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    • All HBS Web  (129)
      • Faculty Publications  (42)

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      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Can Finance Save the World? Measurement and Effects of Coal Divestment Policies by Banks

      By: Daniel Green and Boris Vallée
      We study whether divestment policies are an effective tool to address climate change, using coal lending bans by banks around the world as a laboratory. In contrast to theories arguing divestment is ineffective because capital is highly subsitutable, we find large...  View Details
      Keywords: Coal Power; Climate Change; Investment; Environmental Sustainability; Policy; Financing and Loans; Energy Industry; Banking Industry
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      Green, Daniel, and Boris Vallée. "Can Finance Save the World? Measurement and Effects of Coal Divestment Policies by Banks." Working Paper, August 2022.
      • June 2022
      • Case

      Michelin’s Green Gold Bahia Program: Leaving With Grace

      By: Sandra J. Sucher, Shalene Gupta and Susan J. Winterberg
      In 2015, the top management of French tire-maker Michelin, was evaluating Michelin’s approach to divesting its rubber plantations ten years after incorporating a novel strategy.
      In 2004, Michelin had a Brazilian rubber challenge. Its Bahía plantation had been hit...  View Details
      Keywords: Divestment; Supply Chain Management; Natural Resources; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Rubber Industry; Auto Industry; Brazil; France
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      Sucher, Sandra J., Shalene Gupta, and Susan J. Winterberg. "Michelin’s Green Gold Bahia Program: Leaving With Grace." Harvard Business School Case 322-132, June 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Case

      Corporate Divestitures and Spinoffs

      By: David J. Collis, Ashley Hartman and Terrence Shu
      Increasingly in the 2010s, corporations turned to divestitures and spinoffs to streamline their operations. Over the course of one week in November 2021, conglomerates General Electric, Johnson & Johnson, and Toshiba announced plans for separation. The news reflected...  View Details
      Keywords: Divestiture; Divestment; Spin Off; Spinoffs; Business Conglomerates; Restructuring; Corporate Strategy
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      Collis, David J., Ashley Hartman, and Terrence Shu. "Corporate Divestitures and Spinoffs." Harvard Business School Case 722-384, February 2022.
      • October 2021
      • Case

      Yildiz Holding's Corporate Strategy: Managing Diversification for Growth

      By: Juan Alcácer and Esel Çekin
      The case opens in May 2018 with Nurtaç Ziyal Afridi, chief strategy and growth officer of Yıldız Holding, a Turkish conglomerate, reflecting on the group’s diversification journey. In ten years, the group had achieved a remarkable growth through diversification: seven...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Diversification; Growth Management; Mergers and Acquisitions; Global Strategy; Restructuring; Food and Beverage Industry; North America; United Kingdom; Turkey; Asia
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      Alcácer, Juan, and Esel Çekin. "Yildiz Holding's Corporate Strategy: Managing Diversification for Growth." Harvard Business School Case 722-366, October 2021.
      • October 2021 (Revised July 2022)
      • Case

      Engine No. 1: An Impact Investing Firm Engages with ExxonMobil

      By: Mark Kramer, Shawn Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi and T. Robert Zochowski
      ExxonMobil, the world's fifth largest source of carbon emissions, remained committed to aggressively expanding its oil & gas business despite global warming. During the COVID pandemic this strategy resulted in massive losses as the price and demand for oil declined. ...  View Details
      Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Global Warming; Impact Investment Funds; Hedge Fund Activism; Leadership Development; Business Model; Renewable Energy; Resource Allocation; Decision Choices and Conditions; Governing and Advisory Boards
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      Kramer, Mark, Shawn Cole, Vikram S. Gandhi, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Engine No. 1: An Impact Investing Firm Engages with ExxonMobil." Harvard Business School Case 222-028, October 2021. (Revised July 2022.)
      • March 2021
      • Case

      Astralis Group: Determining a Brand Strategy

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej and Emilie Billaud
      After launching a Danish esports company in July 2019, and going public in December 2019 with multiple brands associated with different games, the Astralis leadership team was contemplating a shift to a single, corporate brand. While the original arguments for...  View Details
      Keywords: Brand Strategy; Esports; Video Games; Corporate Scope; Positioning; Ecosystem; Brands and Branding; Strategy; Business Ventures; Business Startups; Entrepreneurship; Ethics; Sports; Competitive Strategy; Value Creation; Diversification; Games, Gaming, and Gambling; Sports Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Denmark; Europe
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      Esty, Benjamin C., Mette Fuglsang Hjortshoej, and Emilie Billaud. "Astralis Group: Determining a Brand Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 721-382, March 2021.
      • January 2021 (Revised June 2021)
      • Supplement

