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    • Faculty Publications  (18)

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    • All HBS Web  (40)
      • Faculty Publications  (18)

      Debt Covenants Remove Debt Covenants →

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      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      High-Yield Debt Covenants and Their Real Effects

      By: Falk Bräuning, Victoria Ivashina and Ali Ozdagli
      High-yield debt including leveraged loans is characterized by incurrence financial covenants, or “cov-lite” provisions. A traditional loan agreement includes maintenance covenants, which require continuous compliance with the covenant threshold, and their violation...  View Details
      Keywords: Debt Covenants; Incurrence Covenants; Borrowing and Debt; Banks and Banking
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      Bräuning, Falk, Victoria Ivashina, and Ali Ozdagli. "High-Yield Debt Covenants and Their Real Effects." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29888, March 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Transitory and Permanent Cash Flow Shocks in Debt Contract Design

      By: Le Ma, Anywhere Sikochi and Yajun Xiao
      We examine how lenders design contracts when borrowers are exposed to volatile transitory or permanent cash flow shocks. We find that volatile transitory shocks are associated with fewer liquidity covenants, indicating financial flexibility that can enable firms to...  View Details
      Keywords: Debt Covenants; Cash Flow Shocks; Debt Contracting; Likelihood Of Default; Cash Flow; System Shocks
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      Ma, Le, Anywhere Sikochi, and Yajun Xiao. "Transitory and Permanent Cash Flow Shocks in Debt Contract Design." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-026, October 2021. (Revised April 2022.)
      • March 2021 (Revised April 2021)
      • Case

      Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (A)

      By: Shawn A. Cole, John Masko and T. Robert Zochowski
      In 2017, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) faced the first big investment decision in its new Scaling Solar project. Founded in 1956, IFC was an international investment body with national governments as shareholders, whose mission was to promote economic...  View Details
      Keywords: Impact Investing; Development Economics; Developing Countries and Economies; Renewable Energy; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Equity; Bonds; Financing and Loans; Growth and Development; Emerging Markets; Non-Governmental Organizations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Investment; Decision Making; Financial Services Industry; Energy Industry; Zambia
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      Cole, Shawn A., John Masko, and T. Robert Zochowski. "Making Impact Investing Markets: IFC (A)." Harvard Business School Case 221-061, March 2021. (Revised April 2021.)
      • Article

      CDS Trading and Nonrelationship Lending Dynamics

      By: Jung Koo Kang, Christopher Williams and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman
      We investigate how credit default swaps (CDSs) affect lenders’ incentives to initiate new lending relationships. We predict that CDSs reduce adverse selection that nonrelationship lead arrangers face when competing for loans. Consistently, we find that a loan is...  View Details
      Keywords: Credit Default Swaps; CDS Market; Non-relationship Lending; Debt Contracts; Adverse Selection; Lending Monitoring; Cross-selling
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      Kang, Jung Koo, Christopher Williams, and Regina Wittenberg-Moerman. "CDS Trading and Nonrelationship Lending Dynamics." Review of Accounting Studies 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 258–292.
      • January 2021
      • Supplement

      Aster DM Healthcare: Budget Exercise

      By: V.G. Narayanan and Amy Klopfenstein
      In April 2020, Alisha Moopen, Deputy Managing Director of Aster DM Healthcare, a network of clinics, hospitals, and pharmacies in the Middle East and India, must create her company’s budget for the 2021 fiscal year in light of the onset of Covid-19. The pandemic had...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Judgments; Decision Choices and Conditions; Cost vs Benefits; Finance; Borrowing and Debt; Financial Institutions; Banks and Banking; Financial Condition; Financial Liquidity; Accounting; Budgets and Budgeting; Management; Crisis Management; Health Pandemics; Health Industry; Asia; India; United Arab Emirates; Dubai
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      Narayanan, V.G., and Amy Klopfenstein. "Aster DM Healthcare: Budget Exercise." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 121-025, January 2021.
      • January 2021
      • Case

