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    • All HBS Web  (163)
      • Faculty Publications  (29)

      Decentralized Markets Remove Decentralized Markets →

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      • December 7, 2022
      • Article

      Why Decentralized Crypto Platforms Are Weathering the Crash

      By: Shai Bernstein and Scott Duke Kominers
      In the past year, crypto markets dropped from $2.9 trillion in value to around $800 billion. In the wake of the collapse, crypto lenders and exchanges have been accused of fraud and other wrongdoing. What went wrong? One factor is competition. In theory, competition...  View Details
      Keywords: Crypto Economy; Cryptocurrency; Financial Complexity; Financial Crisis; Decentralization; Decentralized Markets; Decentralized Autonomous Organizations; Finance; Market Design; Financial Services Industry
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      Bernstein, Shai, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Why Decentralized Crypto Platforms Are Weathering the Crash." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (December 7, 2022).
      • August 2022
      • Case

      SuperRare: Turning an NFT Marketplace into a DAO

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang, Scott Duke Kominers and Amy Klopfenstein
      In June 2021, John Crain and Jonathan Perkins, the founders of SuperRare, a marketplace for non-fungible tokens (NFTs), contemplate whether to transform their company into a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). Crain and Perkins founded SuperRare in 2018 to...  View Details
      Keywords: NFTs; Crypto Economy; Alternative Assets; DAOs; Arts; Governance; Governance Controls; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Internet and the Web; Digital Platforms; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Disruptive Innovation; Finance; Currency; Investment; Markets; Auctions; Bids and Bidding; Demand and Consumers; Network Effects; Market Design; Market Transactions; Market Timing; Web Services Industry; North and Central America; United States
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., Scott Duke Kominers, and Amy Klopfenstein. "SuperRare: Turning an NFT Marketplace into a DAO." Harvard Business School Case 823-027, August 2022.
      • March 2022 (Revised August 2022)
      • Case

      LooksRare: The Decentralized, Tokenized, NFT Marketplace

      By: Scott Duke Kominers, Shai Bernstein and George Gonzalez
      LooksRare launched a decentralized and anonymous organization to compete against NFT marketplace leader OpenSea. By launching its own cryptocurrency, LooksRare attempted to lure users with a digital rewards program. The nature of the organization and its business...  View Details
      Keywords: NFTs; Alternative Assets; Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Customer Relationship Management; Market Entry and Exit; Business Model; Marketing
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      Kominers, Scott Duke, Shai Bernstein, and George Gonzalez. "LooksRare: The Decentralized, Tokenized, NFT Marketplace." Harvard Business School Case 822-119, March 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
      • Article

      Health App Policy: International Comparison of Nine Countries' Approaches

      By: Anna Essén, Ariel Dora Stern, Christoffer Bjerre Haase, Josip Car, Felix Greaves, Dragana Paparova, Steven Vandeput, Rik Wehrens and David W. Bates
      An abundant and growing supply of digital health applications (apps) exists in the commercial tech-sector, which can be bewildering for clinicians, patients, and payers. A growing challenge for the health care system is therefore to facilitate the identification of...  View Details
      Keywords: Digital Health; Apps; Health Care and Treatment; Internet and the Web; Policy; Global Range; Applications and Software
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      Essén, Anna, Ariel Dora Stern, Christoffer Bjerre Haase, Josip Car, Felix Greaves, Dragana Paparova, Steven Vandeput, Rik Wehrens, and David W. Bates. "Health App Policy: International Comparison of Nine Countries' Approaches." npj Digital Medicine 5, no. 31 (2022).
      • February 23, 2022
      • Article

      Can WEB3 Bring Back Competition to Digital Platforms?

      By: Christian Catalini and Scott Duke Kominers
      Like the early Internet, blockchain and Web3 applications promise a new wave of decentralization and competition—yet at the same time, it is unclear which of the dynamics that drove concentration in online platforms and services will remain in force under the Web3...  View Details
      Keywords: Web3; Blockchain; Interoperability; Internet and the Web; Technological Innovation; Competition; Digital Platforms
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      Catalini, Christian, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Can WEB3 Bring Back Competition to Digital Platforms?" Competition Policy International (online) (February 23, 2022).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Cloud Adoption and Digital Transformation: The Paradoxical Role of Enterprise Data Architecture

      By: Sam (Ruiqing) Cao and Marco Iansiti
      Large traditional conglomerates increasingly invest in cloud infrastructure through adopting Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS) products, which facilitates digital transformation but creates complex interdependent systems spanning...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizations; Information Technology; Performance Productivity; Growth and Development; Transformation
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      Cao, Sam (Ruiqing), and Marco Iansiti. "Cloud Adoption and Digital Transformation: The Paradoxical Role of Enterprise Data Architecture." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-122, May 2021. (Revised November 2022.)
      • January 2021
      • Article

      Turbulence, Firm Decentralization and Growth in Bad Times

      By: Philippe Aghion, Nicholas Bloom, Brian Lucking, Raffaella Sadun and John Van Reenen
      What is the optimal form of firm organization during “bad times”? We present a model of delegation within the firm to show that the effect is ambiguous. The greater turbulence following macro shocks may benefit decentralized firms because the value of local information...  View Details
      Keywords: Decentralization; Growth; Turbulence; Great Recession; Organizational Design; System Shocks; Economic Growth; Performance
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      Aghion, Philippe, Nicholas Bloom, Brian Lucking, Raffaella Sadun, and John Van Reenen. "Turbulence, Firm Decentralization and Growth in Bad Times." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, no. 1 (January 2021): 133–169.
      • October 2017
      • Case

      Shift Technologies, Inc.