      Eaton Corporation: Portfolio Transformation and The Cost of Capital (Abridged)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, E. Scott Mayfield and Daniel Fisher
      In 2000, Eaton Corporation was a broadly diversified industrial conglomerate. But its strategy was evolving and its focus was narrowing around “power management” and more recently on “intelligent power,” the use of digitally enabled products and services designed to...  View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Business Divisions; Cost of Capital; Corporate Finance; Value; Valuation; Industrial Products Industry; United States; Denmark; Republic of Ireland
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      Esty, Benjamin C., E. Scott Mayfield, and Daniel Fisher. "Eaton Corporation: Portfolio Transformation and The Cost of Capital (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 221-708, January 2021. (Revised June 2021.)
      • January 2021 (Revised June 2021)
      • Case

      Eaton Corporation: Portfolio Transformation and the Cost of Capital (Abridged)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, E. Scott Mayfield and Daniel Fisher
      In 2000, Eaton Corporation was a broadly diversified industrial conglomerate. But its strategy was evolving and its focus was narrowing around “power management” and more recently on “intelligent power,” the use of digitally enabled products and services designed to...  View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Business Divisions; Cost of Capital; Corporate Finance; Value; Valuation; Industrial Products Industry; United States; Denmark; Republic of Ireland
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      Esty, Benjamin C., E. Scott Mayfield, and Daniel Fisher. "Eaton Corporation: Portfolio Transformation and the Cost of Capital (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 221-070, January 2021. (Revised June 2021.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Vertical Integration of Healthcare Providers Increases Self-Referrals and Can Reduce Downstream Competition: The Case of Hospital-Owned Skilled Nursing Facilities

      By: David Cutler, Leemore S. Dafny, David Grabowski, Steven S. Lee and Christopher Ody
      The landscape of the U.S. healthcare industry is changing dramatically as healthcare providers expand both within and across markets. While federal antitrust agencies have mounted several challenges to same-market combinations, they have not challenged any...  View Details
      Keywords: Antitrust; Health Care and Treatment; Vertical Integration; Organizational Structure; Competition; Health Industry; United States
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      Cutler, David, Leemore S. Dafny, David Grabowski, Steven S. Lee, and Christopher Ody. "Vertical Integration of Healthcare Providers Increases Self-Referrals and Can Reduce Downstream Competition: The Case of Hospital-Owned Skilled Nursing Facilities." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28305, December 2020.
      • October 2020 (Revised November 2021)
      • Case

      Divesting Harvard's Endowment

      By: Daniel Green, Luis M. Viceira and Holly Fetter
      By early 2020 Harvard University was facing growing pressure from students, faculty, and alumni to divest its $40 billion endowment of financial stakes in fossil fuel producers. Its previous policy of avoiding the issue was quickly becoming outdated—$21 trillion of...  View Details
      Keywords: Divestment; Harvard University; ESG; Higher Education; Investment Portfolio; Environmental Sustainability; Strategy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact
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      Green, Daniel, Luis M. Viceira, and Holly Fetter. "Divesting Harvard's Endowment." Harvard Business School Case 221-009, October 2020. (Revised November 2021.)
      • September 2020 (Revised June 2021)
      • Supplement

      Eaton Corporation: Portfolio Transformation and The Cost of Capital

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, Scott Mayfield and Daniel Fisher
      In 2000, Eaton Corporation was a broadly diversified industrial conglomerate. But its strategy was evolving and its focus was narrowing around “power management” and more recently on “intelligent power,” the use of digitally enabled products and services designed to...  View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Business Divisions; Cost of Capital; Corporate Finance; Value; Valuation; Industrial Products Industry; United States; Denmark; Republic of Ireland
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      Esty, Benjamin C., Scott Mayfield, and Daniel Fisher. "Eaton Corporation: Portfolio Transformation and The Cost of Capital." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 221-704, September 2020. (Revised June 2021.)
      • September 2020 (Revised June 2021)
      • Case

      Eaton Corporation: Portfolio Transformation and The Cost of Capital

      By: Benjamin C. Esty, E. Scott Mayfield and Daniel Fisher
      In 2000, Eaton Corporation was a broadly diversified industrial conglomerate. But its strategy was evolving and its focus was narrowing around “power management” and more recently on “intelligent power,” the use of digitally enabled products and services designed to...  View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Business Divisions; Cost of Capital; Corporate Finance; Value; Valuation; Industrial Products Industry; United States; Denmark; Republic of Ireland
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      Esty, Benjamin C., E. Scott Mayfield, and Daniel Fisher. "Eaton Corporation: Portfolio Transformation and The Cost of Capital." Harvard Business School Case 221-006, September 2020. (Revised June 2021.)
      • June 2020
      • Teaching Note

      Fossil Fuel Divestment

      By: Michael W. Toffel and Sarah Gulick
      Teaching note to accompany HBS case 620-093, Fossil Fuel Divestment, by Michael W. Toffel and Sarah Gulick.  View Details
      Keywords: Higher Education; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Public Opinion; Education Industry; Cambridge
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      Toffel, Michael W., and Sarah Gulick. "Fossil Fuel Divestment." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 620-125, June 2020.
      • April 2020 (Revised May 2021)
      • Case

