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  • All HBS Web  (171)
    • Faculty Publications  (33)

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    • All HBS Web  (171)
      • Faculty Publications  (33)

      Conformity Remove Conformity →

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      • November 2022 (Revised January 2023)
      • Case

      The Globalization of Manchester City Football Group

      By: Maria P. Roche, Tiona Zuzul, Exequiel Hernandez and Amy Klopfenstein
      This case describes the efforts of City Football Group (CFG) to purchase Esporte Clube Bahia (Bahia), a Brazilian professional soccer club. CFG’s strategy was to acquire under-performing clubs worldwide, invest money in high-profile players, and improve the teams’...  View Details
      Keywords: Business Ventures; Acquisition; Business Conglomerates; Geography; Geographic Location; Geographic Scope; Globalization; Global Strategy; Globalized Markets and Industries; Markets; Demand and Consumers; Marketing; Brands and Branding; Organizations; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Sports; Strategy; Competition; Competitive Advantage; Diversification; Expansion; Sports Industry; Europe; United Kingdom; England; South America; Brazil
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      Roche, Maria P., Tiona Zuzul, Exequiel Hernandez, and Amy Klopfenstein. "The Globalization of Manchester City Football Group." Harvard Business School Case 723-391, November 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • February 2022
      • Article

      How Global Leaders Gain Power Through Downward Deference and Reduction of Social Distance

      By: Tsedal Neeley and Sebastian Reiche
      We theorize about how people with positional power enact downward deference—a practice of lowering oneself to be equal to that of lower power workers—based on a study of 115 top global leaders at a large U.S. company. These leaders were charged with advancing...  View Details
      Keywords: Leadership; Leadership Style; Global Range; Relationships; Rank and Position; Power and Influence; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues
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      Neeley, Tsedal, and Sebastian Reiche. "How Global Leaders Gain Power Through Downward Deference and Reduction of Social Distance." Academy of Management Journal 65, no. 1 (February 2022): 11–34.
      • September 2021
      • Article

      Gender Stereotypes in Deliberation and Team Decisions

      By: Katherine B. Coffman, Clio Bryant Flikkema and Olga Shurchkov
      We explore how groups deliberate and decide on ideas in an experiment with communication. We find that gender biases play a significant role in which group members are chosen to answer on behalf of the group. Conditional on the quality of their ideas, individuals are...  View Details
      Keywords: Gender Differences; Stereotypes; Teams; Economic Experiments; Gender; Prejudice and Bias; Groups and Teams; Perception
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      Coffman, Katherine B., Clio Bryant Flikkema, and Olga Shurchkov. "Gender Stereotypes in Deliberation and Team Decisions." Games and Economic Behavior 129 (September 2021): 329–349.
      • October 2020 (Revised March 2021)
      • Case

      Pete Carroll: Building a Winning Organization through Purpose, Caring, and Inclusion

      By: Ranjay Gulati, Matthew Breitfelder and Monte Burke
      Competing at the highest levels of the National Football League (NFL) requires tremendous skill, dedication and persistence. The most successful coaches in the NFL know how to draw out a higher level of performance and consistency from their players. This is typically...  View Details
      Keywords: National Football League; Leadership Style; Organizational Culture; Mission and Purpose; Relationships; Performance; Success; Sports; Sports Industry
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      Gulati, Ranjay, Matthew Breitfelder, and Monte Burke. "Pete Carroll: Building a Winning Organization through Purpose, Caring, and Inclusion." Harvard Business School Case 421-020, October 2020. (Revised March 2021.)
      • September 2, 2020
      • Article

      How to Pay for Public Option Without Tax Hike

      By: Regina E. Herzlinger and Richard Boxer
      A bipartisan combination of the two parties’ most popular initiatives can expand health care coverage, significantly reduce costs, and enable freedom of choice, without raising taxes. Along the way, we can revitalize competition between public and private plans. Our...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Insurance; Public Option; Health Care and Treatment; Insurance; Cost Management; United States
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      Herzlinger, Regina E., and Richard Boxer. "How to Pay for Public Option Without Tax Hike." RealClearPolicy (September 2, 2020).
      • May 2020
      • Article

      How Quantitative Easing Works: Evidence on the Refinancing Channel

      By: Marco Di Maggio, Amir Kermani and Christopher Palmer
      We document the transmission of large-scale asset purchases by the Federal Reserve to the real economy using rich borrower-linked mortgage-market data and an identification strategy based on mortgage market segmentation. We find that central bank QE1 MBS purchases...  View Details
      Keywords: Monetary Policy; MBS; Quantitative Easing; LSAP; Refinancing; Deleveraging; HARP; GSE; Central Banking; Global Range; Financing and Loans; Credit; United States
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      Di Maggio, Marco, Amir Kermani, and Christopher Palmer. "How Quantitative Easing Works: Evidence on the Refinancing Channel." Review of Economic Studies 87, no. 3 (May 2020): 1498–1528.
      • 2020
      • Chapter