      By: Thomas Eisenmann and Nicole Tempest Keller
      In 2017, management at Shift, an online marketplace that uses a “high touch,” concierge approach to buy and sell used cars, was formulating plans for the San Francisco–based startup’s next phase of expansion. One option was to preserve Shift’s current business model...  View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Market Design; Multi-Sided Platforms; Marketplace Matching; Growth and Development Strategy; Decision Choices and Conditions; Auto Industry; Retail Industry; United States
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      Eisenmann, Thomas, and Nicole Tempest Keller. "Shift Technologies, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 818-002, October 2017.
      • June 2017
      • Case

      Veolia: Resourcing the World

      By: Gautam Ahuja, Tarun Khanna, Kristina Maslauskaite and Vincent Dessain
      In March 2016, Antoine Frérot, CEO of Veolia, a global environmental services provider, was undergoing an important transformation of the company. In 2013, Frérot presented a growth strategy that focused on increasing the share of industrial clients, enhancing growth...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Circular; Emerging Markets; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Growth and Development Strategy; Economy
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      Ahuja, Gautam, Tarun Khanna, Kristina Maslauskaite, and Vincent Dessain. "Veolia: Resourcing the World." Harvard Business School Case 717-505, June 2017.
      • August 2012
      • Article

      A Darker Side to Decentralized Banks: Market Power and Credit Rationing in SME Lending

      By: Rodrigo Canales and Ramana Nanda
      We use loan-level data to study how the organizational structure of banks impacts small business lending. We find that decentralized banks-where branch managers have greater autonomy over lending decisions-give larger loans to small firms and those with "soft...  View Details
      Keywords: Geographic Location; Customers; Financing and Loans; Credit; Organizational Structure; Banks and Banking; Governance Compliance; Competitive Strategy
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      Canales, Rodrigo, and Ramana Nanda. "A Darker Side to Decentralized Banks: Market Power and Credit Rationing in SME Lending." Journal of Financial Economics 105, no. 2 (August 2012): 353–366.
      • May 2010
      • Article

      Does Product Market Competition Lead Firms to Decentralize?

      By: Nicholas Bloom, Raffaella Sadun and John Van Reenen
      There is a widespread sense that over the last two decades firms have been decentralizing decisions to employees further down the managerial hierarchy. Economists have developed a range of theories to account for delegation, but there is less empirical evidence,...  View Details
      Keywords: Product; Markets; Competition; Business Ventures; Geographic Location; Employees; Research; Programs; Decisions
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      Bloom, Nicholas, Raffaella Sadun, and John Van Reenen. "Does Product Market Competition Lead Firms to Decentralize?" American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 100, no. 2 (May 2010): 434–438.
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      Does Product Market Competition Lead Firms To Decentralize?

      By: Nicholas Bloom, Raffaella Sadun and John Van Reenen
      There is a widespread sense that over the last two decades firms have been decentralizing decisions to employees further down the managerial hierarchy. Economists have developed a range of theories to account for delegation, but there is less empirical evidence,...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Employees; Managerial Roles; Organizational Structure; Competitive Strategy; Asia; Europe; North America
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      Bloom, Nicholas, Raffaella Sadun, and John Van Reenen. "Does Product Market Competition Lead Firms To Decentralize?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 10-052, January 2010. (forthcoming in: American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings.)
      • Article

      Recent Advances in the Empirics of Organizational Economics

      By: Nicholas Bloom, Raffaella Sadun and John Van Reenen
      We present a survey of recent contributions in empirical organizational economics, focusing on management practices and decentralization. Productivity dispersion between firms and countries has motivated the improved measurement of firm organization across industries...  View Details
      Keywords: Economics; Management Practices and Processes; Performance Productivity; Geographic Location; Motivation and Incentives; Factories, Labs, and Plants; Competition; Human Capital; Markets; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Multinational Firms and Management; India; Brazil; United States
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      Bloom, Nicholas, Raffaella Sadun, and John Van Reenen. "Recent Advances in the Empirics of Organizational Economics." Annual Review of Economics 2 (2010): 105–137.
      • November 2009
      • Article

      Organizational Design and Control across Multiple Markets: The Case of Franchising in the Convenience Store Industry