      Aster DM Healthcare: Budgeting for a Crisis

      By: V.G. Narayanan and Amy Klopfenstein
      In April 2020, Alisha Moopen, Deputy Managing Director of Aster DM Healthcare, a network of clinics, hospitals, and pharmacies in the Middle East and India, must create her company’s budget for the 2021 fiscal year in light of the onset of Covid-19. The pandemic had...  View Details
      Keywords: Decision Making; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Judgments; Decision Choices and Conditions; Cost vs Benefits; Budgets and Budgeting; Health Pandemics; Health Industry; Asia; India; United Arab Emirates; Dubai
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      Narayanan, V.G., and Amy Klopfenstein. "Aster DM Healthcare: Budgeting for a Crisis." Harvard Business School Case 121-001, January 2021.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Complexity in Loan Contracts

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Boris Vallée
      Using novel data on 1,240 credit agreements from the leveraged loan market, we propose simple measures of contractual complexity based on clauses qualifying negative covenants. We document a high average level of contractual complexity and significant heterogeneity....  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Loans; Loan Contracts; Debt Covenants; Carve-out; Creditor Governance; LBO; Credit; Agreements and Arrangements; Leveraged Buyouts
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Boris Vallée. "Complexity in Loan Contracts." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27316, June 2020. (Revised June 2022.)
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Corporate Refinancing, Covenants, and the Agency Cost of Debt

      By: Daniel Green
      How valuable are restrictive debt covenants in reducing the agency costs of debt? I exploit the revealed preference decision to refinance fixed-coupon bonds, which weighs observable interest rate savings against the unobservable costs of a change in restrictive...  View Details
      Keywords: Covenants; Refinancing; Corporate Bonds; Agency Costs; Debt Policy; Borrowing and Debt; Bonds; Interest Rates
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      Green, Daniel. "Corporate Refinancing, Covenants, and the Agency Cost of Debt." Working Paper, 2018. (Revise and Resubmit, Journal of Finance.)
      • September 2017 (Revised February 2019)
      • Case

      Blackstone's GSO Capital: Crosstex Investment

      By: Victoria Ivashina, John D. Dionne and Jeffrey Boyar
      This case focuses on the Blackstone credit arm, GSO Capital as it evaluated a proposal for an equity investment into the distressed company, Crosstex Energy L.P., an integrated midstream energy company, that was hit hard by declining natural gas prices during the 2008...  View Details
      Keywords: Distress Investing; Rescue Financing; Investment; Borrowing and Debt; Financial Condition
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      Ivashina, Victoria, John D. Dionne, and Jeffrey Boyar. "Blackstone's GSO Capital: Crosstex Investment." Harvard Business School Case 218-008, September 2017. (Revised February 2019.)
      • September 2016
      • Article

      Disproportional Control Rights and the Bonding Role of Debt

      By: Aiyesha Dey, Valeri Nikolaev and Xue Wang
      We examine the governance role of debt in the context of U.S.-based dual class ownership structures. We hypothesize that the use of debt alleviates the conflict between shareholder classes by balancing the power of controlling insiders. We document that dual class...  View Details
      Keywords: Dual Class; Private Debt; Debt Covenants; Bonding Mechanisms; Ownership Type; Capital Structure; Borrowing and Debt
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      Dey, Aiyesha, Valeri Nikolaev, and Xue Wang. "Disproportional Control Rights and the Bonding Role of Debt." Management Science 62, no. 9 (September 2016): 2581–2614.
      • Working Paper

      Covenant-Light Contracts and Creditor Coordination

      By: Bo Becker and Victoria Ivashina
      In 2015, 70% of newly issued leveraged loans had weaker enforcement features, called covenant-light or "cov-lite"; this is nearly a three-time increase in cov-lite issuance compared to a previous peak in 2007. We evaluate whether this development can be attributed to...  View Details
      Keywords: Credit Cycles; Loan Contracts; Debt Covenants; Contracts; Financing and Loans; Credit; Borrowing and Debt
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      Becker, Bo, and Victoria Ivashina. "Covenant-Light Contracts and Creditor Coordination." Swedish House of Finance Research Paper, No. 16-09, March 2016.
      • October 2012
      • Case

