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Publications

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    • Faculty Publications  (26)

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    • All HBS Web  (120)
      • Faculty Publications  (26)

      Contingency Theory Remove Contingency Theory →

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      • January–February 2023
      • Article

      External Interfaces and Internal Processes: Market Positioning and Divergent Professionalization Paths in Young Ventures

      By: Alicia DeSantola, Ranjay Gulati and Pavel Zhelyazkov
      We explore how the initial market positioning of entrepreneurial ventures shapes how they professionalize over time, focusing specifically on the development of functional roles. In contrast to existing literature, which has presumed a uniform march toward...  View Details
      Keywords: Market Positioning; Professionalization; Scaling; Entrepreneurship; Strategy; Business Startups; Growth and Development; Organizational Structure
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      DeSantola, Alicia, Ranjay Gulati, and Pavel Zhelyazkov. "External Interfaces and Internal Processes: Market Positioning and Divergent Professionalization Paths in Young Ventures." Organization Science 34, no. 1 (January–February 2023): 1–23.
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      No-fault Default, Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, and Financial Institutions

      By: Robert C. Merton and Richard T. Thakor
      This paper analyzes the costs and benefits of a no-fault-default debt structure as an alternative to the typical bankruptcy process. We show that the deadweight costs of bankruptcy can be avoided or substantially reduced through no-fault-default debt, which permits a...  View Details
      Keywords: No-fault Default; Chapter 11; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Borrowing and Debt; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Financial Institutions; Contracts
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      Merton, Robert C., and Richard T. Thakor. "No-fault Default, Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, and Financial Institutions." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28341, January 2021.
      • Article

      How to Use Heuristics for Differential Privacy

      By: Seth Neel, Aaron Leon Roth and Zhiwei Steven Wu
      We develop theory for using heuristics to solve computationally hard problems in differential privacy. Heuristic approaches have enjoyed tremendous success in machine learning, for which performance can be empirically evaluated. However, privacy guarantees cannot be...  View Details
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      Neel, Seth, Aaron Leon Roth, and Zhiwei Steven Wu. "How to Use Heuristics for Differential Privacy." Proceedings of the IEEE Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS) 60th (2019).
      • 2019
      • Chapter

      Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research

      By: Amy C. Edmondson and Tiona Zuzul
      Selecting the appropriate method for a given research question is an essential skill for organizational researchers. High-quality research involves a good fit between the methods used and the nature of the contribution to the literature. This article describes a...  View Details
      Keywords: Mathematical Methods; Organizations
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      Edmondson, Amy C., and Tiona Zuzul. "Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management. Continuously updated edition, edited by Mie Augier and David J. Teece. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Electronic. (Pre-published, October 2013.)
      • 2017
      • Chapter

      Paul R. Lawrence: A Career of Rigor, Relevance, and Passion

      By: Michael Tushman
      Paul R. Lawrence was one of the earliest and most influential figures in the emergence of organizational behavior as a field of study. He was a pioneer in creating a body of work on organization design, leadership, and change in both the private and public sectors....  View Details
      Keywords: Organization Design; Contingency Theory; Public And Private Organizations; Rigor And Relevance; Biography; Organizational Design; Leadership; Learning; Leading Change
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      Tushman, Michael. "Paul R. Lawrence: A Career of Rigor, Relevance, and Passion." In The Palgrave Handbook of Organizational Change Thinkers. Continuously updated ed. Edited by David Szabla, William Pasmore, Mary Barnes, and Asha Gipson. Springer, 2017. Electronic. (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49820-1_12-2.)
      • March 2016
      • Article

      Environmental Demands and the Emergence of Social Structure: Technological Dynamism and Interorganizational Network Forms

      By: Adam Tatarynowicz, Maxim Sytch and Ranjay Gulati
      This study investigates the origins of variation in the structures of interorganizational networks across industries. We combine empirical analyses of existing interorganizational networks in six industries with an agent-based simulation model of network emergence....  View Details
      Keywords: Interorganizatonal Relationships; Social Networks; Network Emergence; Interorganizational Networks; Information Technology; Networks; Organizational Structure; Social and Collaborative Networks; Social Media
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      Tatarynowicz, Adam, Maxim Sytch, and Ranjay Gulati. "Environmental Demands and the Emergence of Social Structure: Technological Dynamism and Interorganizational Network Forms." Administrative Science Quarterly 61, no. 1 (March 2016): 52–86.
      • Winter 2015
      • Article

      When One Size Doesn't Fit All: Evolving Directions in the Research and Practice of Enterprise Risk Management

