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Publications

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      • Faculty Publications  (107)

      Decentralization Remove Decentralization →

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      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      Centralization and Organization Reproduction: Ethnic Innovation in R&D Centers and Satellite Locations

      By: William R. Kerr
      We study the relationship between firm centralization and organizational reproduction in satellite locations. For decentralized firms, the ethnic compositions of inventors in satellite locations mostly resemble their host cities, with little link to the inventor...  View Details
      Keywords: Ethnicity; Business Offices; Research and Development; Innovation and Invention; Organizational Design
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      Kerr, William R. "Centralization and Organization Reproduction: Ethnic Innovation in R&D Centers and Satellite Locations." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 24-015, September 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Case

      THREAD Research: Decentralized Clinical Trials and Beyond

      By: Satish Tadikonda, Amanda McEwen and William Marks
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      Tadikonda, Satish, Amanda McEwen, and William Marks. "THREAD Research: Decentralized Clinical Trials and Beyond." Harvard Business School Case 824-051, September 2023.
      • September 2023
      • Case

      Diamond Standard

      By: Lauren H. Cohen, Zhaoheng Gong and Grace Headinger
      Cormac Kinney, Founder and CEO of Diamond Standard, was on a mission to transform the U.S. diamond market through unlocking the precious gems as market-traded assets. As a serial FinTech entrepreneur, he hoped to add an additional service to his vault: Carats. The...  View Details
      Keywords: Tokenization; Fintech; Cryptocurrency; Liquidity; Digital; Rare Earth Minerals; Decentralized; Crypto Economy; Financial Product; Metals; Diamonds; Commodity; Assets; Financial Instruments; Financial Institutions; Financial Markets; Investment; Technological Innovation; Natural Resources; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Cohen, Lauren H., Zhaoheng Gong, and Grace Headinger. "Diamond Standard." Harvard Business School Case 224-009, September 2023.
      • August 2023
      • Supplement

      Parexel (B): The Future of the CRO Industry

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Ben Creo
      How should Parexel respond to the rapidly changing environment in clinical research, now that it is owned by a private equity firm and its founder is no longer with the firm?

      Parexel, a major clinical research organization, has experienced substantial...  View Details
      Keywords: New Technology; Strategic Evolution; Innovation; Health Testing and Trials; Research and Development; Private Equity; Private Ownership; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Health Industry
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Ben Creo. "Parexel (B): The Future of the CRO Industry." Harvard Business School Supplement 324-006, August 2023.
      • July 13, 2023
      • Article

      Threads Foreshadows a Big—and Surprising—Shift in Social Media

      By: Scott Duke Kominers and Liang Wu
      Threads, Meta’s Twitter competitor, has become the fastest downloaded app in history. One of the reasons for this is because it allows users to port over their profiles and follows from the already popular social media platform Instagram, also owned by Meta—a feature...  View Details
      Keywords: Decentralization; Twitter; Facebook; Instagram; Crypto Economy; Blockchain; Network; Industrial Organization; Competition; Open Innovation; Open Platforms; Open Source Innovation; Social Networks; Social Media; Applications and Software; Information Technology Industry
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      Kominers, Scott Duke, and Liang Wu. "Threads Foreshadows a Big—and Surprising—Shift in Social Media." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (July 13, 2023).
      • May 2023
      • Teaching Note

      Ava Labs: Navigating the Next Blockchain

      By: Marco Di Maggio and Wenyao Sha
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 223-027.  View Details
      Keywords: Blockchain; Decentralized Finance; Alternative Assets; Financial Instruments; Assets; Decisions; Financing and Loans; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Di Maggio, Marco, and Wenyao Sha. "Ava Labs: Navigating the Next Blockchain." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 223-097, May 2023.
      • January 12, 2023
      • Article

      Progressive Decentralization: A High-level Framework

      By: Jad Esber and Scott Duke Kominers
      We explain a high-level framework for designing for future decentralization up front, and offer some guidance about when and how to do so. The guidelines apply to both web3 projects and more traditional organizations.  View Details
      Keywords: Crypto Economy; Cryptocurrency; Decentralization; Decentralized Autonomous Organizations; Entrepreneurial Journey; Entrepreneurial Management; Organization Behavior; Organization And Management Theory; Organization Form; Organizational Structure
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      Esber, Jad, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Progressive Decentralization: A High-level Framework." a16zcrypto.com (January 12, 2023).
      • December 7, 2022
      • Article