      Harrah's Entertainment

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Kristin Mugford and J. Daniel Kim
      This case examines the issues of establishing and managing a capital structure for the leveraged buyout of Harrah's Entertainment.  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Debt Markets; Loan Contracts; Covenants; Casinos; Gaming; Private Equity; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; United States
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      Gompers, Paul A., Kristin Mugford, and J. Daniel Kim. "Harrah's Entertainment." Harvard Business School Case 213-054, October 2012.
      • September 2011
      • Case

      AXA Private Equity: The Diana Investment

      By: Michael J. Roberts and William A. Sahlman
      The case focuses on an investment made by AXA Private Equity, a French manufacturer of food ingredients. The investment is made at the height of the financial markets, and financed with significant debt. Soon thereafter, the financial crisis impacted the company's...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Ethics; Investment; Financial Crisis
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      Roberts, Michael J., and William A. Sahlman. "AXA Private Equity: The Diana Investment." Harvard Business School Case 812-042, September 2011.
      • September 2011 (Revised September 2011)
      • Case

      Penn Warranty Corporation

      By: Richard S. Ruback and Royce Yudkoff
      Penn Warranty Corporation sold warranty contracts to the used car market. During the recession in 2008/2009 Penn's sales declined by 26% Instead of growing by 11% as forecasted. Also, disruptions in financial and insurance markets created a cash shortfall. In the...  View Details
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      Ruback, Richard S., and Royce Yudkoff. "Penn Warranty Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 212-007, September 2011. (Revised from original August 2011 version.)
      • August 2011 (Revised November 2018)
      • Case

      Lind Equipment

      By: Richard S. Ruback and Royce Yudkoff
      Lind Equipment failed to meet its loan covenants with its senior bank lender in the summer of 2008, just six months after it was acquired. While the senior bank debt comprised only 6% of the capital used in the acquisition and was fully secured, it exercised its right...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Condition; Borrowing and Debt; Capital; Revenue; Financing and Loans; Financial Strategy; Financial Management; Acquisition; Financial Crisis; Currency Exchange Rate; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Manufacturing Industry; Industrial Products Industry
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      Ruback, Richard S., and Royce Yudkoff. "Lind Equipment." Harvard Business School Case 212-012, August 2011. (Revised November 2018.)
      • July 2011
      • Article

      The Private Equity Advantage: Leveraged Buyout Firms and Relationship Banking

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Anna Kovner
      This paper examines the impact of leveraged buyout firms' bank relationships on the terms of their syndicated loans. Using a sample of 1,590 loans financing private equity sponsored leveraged buyouts between 1993 and 2005, we find that bank relationships are an...  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Private Equity; Banks and Banking; Financing and Loans; Interest Rates; Investment Return; Relationships; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Anna Kovner. "The Private Equity Advantage: Leveraged Buyout Firms and Relationship Banking." Review of Financial Studies 24, no. 7 (July 2011): 2462–2498.
      • June 2010 (Revised November 2013)
      • Case

      Momentive Performance Materials, Inc.

      By: Victoria Ivashina and David Scharfstein
      After nearly violating its loan covenants in 2009, Momentive Performance Materials, backed by its financial sponsor Apollo Global Management, took a variety of actions to restructure its debt. The restructuring steps included an open market repurchase of publicly held...  View Details
      Keywords: Restructuring; Financial Crisis; Borrowing and Debt; Private Equity; Financing and Loans
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and David Scharfstein. "Momentive Performance Materials, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 210-081, June 2010. (Revised November 2013.)
      • March 2006 (Revised December 2013)
      • Case

      Hexcel Turnaround — 2001 (A)

      By: Paul W. Marshall, James Quinn and Reed Martin
      Hexcel's new CEO is faced with deciding how to "take out" $60 million in cash costs in fiscal 2002, as two of the company's end markets—electronics and commercial aerospace—are expected to decline precipitously. Options include closing plants, exiting a business, or...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Negotiation; Management Teams; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Strategy; Change Management; Crisis Management; Borrowing and Debt; Aerospace Industry; Electronics Industry; United States
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      Marshall, Paul W., James Quinn, and Reed Martin. "Hexcel Turnaround — 2001 (A)." Harvard Business School Case 806-099, March 2006. (Revised December 2013.)
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