      Middlebury College: Energy2028

      By: Brian Trelstad, Michael Norris and John McKinley
      In 2018, Middlebury College’s board of trustees is considering a proposal called Energy2028 that would push the small, liberal arts and sciences college in Vermont to become a net zero carbon emitter, decrease energy usage by 25%, divest fossil fuels from its...  View Details
      Keywords: Divestment; Energy; Higher Education; Energy Conservation; Climate Change
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      Trelstad, Brian, Michael Norris, and John McKinley. "Middlebury College: Energy2028." Harvard Business School Case 320-029, April 2020. (Revised May 2021.)
      • January 2020 (Revised April 2020)
      • Case

      Fossil Fuel Divestment

      By: Michael W. Toffel and Sarah Gulick
      The president of Harvard University is facing growing pressure from students, alumni, and other climate change activists that are urging the university to divest its multi-billion dollar endowment from fossil fuel companies. The case summarizes the arguments for and...  View Details
      Keywords: Divestment; Harvard University; Higher Education; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Climate Change; Public Opinion; Ethics; Education Industry
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      Toffel, Michael W., and Sarah Gulick. "Fossil Fuel Divestment." Harvard Business School Case 620-093, January 2020. (Revised April 2020.)
      • January 20, 2020
      • Article

      Larry Fink Isn't Going to Read Your Sustainability Report

      By: Mark R. Kramer
      In his recent annual letter to CEOs, BlackRock CEO Larry Fink makes the stunning claim that climate change has brought us to “the edge of a fundamental reshaping of finance” and “in the near future … a significant reallocation of capital.” BlackRock has committed to...  View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Business Model; Investment
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      Kramer, Mark R. "Larry Fink Isn't Going to Read Your Sustainability Report." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (January 20, 2020).
      • August 2019 (Revised November 2022)
      • Case

      Paradigm Capital Value Fund

      By: Luis M. Viceira and Elena Corsi
      Karl Jan Erick Hummel had founded Paradigm Capital Value Fund in 2007 together with Columbia Business School Professor Bruce Greenwald, an expert in value investing and now chairman of the fund. The fund followed the principles of value investing to their target...  View Details
      Keywords: Investment Activism; Investment Portfolio; Financial Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Investment Funds; Financial Services Industry
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      Viceira, Luis M., and Elena Corsi. "Paradigm Capital Value Fund." Harvard Business School Case 220-014, August 2019. (Revised November 2022.)
      • December 2018
      • Case

      Corporate Transformation at Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

      By: Joseph B. Fuller, Amy C. Edmondson, Daniela Beyersdorfer and Tonia Labruyere
      When Stefan Oschmann became CEO and chairman of the executive board of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, in 2016, the company had started its transformation from a mid-tier traditional German industry player to a global modern science and technology player. The...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Governance With Family Ownership; Transformation; Change Management; Restructuring; Corporate Governance; Family Ownership
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      Fuller, Joseph B., Amy C. Edmondson, Daniela Beyersdorfer, and Tonia Labruyere. "Corporate Transformation at Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany." Harvard Business School Case 319-072, December 2018.
      • November 2018 (Revised December 2018)
      • Case

      CalSTRS Takes on Gun Violence

      By: Vikram S Gandhi and Caitlin Reimers
      In Spring of 2018, Chris Ailman, CIO of the $200 billion pension plan for California public school teachers (CalSTRS) was mandated by his board to “prioritize engagement with makers and retailers of firearms in California” following a series of gun-related tragedies in...  View Details
      Keywords: Pension Funds; Pension Plan; Asset Allocation; Screening; ESG; Gun Violence; Business and Government Relations; Values and Beliefs; Education Industry; California; United States
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      Gandhi, Vikram S., and Caitlin Reimers. "CalSTRS Takes on Gun Violence." Harvard Business School Case 819-079, November 2018. (Revised December 2018.)
      • March 2018
      • Teaching Note

      Project Titan at Northrop Grumman

      By: C. Fritz Foley, Lauren G. Pickle, David Lane and F. Katelynn Boland
      Teaching Note for HBS No. 215-001. In March of 2011, Northrop Grumman divested shipbuilding assets through the spin-off of Huntington Ingalls Industries. This case reviews many of the key questions faced by Northrop's CEO, CFO, and top management team during this...  View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Reorganization; Spin Off; Asset Sales; Managing Portfolios Of Businesses; Managing Change; Diversification; Change Management; Restructuring; Corporate Strategy; Financial Strategy; Manufacturing Industry
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      Foley, C. Fritz, Lauren G. Pickle, David Lane, and F. Katelynn Boland. "Project Titan at Northrop Grumman." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 218-103, March 2018.
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