      Why Decentralized Crypto Platforms Are Weathering the Crash

      By: Shai Bernstein and Scott Duke Kominers
      In the past year, crypto markets dropped from $2.9 trillion in value to around $800 billion. In the wake of the collapse, crypto lenders and exchanges have been accused of fraud and other wrongdoing. What went wrong? One factor is competition. In theory, competition...  View Details
      Keywords: Crypto Economy; Cryptocurrency; Financial Complexity; Financial Crisis; Decentralization; Decentralized Markets; Decentralized Autonomous Organizations; Finance; Market Design; Financial Services Industry
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      Bernstein, Shai, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Why Decentralized Crypto Platforms Are Weathering the Crash." Harvard Business Review Digital Articles (December 7, 2022).
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      The Limits of Decentralized Administrative Data Collection: Experimental Evidence from Colombia

      By: Natalia Garbiras-Diaz and Tara Slough
      States collect vast amounts of data for use in policymaking and public administration. To do so, central governments frequently solicit data from decentralized bureaucrats. Because central governments use these data in policymaking, decentralized bureaucrats may face...  View Details
      Keywords: Decentralization; Policy-making; Policy/economics; Policy Evaluation; Governance; Government Administration; Government and Politics; Government Legislation; Policy; Public Opinion; Analytics and Data Science; Latin America; South America; Colombia
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      Garbiras-Diaz, Natalia, and Tara Slough. "The Limits of Decentralized Administrative Data Collection: Experimental Evidence from Colombia." Working Paper, December 2022.
      • November 2022 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      Ava Labs: Navigating the Next Blockchain

      By: Marco Di Maggio and Wenyao Sha
      John Wu, President of Ava Labs, the primary developer of the Avalanche blockchain, and Emin Gün Sirer, the software company’s Founder and CEO, team up to develop a lending and borrowing protocol that would jumpstart the Decentralized finance (DeFi) economy on...  View Details
      Keywords: Blockchain; Decentralized Finance; Alternative Assets; Financial Instruments; Assets; Decisions; Financing and Loans; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Di Maggio, Marco, and Wenyao Sha. "Ava Labs: Navigating the Next Blockchain." Harvard Business School Case 223-027, November 2022. (Revised December 2022.)
      • August 2022
      • Case

      SuperRare: Turning an NFT Marketplace into a DAO

      By: Jeffrey J. Bussgang, Scott Duke Kominers and Amy Klopfenstein
      In June 2021, John Crain and Jonathan Perkins, the founders of SuperRare, a marketplace for non-fungible tokens (NFTs), contemplate whether to transform their company into a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). Crain and Perkins founded SuperRare in 2018 to...  View Details
      Keywords: NFTs; Crypto Economy; Alternative Assets; DAOs; Arts; Governance; Governance Controls; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Information Technology; Technology Adoption; Internet and the Web; Digital Platforms; Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Disruptive Innovation; Finance; Currency; Investment; Markets; Auctions; Bids and Bidding; Demand and Consumers; Network Effects; Market Design; Market Transactions; Market Timing; Web Services Industry; North and Central America; United States
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      Bussgang, Jeffrey J., Scott Duke Kominers, and Amy Klopfenstein. "SuperRare: Turning an NFT Marketplace into a DAO." Harvard Business School Case 823-027, August 2022.
      • July 28, 2022
      • Article

      DAO Governance Attacks, and How to Avoid Them

      By: Pranav Garimidi, Scott Duke Kominers and Tim Roughgarden
      Many web3 projects embrace permissionless voting using a fungible and tradable native token. Permissionless voting can offer many benefits, from lowering barriers to entry to increasing competition. Token holders can use their tokens to vote on a range of issues—from...  View Details
      Keywords: Crypto Economy; Cryptocurrency; Governance; Voting; Decentralized Autonomous Organizations; Organizational Structure; Digital Platforms
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      Garimidi, Pranav, Scott Duke Kominers, and Tim Roughgarden. "DAO Governance Attacks, and How to Avoid Them." a16zcrypto.com (July 28, 2022).
      • June 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      Buurtzorg

      By: Ethan Bernstein, Tatiana Sandino, Joost Minnaar and Annelena Lobb
      As co-founders of home nursing company Buurtzorg, Jos de Blok and Gonnie Kronenberg prized both self-management and organizational learning. Buurtzorg’s 10,000 nurses across 950 neighborhood nursing teams in the Netherlands were empowered to manage themselves, both in...  View Details
      Keywords: Healthcare; Best Practices; Best Practices Transfer; Flat Organization; Self-Managed Organizations; Self-Managed Teams; Organizational Learning; Knowledge Management; Learning; Management Practices and Processes; Human Resources; Communication; Organizational Structure; Organizational Design; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Groups and Teams; Networks; Health Industry; Netherlands; Europe
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      Bernstein, Ethan, Tatiana Sandino, Joost Minnaar, and Annelena Lobb. "Buurtzorg." Harvard Business School Case 122-101, June 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • May 2022
      • Article

      Strengthening Digital Infrastructure: A Policy Agenda for Free and Open Source Software

