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    • All HBS Web  (1,527)
      • Faculty Publications  (328)

      Competitive Price DiscriminationRemove Competitive Price Discrimination →

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      • May–June 2025
      • Article

      Algorithmic Assortment Curation: An Empirical Study of Buybox in Online Marketplaces

      By: Santiago Gallino, Nil Karacaoglu and Antonio Moreno
      Most online sales worldwide take place in marketplaces that connect sellers and buyers. The presence of numerous third-party sellers leads to a proliferation of listings for each product, making it difficult for customers to choose between the available options. Online... View Details
      Keywords: Algorithms; Marketplaces; Marketplace Matching; E-commerce; Demand and Consumers; Customer Focus and Relationships; Market Participation; Technology Adoption
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      Gallino, Santiago, Nil Karacaoglu, and Antonio Moreno. "Algorithmic Assortment Curation: An Empirical Study of Buybox in Online Marketplaces." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 27, no. 3 (May–June 2025): 917–934.
      • June 2025
      • Article

      Collusion in Brokered Markets

      By: John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers and Richard Lowery
      High commissions in the U.S. residential real estate agency market present a puzzle for economic theory because brokerage is not a concentrated industry. We model brokered markets as a game in which agents post prices for customers and then choose which other agents to... View Details
      Keywords: Real Estate Agents; Real Estate; Realtors; Broker Networks; Brokerage; Brokerage Commissions; "Brokerage Industry; Brokered Markets; Brokering; Brokers; Industrial Organization; Repeated Game Framework; "Repeated Games"; Collusion; Antitrust; Microeconomics; Market Design; Theory; Game Theory; Real Estate Industry
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      Hatfield, John William, Scott Duke Kominers, and Richard Lowery. "Collusion in Brokered Markets." Journal of Finance 80, no. 3 (June 2025): 1417–1462.
      • Summer 2025
      • Article

      Dynamic Competition for Customer Memberships

      By: Cristian Chica, Julian Jimenez-Cardenas and Jorge Tamayo
      A competitive two-period membership (subscription) market is analyzed. Two symmetric firms charge a “membership” fee that allows consumers to buy products or services at a given unit price for both periods. Firms can choose between long- or short-term memberships. When... View Details
      Keywords: Competitive Price Discrimination; Membership; Dynamic Competition; Competition; Price; Consumer Behavior; Business Model
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      Chica, Cristian, Julian Jimenez-Cardenas, and Jorge Tamayo. "Dynamic Competition for Customer Memberships." Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 34, no. 2 (Summer 2025): 525–556.
      • June 2025
      • Article

      Integral Outside: The Financial Curb Market, the Electric Telegraph, and the Politics of Pricing in Second Empire France

      By: Charlotte Robertson
      Financial markets in nineteenth-century France were far more complex than an analysis of the official Bourse or its state-authorized brokers would suggest. Most financial transactions occurred on an illegal yet tacitly tolerated curb market called the coulisse, which... View Details
      Keywords: Financial Markets; History; Communication Technology; Knowledge Dissemination; France
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      Robertson, Charlotte. "Integral Outside: The Financial Curb Market, the Electric Telegraph, and the Politics of Pricing in Second Empire France." Journal of Modern History 97, no. 2 (June 2025): 307–347.
      • June 2025
      • Case

      Vail Resorts: Responding to Activist Pressure (A)

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Edward A. Meyer
      On January 27, 2025, the head of a relatively small hedge fund named Late Apex Partners sent a highly critical letter to the board of directors of Vail Resorts, the world’s largest ski resort operator. In his letter, and the 88-slide presentation that accompanied his... View Details
      Keywords: Corporate Finance; Capital Budgeting; Corporate Governance; Competitive Advantage; Competitive Strategy; Leading Change; Valuation; Investment Activism; Climate Change; Management Succession; Financial Management; Risk Management; Sports Industry; Entertainment and Recreation Industry; Travel Industry; United States; Australia; Canada
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Edward A. Meyer. "Vail Resorts: Responding to Activist Pressure (A)." Harvard Business School Case 225-082, June 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      An Empirical Examination of Business Climate Alliances: Effective and/or Harmful?

      By: Matteo Gasparini and Peter Tufano
      This research studies business alliances that seek to address climate change, offering empirical evidence to address claims advanced by alliance supporters and critics. We study eleven major alliances mostly focused on financial services firms and 424 major... View Details
      Keywords: Antitrust; Climate Change; Financial Institutions; Competition; Network Effects; Alliances
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      Gasparini, Matteo, and Peter Tufano. "An Empirical Examination of Business Climate Alliances: Effective and/or Harmful?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-060, May 2025.
      • May 2025
      • Case

      stc Group: DARE to Transform

      By: Sunil Gupta and Sadika El Hariri
      Established as a government-owned entity in 1998, stc Group was the sole telecommunications operator in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Soon after it was privatized in 2003, regional players started entering the Saudi market. To deal with the competition and to... View Details
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      Gupta, Sunil, and Sadika El Hariri. "stc Group: DARE to Transform." Harvard Business School Case 525-013, May 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Prices and Concentration: A U-shape? Theory and Evidence from Renewables