      By: Anette Mikes and Robert S. Kaplan
      Enterprise risk management (ERM) has become a crucial component of contemporary corporate governance reforms, with an abundance of principles, guidelines, and standards. This paper portrays ERM as an evolving discipline and presents empirical findings on its current...  View Details
      Keywords: Contingency Theory; Grounded Research; Risk Management; Customization and Personalization
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      Mikes, Anette, and Robert S. Kaplan. "When One Size Doesn't Fit All: Evolving Directions in the Research and Practice of Enterprise Risk Management." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 27, no. 1 (Winter 2015): 37–40.
      • Article

      Better Accounting Transforms Health Care Delivery

      By: Robert S. Kaplan and Mary L. Witkowski
      The paper describes the theory and preliminary results for an action research program that explores the implications from better measurements of health care outcomes and costs. After summarizing Porter's outcome taxonomy (Porter 2010), we illustrate how to use process...  View Details
      Keywords: Activity Based Costing and Management; Research; Health Care and Treatment; Health Industry
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      Kaplan, Robert S., and Mary L. Witkowski. "Better Accounting Transforms Health Care Delivery." Accounting Horizons 28, no. 2 (June 2014): 365–383.
      • April 2012
      • Article

      Change Agents, Networks, and Institutions: A Contingency Theory of Organizational Change

      By: Julie Battilana and Tiziana Casciaro
      We develop a contingency theory for how structural closure in a network, defined as the extent to which an actor's network contacts are connected to one another, affects the initiation and adoption of change in organizations. Using longitudinal survey data supplemented...  View Details
      Keywords: Networks; Theory; Organizations; Change
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      Battilana, Julie, and Tiziana Casciaro. "Change Agents, Networks, and Institutions: A Contingency Theory of Organizational Change." Academy of Management Journal 55, no. 2 (April 2012).
      • 2011
      • Working Paper

      The Contingent Effect of Absorptive Capacity: An Open Innovation Analysis

      By: Andrew A. King and Karim R. Lakhani
      Technological advancement and innovation requires the integration of both external knowledge and internal inventiveness. In this paper, we unpack the concept of absorptive capacity and separately explore the effect of different types of prior experience on the capacity...  View Details
      Keywords: Experience and Expertise; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Technological Innovation; Knowledge Use and Leverage; Performance Capacity; Technology Adoption
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      King, Andrew A., and Karim R. Lakhani. "The Contingent Effect of Absorptive Capacity: An Open Innovation Analysis." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-102, April 2011.
      • 2010
      • Working Paper

      Regulating for Legitimacy: Consumer Credit Access in France and America

      By: J. Gunnar Trumbull
      Theories of legitimate regulation have emphasized the role of governments either in fixing market failures to promote greater efficiency or in restricting the efficient functioning of markets in order to pursue public welfare goals. In either case, features of markets...  View Details
      Keywords: Borrowing and Debt; Credit; Financial Markets; Personal Finance; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Business History; Business and Government Relations; Welfare; France; United States
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      Trumbull, J. Gunnar. "Regulating for Legitimacy: Consumer Credit Access in France and America." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 11-047, November 2010.
      • September 2010
      • Article

      How Firms Respond to Being Rated

      By: Aaron K. Chatterji and Michael W. Toffel
      While many rating systems seek to help buyers overcome information asymmetries when making purchasing decisions, we investigate how these ratings also influence the companies being rated. We hypothesize that ratings are particularly likely to spur responses from firms...  View Details
      Keywords: System; Information; Decisions; Cost; Opportunities; Performance; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Economics; Theory; System Shocks; Rank and Position
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      Chatterji, Aaron K., and Michael W. Toffel. "How Firms Respond to Being Rated." Strategic Management Journal 31, no. 9 (September 2010): 917–945. (Lead article.)
      • 2010
      • Chapter

      A Contingency Theory of Leadership

      By: Jay W. Lorsch
      The idea of a contingency theory of leadership is not novel. In the 1960s several scholars conducted research and proposed such an approach arguing that the style of leadership that would be most effective depended upon the situation (Fiedler, Tannenbaum and Schmidt,...  View Details
      Keywords: Leadership Style; Situation or Environment; Behavior; Theory
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      Lorsch, Jay W. "A Contingency Theory of Leadership." Chap. 15 in Handbook of Leadership Theory and Practice, edited by Nitin Nohria and Rakesh Khurana. Harvard Business Press, 2010.
      • 2010
      • Chapter

      Measuring and Managing Macrofinancial Risk and Financial Stability: A New Framework