      By: Dennis Campbell, Srikant M. Datar and Tatiana Sandino
      Many companies operate units that are dispersed across different types of markets, and thus serve significantly diverging customer bases. Such market-type dispersion is likely to compromise the headquarter's ability to control its local managers' behavior and satisfy...  View Details
      Keywords: Market Dispersion; Decentralization; Incentives; Business Headquarters; Geographic Location; Governance Controls; Distribution; Organizational Design; Franchise Ownership; Retail Industry
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      Campbell, Dennis, Srikant M. Datar, and Tatiana Sandino. "Organizational Design and Control across Multiple Markets: The Case of Franchising in the Convenience Store Industry." Accounting Review 84, no. 6 (November 2009): 1749–1779.
      • January 2009 (Revised June 2010)
      • Case

      Cisco Business Councils (2007): Unifying a Functional Enterprise with an Internal Governance System

      By: Ranjay Gulati
      In response to the 2001 market downturn, Cisco Systems implemented a major restructuring that transformed the company from a decentralized to centralized organization. While recognizing that a centralized, functional structure was necessary to avoid product and...  View Details
      Keywords: Restructuring; Customer Focus and Relationships; Governing and Advisory Boards; Resource Allocation; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Corporate Strategy; Technology Industry
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      Gulati, Ranjay. "Cisco Business Councils (2007): Unifying a Functional Enterprise with an Internal Governance System." Harvard Business School Case 409-062, January 2009. (Revised June 2010.)
      • January 2009 (Revised June 2010)
      • Case

      Cisco Systems (2001): Building and Sustaining a Customer-Centric Culture

      By: Ranjay Gulati
      Customer centricity has been an important part of the culture at Cisco Systems since its inception. While part of this is attributable to values put in place by the founders and retained by subsequent management, it is also closely interwoven with its organizational...  View Details
      Keywords: Customer Satisfaction; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Change Management; Organizational Culture; Research and Development; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Employees; Brands and Branding; Customer Relationship Management; Business Units
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      Gulati, Ranjay. "Cisco Systems (2001): Building and Sustaining a Customer-Centric Culture." Harvard Business School Case 409-061, January 2009. (Revised June 2010.)
      • 2008
      • Working Paper

      A Darker Side to Decentralized Banks: Market Power and Credit Rationing in SME Lending

      By: Rodrigo Canales and Ramana Nanda
      We use loan-level data to study how the organizational structure of banks impacts small business lending. We find that decentralized banks—where branch managers have greater autonomy over lending decisions—give larger loans to small firms and those with "soft...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Structure; Financing and Loans; Industry Structures; Banks and Banking; Banking Industry; Mexico
      Citation
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      Canales, Rodrigo, and Ramana Nanda. "A Darker Side to Decentralized Banks: Market Power and Credit Rationing in SME Lending." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-101, June 2008. (Revised January 2011, August 2011.)
      • June 2008
      • Article

      Current State of Fellowship Hiring: Is a Universal Match Necessary? Is It Possible?

      By: Christopher D. Harner, Anil S. Ranawat, Muriel Niederle, Alvin E. Roth, Peter J. Stern, Shepard R. Hurwitz, William Levine, G. Paul DeRosa and Serena S. Hu
      Currently, approximately ninety percent of the six hundred twenty graduating orthopaedic residents are planning on entering a post-graduate fellowship. Since January of 2005, two of the largest fellowship match programs, Sports Medicine and Spine Surgery, were...  View Details
      Keywords: Medical Specialties; Recruitment; Selection and Staffing; Employment; Market Timing; Marketplace Matching; Health Industry
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      Harner, Christopher D., Anil S. Ranawat, Muriel Niederle, Alvin E. Roth, Peter J. Stern, Shepard R. Hurwitz, William Levine, G. Paul DeRosa, and Serena S. Hu. "Current State of Fellowship Hiring: Is a Universal Match Necessary? Is It Possible?" Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: American Volume 90 (June 2008): 1375–1384.
      • January 2008
      • Case

      The Deutsche Bank (A)

      By: David A. Moss
      Founded in 1870 to help finance surging German exports and imports, the Deutsche Bank soon moved into domestic banking. In fact, its founders aimed to create both a commercial bank and an investment bank under one roof—that is, a "universal bank." By the end of the...  View Details
      Keywords: History; Investment Banking; Commercial Banking; Banking Industry; Germany
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      Moss, David A. "The Deutsche Bank (A)." Harvard Business School Case 708-044, January 2008.
      • December 2005 (Revised July 2006)
      • Case

      Bunge: Poised for Growth

      By: David E. Bell and Mary L. Shelman
      As CEO of the world's largest oilseed processor, Alberto Weisser of Bunge must not only decide how quickly to expand in fast-growing markets of Eastern Europe and Asia, but also how best to leverage the firm's global footprint and leadership position. The firm is...  View Details
      Keywords: Customer Focus and Relationships; Trade; Global Strategy; Leadership; Growth Management; Management Style; Demand and Consumers; Supply Chain; Integration; Technology; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Biotechnology Industry; Asia; Europe
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      Bell, David E., and Mary L. Shelman. "Bunge: Poised for Growth." Harvard Business School Case 506-036, December 2005. (Revised July 2006.)
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