      By: Michele Fioretti, Junnan He and Jorge Tamayo
      We show that when firms compete via supply functions, transferring high-cost capacity to the largest, most efficient firm—thereby diversifying its production technologies while increasing concentration—can lower prices by prompting the leader to expand output and... View Details
      Keywords: Diversified Production Technologies; Concentration Levels; Market Power; Supply Function Equilibrium; Hydropower; Energy Transition; Renewable Energy; Price; Competition; Supply and Industry; Energy Industry; Colombia
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      Fioretti, Michele, Junnan He, and Jorge Tamayo. "Prices and Concentration: A U-shape? Theory and Evidence from Renewables." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-049, April 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised February 2025)
      • Background Note

      A High-Tech Revolution with Chinese Characteristics: China's Drive Towards EV Supremacy

      By: William C. Kirby, Daniel Fu and Matthew Ngai
      This background note explains and documents the rise of China's EV industry. Moreover, it identifies the challenges facing it and posits several questions about the decisions needed to be made to sustain the industry's global dominance. Would Chinese producers be able... View Details
      Keywords: State Capitalism; Electric Vehicles; Tesla; Renewable Energy; Global Strategy; Taxation; Technological Innovation; Industry Growth; Competition; Auto Industry; China; United States; Japan; European Union
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      Kirby, William C., Daniel Fu, and Matthew Ngai. "A High-Tech Revolution with Chinese Characteristics: China's Drive Towards EV Supremacy." Harvard Business School Background Note 325-073, January 2025. (Revised February 2025.)
      • January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Less Is More: Will Aldi's Expansion Plans Pay Off in a Crowded U.S. Grocery Market?

      By: David Collis and Haisley Wert
      In 2024, the discount grocery retailer Aldi announced bold U.S. expansion plans. Within five years, the German company would increase its store count by 30% to reach 3,200+ stores across the United States and approach becoming the fifth largest grocery retailer in the... View Details
      Keywords: Scope; Grocery; Corporate Strategy; Expansion; Business Model; Competitive Strategy; Retail Industry; United States
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      Collis, David, and Haisley Wert. "Less Is More: Will Aldi's Expansion Plans Pay Off in a Crowded U.S. Grocery Market?" Harvard Business School Case 725-416, January 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • November 2024
      • Case

      Fyffes International SA

      By: David E. Bell, Damien McLoughlin and Tonia Labruyère
      Helge Sparsoe, CEO of Fyffes since 2020, had taken the tropical produce importer and distributor back to a path of stable level of profitability since he joined in 2020. He was now thinking about next steps for the business, which mainly traded in bananas. He was... View Details
      Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Change Management; Environmental Sustainability; Brands and Branding; Demand and Consumers; Supply Chain; Competition; Price; Value Creation; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Republic of Ireland; Colombia; Guatemala; Costa Rica; Ecuador
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      Bell, David E., Damien McLoughlin, and Tonia Labruyère. "Fyffes International SA." Harvard Business School Case 525-028, November 2024.
      • September 2024
      • Case

      Nvidia, Inc. in 2024 and the Future of AI

      By: David B. Yoffie and Sarah von Bargen
      Nvidia was one of the most successful companies in the world, reaching $3.4 trillion in valuation on June 18th, 2024. While Microsoft and Apple quickly recaptured the value crown, some analysts forecasted that Nvidia was so strongly positioned that it might become the... View Details
      Keywords: Customer Value and Value Chain; Price; Technological Innovation; Competition; Vertical Integration; Valuation; Technology Industry
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      Yoffie, David B., and Sarah von Bargen. "Nvidia, Inc. in 2024 and the Future of AI." Harvard Business School Case 725-360, September 2024.
      • September–October 2024
      • Article

      How AI Can Power Brand Management

      By: Julian De Freitas and Elie Ofek
      Marketers have begun experimenting with AI to improve their brand-management efforts. But unlike other marketing tasks, brand management involves more than just repeatedly executing one specialized function. Long considered the exclusive domain of creative talent, it... View Details
      Keywords: Creativity; AI and Machine Learning; Brands and Branding; Product Positioning; Customer Focus and Relationships
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      De Freitas, Julian, and Elie Ofek. "How AI Can Power Brand Management." Harvard Business Review 102, no. 5 (September–October 2024): 108–114.
      • July 2024 (Revised January 2025)
      • Case

      Dynamic Pricing at Wendy's: Where's the Beef?

