- Working Paper
Mixed Source
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Gaston Llanes
We study competitive interaction between a profit-maximizing firm that sells software and complementary services and a free open source competitor. We examine the firm's choice of business model between the proprietary model (where all software modules are...
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Keywords:
Business Model;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Monopoly;
Open Source Distribution;
Quality;
Competition;
Information Technology Industry
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Gaston Llanes. "Mixed Source." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-022, September 2009. (Revised October 2010.)
- 2011
- Working Paper
Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Feng Zhu
We study sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic interactions between an innovative entrant and an incumbent where the incumbent may imitate the...
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Keywords:
Business Model;
Innovation and Invention;
Market Entry and Exit;
Competitive Strategy;
Competitive Advantage;
Value
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Feng Zhu. "Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-003, July 2010. (Revised September 2011.)
- 2009
- Working Paper
Input Constraints and the Efficiency of Entry: Lessons from Cardiac Surgery
By: David M. Cutler, Robert S. Huckman and Jonathan T. Kolstad
Prior studies suggest that, with elastically supplied inputs, free entry may lead to an inefficiently high number of firms in equilibrium. Under input scarcity, however, the welfare loss from free entry is reduced. Further, free entry may increase use of high-quality...
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- July 2009 (Revised March 2010)
- Case
Sotheby's & Christie's Inc.
By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Catherine Jane Wise
The fine art auction business has remained a duopoly over its 250 year history. The industry is dominated by Sotheby's and Christie's Inc. Curiously, neither competitor has been able to overtake the other by a notable margin despite the clear network effects of this...
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Keywords:
Arts;
Business Model;
Restructuring;
Economics;
Auctions;
Market Entry and Exit;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Operations;
Competition
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Catherine Jane Wise. "Sotheby's & Christie's Inc." Harvard Business School Case 710-412, July 2009. (Revised March 2010.)
- March – April 2009
- Article
Market Research and Innovation Strategy in a Duopoly
By: Dominique Lauga and Elie Ofek
We model a duopoly in which ex-ante identical firms must decide where to direct their innovation efforts. The firms face market uncertainty about consumers' preferences for innovation on two product attributes and technology uncertainty about the success of their R&D...
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Keywords:
Profit;
Innovation and Management;
Demand and Consumers;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Research and Development;
Competitive Strategy
Lauga, Dominique, and Elie Ofek. "Market Research and Innovation Strategy in a Duopoly." Marketing Science 28, no. 2 (March–April 2009): 373–396.
- 2009
- Chapter
Nonlinear Pricing
By: Raghuram Iyengar and Sunil Gupta
A nonlinear pricing schedule refers to any pricing structure where the total charges payable by customers are not proportional to the quantity of their consumed services. We begin the chapter with a discussion of the broad applicability of nonlinear pricing schemes. We...
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Keywords:
Price;
Demand and Consumers;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Monopoly;
Service Operations;
Research
- January – February 2009
- Article
Content vs. Advertising: The Impact of Competition on Media Firm Strategy
By: David Godes, Elie Ofek and Miklos Sarvary
Media firms compete in two connected markets. They face rivalry for the sale of content to consumers, and at the same time, they compete for advertisers seeking access to the attention of these consumers. We explore the implications of such two-sided competition on the...
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Keywords:
Monopoly;
Duopoly and Oligopoly;
Business Model;
Price;
Media;
Competitive Strategy;
Competitive Advantage;
Advertising;
Profit;
Media and Broadcasting Industry
Godes, David, Elie Ofek, and Miklos Sarvary. "Content vs. Advertising: The Impact of Competition on Media Firm Strategy." Marketing Science 28, no. 1 (January–February 2009): 20–35.
- June 2007 (Revised April 2009)
- Case
Intel 2006: Rising to the Graphics Challenge
By: Willy C. Shih and Elie Ofek
Examines the evolution of the PC hardware industry over the span of two and a half decades. The open architecture design of the IBM Personal Computer followed by the rapid appearance of clones drove a high level of standardization and modularity in the industry, and...
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Keywords:
History;
Customer Value and Value Chain;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Information Infrastructure;
Competitive Strategy;
Mergers and Acquisitions;
Technology Industry
Shih, Willy C., and Elie Ofek. "Intel 2006: Rising to the Graphics Challenge." Harvard Business School Case 607-136, June 2007. (Revised April 2009.)