      By: Dale F. Gray, Robert C. Merton and Zvi Bodie
      This paper proposes a new approach to improve the way central banks can analyze and manage the financial risks of a national economy. It is based on the modern theory and practice of contingent claims analysis (CCA), which is successfully used today at the level of...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Statements; Economy; Financial Condition; Central Banking; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Management Practices and Processes; Risk Management; Measurement and Metrics; System Shocks
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      Gray, Dale F., Robert C. Merton, and Zvi Bodie. "Measuring and Managing Macrofinancial Risk and Financial Stability: A New Framework." In Financial Stability, Monetary Policy, and Central Banking. Vol. 15, edited by Alfaro A. Rodrigo and Cifuentes S. Rodrigo., 2010.
      • 2010
      • Chapter

      When Does Leadership Matter? A Contingent Opportunities View of CEO Leadership

      By: Noam Wasserman, Nitin Nohria and Bharat Anand
      There is by now a long-standing debate on the impact that CEOs have on company performance. Studies of leadership describe how CEOs can significantly impact company performance, while the "constraints" perspective argues that leaders are sufficiently constrained by...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Leadership; Performance Improvement; Research; Opportunities
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      Wasserman, Noam, Nitin Nohria, and Bharat Anand. "When Does Leadership Matter? A Contingent Opportunities View of CEO Leadership." Chap. 2 in Handbook of Leadership Theory and Practice, edited by Nitin Nohria and Rakesh Khurana. Harvard Business Press, 2010.
      • 2008
      • Working Paper

      New Framework for Measuring and Managing Macrofinancial Risk and Financial Stability

      By: Dale F. Gray, Robert C. Merton and Zvi Bodie
      This paper proposes a new approach to improve the way central banks can analyze and manage the financial risks of a national economy. It is based on the modern theory and practice of contingent claims analysis (CCA), which is successfully used today at the level of...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Macroeconomics; Central Banking; Risk Management
      Citation
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      Gray, Dale F., Robert C. Merton, and Zvi Bodie. "New Framework for Measuring and Managing Macrofinancial Risk and Financial Stability." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-015, August 2008. (Revised.)
      • 2007
      • Working Paper

      New Framework for Measuring and Managing Macrofinancial Risk and Financial Stability

      By: Dale F. Gray, Robert C. Merton and Zvi Bodie
      This paper proposes a new approach to improve the way central banks can analyze and manage the financial risks of a national economy. It is based on the modern theory and practice of contingent claims analysis (CCA), which is successfully used today at the level of...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Crisis; Macroeconomics; Central Banking; Risk Management
      Citation
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      Gray, Dale F., Robert C. Merton, and Zvi Bodie. "New Framework for Measuring and Managing Macrofinancial Risk and Financial Stability." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 13607, November 2007.
      • Fourth Quarter 2007
      • Article

      Contingent Claims Approach to Measuring and Managing Sovereign Credit Risk

      By: Dale . F. Gray, Robert C. Merton and Zvi Bodie
      This paper proposes a new approach to measure, analyze, and manage sovereign risk based on the theory and practice of modern contingent claims analysis (CCA). The paper provides a new framework for adapting the CCA model to the sovereign balance sheet in a way that can...  View Details
      Keywords: Credit; Investment; Sovereign Finance; Risk Management; Emerging Markets; Market Transactions; Mathematical Methods; Valuation
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      Gray, Dale . F., Robert C. Merton, and Zvi Bodie. "Contingent Claims Approach to Measuring and Managing Sovereign Credit Risk." Special Issue on Credit Analysis. Journal of Investment Management 5, no. 4 (Fourth Quarter 2007): 5–28.
      • January 2006 (Revised December 2006)
      • Module Note

      Introduction to International Strategy

      By: David J. Collis and Jordan I. Siegel
      Provides an overview framework for understanding international strategy. Observes that international strategy draws on much of the same theory as corporate strategy. The same tests that can be applied to justify expansion across businesses--the better off and ownership...  View Details
      Keywords: International Strategy; Multinational Corporations; Global Strategy
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      Collis, David J., and Jordan I. Siegel. "Introduction to International Strategy." Harvard Business School Module Note 706-481, January 2006. (Revised December 2006.)
      • June 2005 (Revised September 2005)
      • Case

      Accounting at MacCloud Winery

      By: David F. Hawkins, Robert S. Kaplan and Gregory S. Miller
      Uses a fictional new winery to introduce accounting concepts and practices such as assets, liabilities, expenses, the matching principle, and contingent activities. Designed to approach the subject at a conceptual level, allowing class discussion to focus on the...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Reporting; Theory; Accounting
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      Hawkins, David F., Robert S. Kaplan, and Gregory S. Miller. "Accounting at MacCloud Winery." Harvard Business School Case 105-081, June 2005. (Revised September 2005.)
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