      Conformity

      By: Lumumba Babushe Seegars and Patricia Faison Hewlin
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      Seegars, Lumumba Babushe, and Patricia Faison Hewlin. "Conformity." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, edited by Virgil Zeigler-Hill and Todd K. Shackelford, 831–836. Springer, 2020.
      • February 2020
      • Article

      Being 'Good' or 'Good Enough': Prosocial Risk and the Structure of Moral Self-regard

      By: Julian Zlatev, Daniella M. Kupor, Kristin Laurin and Dale T. Miller
      The motivation to feel moral powerfully guides people’s prosocial behavior. We propose that people’s efforts to preserve their moral self-regard conform to a moral threshold model. This model predicts that people are primarily concerned with whether their...  View Details
      Keywords: Prosocial Behavior; Moral Sensibility; Decision Making; Risk and Uncertainty; Behavior; Perception
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      Zlatev, Julian, Daniella M. Kupor, Kristin Laurin, and Dale T. Miller. "Being 'Good' or 'Good Enough': Prosocial Risk and the Structure of Moral Self-regard." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118, no. 2 (February 2020): 242–253.
      • July–August 2019
      • Article

      Coupling Labor Codes of Conduct and Supplier Labor Practices: The Role of Internal Structural Conditions

      By: Yanhua Bird, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
      Exploitive working conditions have spurred companies to pressure their suppliers to adopt labor codes of conduct and to conform their labor practices to the standards set forth in those codes. Yet little is known about whether organizational structures such as codes...  View Details
      Keywords: Organization Theory; Economic Sociology; Social Responsibility; Sustainability; Auditing; Process Improvement; Organizational Structure; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Supply Chain; Labor; Working Conditions
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      Bird, Yanhua, Jodi L. Short, and Michael W. Toffel. "Coupling Labor Codes of Conduct and Supplier Labor Practices: The Role of Internal Structural Conditions." Organization Science 30, no. 4 (July–August 2019): 847–867. (Best Paper Award at ComplianceNet Conference 2019, 2020 Responsible Research in Management Award Finalist.)
      • May–June 2019
      • Article

      U-Shaped Conformity in Online Social Networks

      By: Monic Sun, Michael Zhang and Feng Zhu
      We explore how people balance their needs to belong and to be different from their friends by studying their choices of a virtual-house wall color on a leading Chinese social-networking site. The setting enables us to randomize both the popular color and the adoption...  View Details
      Keywords: Conformity; Normative Social Influence; Social Networks; Field Experiment; Social and Collaborative Networks; Behavior; Attitudes; Social Media
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      Sun, Monic, Michael Zhang, and Feng Zhu. "U-Shaped Conformity in Online Social Networks." Marketing Science 38, no. 3 (May–June 2019): 461–480.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Does Public Ownership and Accountability Increase Diversity? Evidence from IPOs

      By: Rembrand Koning and John-Paul Ferguson
      Does public ownership improve employment diversity? Organizational researchers theorize that increased transparency to regulators and the public should lead firms to conform to legal and social norms—but that social closure and decoupling should preserve the status...  View Details
      Keywords: IPO; Initial Public Offering; Employees; Diversity; Gender; Race; Entrepreneurship; United States
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      Koning, Rembrand, and John-Paul Ferguson. "Does Public Ownership and Accountability Increase Diversity? Evidence from IPOs." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-071, January 2019.
      • Article

      Diversity Thresholds: How Social Norms, Visibility, and Scrutiny Relate to Group Composition

      By: Edward H. Chang, Katherine L. Milkman, Dolly Chugh and Modupe Akinola
      Across a field study and four experiments, we examine how social norms and scrutiny affect decisions about adding members of underrepresented populations (e.g., women, racial minorities) to groups. When groups are scrutinized, we theorize that decision makers strive to...  View Details
      Keywords: Social Norms; Impression Management; Groups and Teams; Governing and Advisory Boards; Diversity; Gender; Decision Making
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      Chang, Edward H., Katherine L. Milkman, Dolly Chugh, and Modupe Akinola. "Diversity Thresholds: How Social Norms, Visibility, and Scrutiny Relate to Group Composition." Academy of Management Journal 62, no. 1 (February 2019): 144–171.
      • 2018
      • Book

      Rebel Talent: Why It Pays to Break the Rules at Work and Life

      By: F. Gino
      The world’s best chef.
      An airline captain who brought his flight to safety in a daring water landing.
      A magician known for his sensational escape acts.
      A computer scientist who founded a world-renowned animation studio.
      What do all of these...  View Details
      Keywords: Talent and Talent Management; Personal Characteristics; Success; Behavior
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      Gino, F. Rebel Talent: Why It Pays to Break the Rules at Work and Life. New York: Dey Street Books, 2018.
      • 2016
      • Working Paper