      By: Elie Ofek, Alicia Dadlani and Martha Hostetter
      In early 2024, Wendy’s new CEO announced on an earnings call that the company would install digital menus in its US locations so it could begin testing dynamic pricing—changing prices up or down in response to shifts in supply and demand – as well as allow engaging in... View Details
      Keywords: Dynamic Pricing; Marketing Strategy; Price; Technology Adoption; Consumer Behavior; AI and Machine Learning; Customer Focus and Relationships; Policy; Food and Beverage Industry
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      Ofek, Elie, Alicia Dadlani, and Martha Hostetter. "Dynamic Pricing at Wendy's: Where's the Beef?" Harvard Business School Case 525-010, July 2024. (Revised January 2025.)
      • June 2024
      • Article

      Information Spillovers in Experience Goods Competition

      By: Zhuoqiong Charlie Chen, Christopher Stanton and Catherine Thomas
      When experience goods compete, consuming one product can be informative about value for similar untried products. We study a two-period model of duopoly competition in markets that have this feature and where firms can price discriminate between consumers based on... View Details
      Keywords: Experience Goods; Competition; Information; Demand and Consumers; Profit; Price
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      Chen, Zhuoqiong Charlie, Christopher Stanton, and Catherine Thomas. "Information Spillovers in Experience Goods Competition." Management Science 70, no. 6 (June 2024): 3923–3950.
      • May 2024
      • Case

      Naked Wines: The Profit vs. Growth Decision

      By: Benjamin C. Esty and Edward A. Meyer
      Nick Devlin faced a difficult strategic decision in October 2022. As the CEO of a UK-based subscription business connecting wine drinkers in the US, UK, and Australia with winemakers from around the world (which one journalist called the “Netflix of Wine”), he had to... View Details
      Keywords: Profit Vs. Growth; Platform Business; Economies Of Scale; Subscription Business; Wine; Scaling; Racing; Value Creation; Network Effects; Business Startups; Small Business; Financial Management; Financial Strategy; Growth Management; Business Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Profit; E-commerce; Growth and Development Strategy; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; United States; Australia; United Kingdom
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      Esty, Benjamin C., and Edward A. Meyer. "Naked Wines: The Profit vs. Growth Decision." Harvard Business School Case 724-462, May 2024.
      • April 8, 2024
      • Article

      Loyalty Programs May Limit Competition, and They Could Be Pushing Prices up for Everyone

      By: Alexandru Nichifor and Scott Duke Kominers
      Keywords: Customer Focus and Relationships; Competitive Strategy; Consumer Behavior; Brands and Branding
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      Nichifor, Alexandru, and Scott Duke Kominers. "Loyalty Programs May Limit Competition, and They Could Be Pushing Prices up for Everyone." The Conversation (April 8, 2024).
      • April 2024 (Revised July 2024)
      • Case

      Unleashing Human Magic at Best Buy

      By: Leonard A. Schlesinger, Sunil Gupta and Amram Migdal
      The case examines the transformation of Best Buy under CEO Hubert Joly's leadership from 2012. Facing significant business challenges, including competition from online and physical retailers, Joly implemented the "Renew Blue" turnaround strategy, which focused on... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Transformation; Transition; Communication Intention and Meaning; Communication Strategy; Customer Focus and Relationships; Health Care and Treatment; Digital Transformation; Digital Strategy; Job Cuts and Outsourcing; Labor; Leadership Development; Leadership Style; Leading Change; Management Practices and Processes; Management Style; Business or Company Management; Crisis Management; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Failure; Success; Personal Development and Career; Strategic Planning; Adaptation; Competition; Alignment; Business Strategy; Retail Industry; Minneapolis; Minnesota; United States
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      Schlesinger, Leonard A., Sunil Gupta, and Amram Migdal. "Unleashing Human Magic at Best Buy." Harvard Business School Case 524-072, April 2024. (Revised July 2024.)
      • March 2024
      • Teaching Note

      Sonder Holdings Inc.: Using Technology to Solve Hospitality's Frictions

      By: John A. Deighton and Leora Kornfeld
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 922-039. Digital disruption is challenging the hospitality industry. Traditional hotels face competition from platforms, most visibly Airbnb but also the homeshare divisions of online travel agencies such as Expedia and Booking.com, that... View Details
      Keywords: Digital Platforms; Disruptive Innovation; Competition; Market Participation; Accommodations Industry
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      Deighton, John A., and Leora Kornfeld. "Sonder Holdings Inc.: Using Technology to Solve Hospitality's Frictions." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 924-302, March 2024.
      • March 2024 (Revised March 2024)
      • Teaching Note

      CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub

      By: Frank Nagle and Maria P. Roche
      This teaching note is the companion to case N9-624-010 CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub, which takes place in late 2021. The case briefly describes the history of both GitHub and Microsoft with a particular focus on open source software (OSS)—software... View Details
      Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions; AI and Machine Learning; Applications and Software; Technological Innovation; Product Launch; Open Source Distribution; Product Development; Commercialization; Competition; Resource Allocation; Technology Industry
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      Nagle, Frank, and Maria P. Roche. "CoPilot(s): Generative AI at Microsoft and GitHub." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 724-452, March 2024. (Revised March 2024.)
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