      By: Frank Nagle
      While there is little debate that digital forces are playing an increasingly crucial role in the economy, there is limited understanding of the importance of the digital infrastructure that underlies this role. Much of the discussion around digital infrastructure has...  View Details
      Keywords: Open Source; Applications and Software; Policy; Infrastructure; Open Source Distribution
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      Nagle, Frank. "Strengthening Digital Infrastructure: A Policy Agenda for Free and Open Source Software." Brookings Series: Reimagining Modern-day Markets and Regulations (May 2022).
      • March 2022 (Revised August 2022)
      • Case

      LooksRare: The Decentralized, Tokenized, NFT Marketplace

      By: Scott Duke Kominers, Shai Bernstein and George Gonzalez
      LooksRare launched a decentralized and anonymous organization to compete against NFT marketplace leader OpenSea. By launching its own cryptocurrency, LooksRare attempted to lure users with a digital rewards program. The nature of the organization and its business...  View Details
      Keywords: NFTs; Alternative Assets; Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Customer Relationship Management; Market Entry and Exit; Business Model; Marketing
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      Kominers, Scott Duke, Shai Bernstein, and George Gonzalez. "LooksRare: The Decentralized, Tokenized, NFT Marketplace." Harvard Business School Case 822-119, March 2022. (Revised August 2022.)
      • March 2022 (Revised April 2022)
      • Teaching Note

      Group Functions at the Maersk Group

      By: David J. Collis
      In 2014, seven years after he was appointed CEO of the Danish shipping and oil conglomerate A.P. Møller Maersk (the Maersk Group), Nils Andersen was reexamining the size and role of corporate headquarters in the company he had reshaped as a "premium conglomerate."...  View Details
      Keywords: Maersk; Business Units; Conglomerates; Decentralization; Core Business; Value Added; Synergy; Headquarters; Shipping; Petroleum; Oil And Gas; Drilling; Corporate Strategy; Business Conglomerates; Business Divisions; Transportation Industry; Shipping Industry; Denmark
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      Collis, David J. "Group Functions at the Maersk Group." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 722-417, March 2022. (Revised April 2022.)
      • Article

      Health App Policy: International Comparison of Nine Countries' Approaches

      By: Anna Essén, Ariel Dora Stern, Christoffer Bjerre Haase, Josip Car, Felix Greaves, Dragana Paparova, Steven Vandeput, Rik Wehrens and David W. Bates
      An abundant and growing supply of digital health applications (apps) exists in the commercial tech-sector, which can be bewildering for clinicians, patients, and payers. A growing challenge for the health care system is therefore to facilitate the identification of...  View Details
      Keywords: Digital Health; Apps; Health Care and Treatment; Internet and the Web; Policy; Global Range; Applications and Software
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      Essén, Anna, Ariel Dora Stern, Christoffer Bjerre Haase, Josip Car, Felix Greaves, Dragana Paparova, Steven Vandeput, Rik Wehrens, and David W. Bates. "Health App Policy: International Comparison of Nine Countries' Approaches." npj Digital Medicine 5, no. 31 (2022).
      • February 23, 2022
      • Article

      Can WEB3 Bring Back Competition to Digital Platforms?

      By: Christian Catalini and Scott Duke Kominers
      Like the early Internet, blockchain and Web3 applications promise a new wave of decentralization and competition—yet at the same time, it is unclear which of the dynamics that drove concentration in online platforms and services will remain in force under the Web3...  View Details
      Keywords: Web3; Blockchain; Interoperability; Internet and the Web; Technological Innovation; Competition; Digital Platforms
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      Catalini, Christian, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Can WEB3 Bring Back Competition to Digital Platforms?" Competition Policy International (online) (February 23, 2022).
      • January 2022
      • Article

      Artificial Intelligence, Data-Driven Learning, and the Decentralized Structure of Platform Ecosystems

      By: David R. Clough and Andy Wu
      Gregory, Henfridsson, Kaganer, and Kyriakou (2020) highlight the important role of data and AI as strategic resources that platforms may use to enhance user value. However, their article overlooks a significant conceptual distinction: the installed base of...  View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Data Strategy; Ecosystem; Value Capture; Digital Platforms; Analytics and Data Science; Strategy; Learning; Value Creation; AI and Machine Learning; Technology Industry; Information Technology Industry; Video Game Industry; Advertising Industry
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      Clough, David R., and Andy Wu. "Artificial Intelligence, Data-Driven Learning, and the Decentralized Structure of Platform Ecosystems." Academy of Management Review 47, no. 1 (January 2022): 184–189.
      • November 18, 2021
      • Article

      With Decentralized Identity, Your Reputation Travels with You Across Cyberspace

      By: Scott Duke Kominers and Jad Esber
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      Kominers, Scott Duke, and Jad Esber. "With Decentralized Identity, Your Reputation Travels with You Across Cyberspace." Future (November 18, 2021).
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