      Decision-Making by Precedent and the Founding of American Honda (1948 – 1974)

      By: Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and John Heilbron
      American Honda was founded in 1959 as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Honda Motor Company to facilitate sales and distribution in the United States. The details of American Honda’s early history have long served as evidence in debates among scholars and practitioners...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Business Subsidiaries; Decision Making; Auto Industry; Retail Industry; United States
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      Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and John Heilbron. "Decision-Making by Precedent and the Founding of American Honda (1948 – 1974)." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-016, August 2016.
      • Spring 2016
      • Article

      Performance Responses to Competition Across Skill-Levels in Rank Order Tournaments: Field Evidence and Implications for Tournament Design

      By: Kevin J. Boudreau, Karim R. Lakhani and Michael E. Menietti
      Tournaments are widely used in the economy to organize production and innovation. We study individual contestant-level data from 2,796 contestants in 774 software algorithm design contests with random assignment. Precisely conforming to theory predictions, the...  View Details
      Keywords: Competition; Innovation Strategy
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      Boudreau, Kevin J., Karim R. Lakhani, and Michael E. Menietti. "Performance Responses to Competition Across Skill-Levels in Rank Order Tournaments: Field Evidence and Implications for Tournament Design." RAND Journal of Economics 47, no. 1 (Spring 2016): 140–165.
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Understanding Conformity: An Experimental Investigation

      By: B. Douglas Bernheim and Christine L Exley
      Some theories of conformity hold that social equilibrium either standardizes inferences or promotes a shared understanding of conventions and norms among individuals with fixed heterogeneous preferences (belief mechanisms). Others depict tastes as fluid and hence...  View Details
      Keywords: Conformity; Norms; Image Motivation; Prosocial Behavior; Motivation and Incentives; Behavior; Standards
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      Bernheim, B. Douglas, and Christine L Exley. "Understanding Conformity: An Experimental Investigation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-070, December 2015.
      • June 2015 (Revised May 2017)
      • Teaching Note

      Philips Healthcare: Marketing the HealthSuite Digital Platform

      By: John A. Quelch
      Keywords: Healthcare; Experiential Quality; Conformance Quality; Clinical Outcomes; Cost Efficiency; Quality; Performance; Health Care and Treatment
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      Quelch, John A. "Philips Healthcare: Marketing the HealthSuite Digital Platform." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 515-113, June 2015. (Revised May 2017.)
      • September 2014
      • Case

      FormPrint Ortho500

      By: Frank V. Cespedes and Alisa Zalosh
      The Senior Vice President of FormPrint's Medical Products business unit is considering issues raised by the upcoming introduction of a new 3D printing system, the Ortho500, which could print custom exoskeletal orthopedic splints, braces, and casts that conformed to a...  View Details
      Keywords: B2B Marketing; Technological Innovation; Market Entry and Exit; Marketing Strategy; Distribution Channels; Product Development; Medical Devices and Supplies Industry
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      Cespedes, Frank V., and Alisa Zalosh. "FormPrint Ortho500." Harvard Business School Brief Case 915-535, September 2014.
      • June 2014
      • Article

      The Red Sneakers Effect: Inferring Status and Competence from Signals of Nonconformity

      By: Silvia Bellezza, Francesca Gino and Anat Keinan
      We examine how people react to nonconforming behaviors, such as entering a luxury boutique wearing gym clothes rather than an elegant outfit or wearing red sneakers in a professional setting. Nonconforming behaviors, as costly and visible signals, can act as a...  View Details
      Keywords: Marketing; Consumer Behavior
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      Bellezza, Silvia, Francesca Gino, and Anat Keinan. "The Red Sneakers Effect: Inferring Status and Competence from Signals of Nonconformity." Journal of Consumer Research 41, no. 1 (June 2014): 35–54. (Finalist, 2017 Best Article Award for a paper published in JCR in 2014.))
      • October 2011
      • Case

      Levendary Cafe: The China Challenge

      By: Christopher A. Bartlett and Arar Han
      Just weeks into her new job, Mia Foster, a first time CEO with no international management experience, is faced with a major challenge at Levendary Cafe, a $10 billion US-based fast food chain. Strategically, many of her corporate staff have become concerned that the...  View Details
      Keywords: Globalization; International Management; Foreign Subsidiaries; General Managers; Strategy; Management Style; Strategic Planning; Business Subsidiaries; Multinational Firms and Management; Adaptation; Entrepreneurship; Relationships; Standards; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Retail Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; China; United States
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      Bartlett, Christopher A., and Arar Han. "Levendary Cafe: The China Challenge." Harvard Business School Brief Case 114-357, October 2011.
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