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Cheating
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- Article
The Deception Spiral: Corporate Obfuscation Leads to Perceptions of Immorality and Cheating Behavior
By: D.M. Markowitz, M. Kouchaki, J.T. Hancock and F. Gino
In four studies, we evaluated how corporate misconduct relates to language patterns, perceptions of immorality, and unethical behavior. First, we analyzed nearly 190 codes of conduct from S&P 500 manufacturing companies and observed that corporations with ethics...
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Keywords:
Obfuscation;
Corporate Unethicality;
Deception;
Deception Spiral;
Organizations;
Values and Beliefs;
Ethics;
Perception;
Behavior
Markowitz, D.M., M. Kouchaki, J.T. Hancock, and F. Gino. "The Deception Spiral: Corporate Obfuscation Leads to Perceptions of Immorality and Cheating Behavior." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 40, no. 2 (March 2021): 277–296.
- Article
'Many Others Are Doing It, So Why Shouldn't I?': How Being in Larger Competitions Leads to More Cheating
By: Celia Chui, Maryam Kouchaki and Francesca Gino
In many spheres of life, from applying for a job to participating in an athletic contest to vying for a date, we face competition. Does the size of the competition pool affect our propensity to behave unethically in our pursuit of the prize? We propose that it does....
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Keywords:
Unethical Behavior;
Cheating;
Competitors;
Social Norms;
Ethics;
Behavior;
Competition;
Societal Protocols
Chui, Celia, Maryam Kouchaki, and Francesca Gino. "'Many Others Are Doing It, So Why Shouldn't I?': How Being in Larger Competitions Leads to More Cheating." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 164 (May 2021): 102–115.
- Article
Cheating, Inequality Aversion, and Appealing to Social Norms
By: Clara Amato, Francesca Gino, Natalia Montinari and Pierluigi Sacco
We conduct a field experiment involving 143, 9-years old children in their classrooms. Children are requested to flip a coin in private and receive a big or a small prize depending on the outcome they report. Comparing the actual and theoretical distribution of...
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Keywords:
Cheating;
Inequality Aversion;
Social Norms;
Children;
Experiment;
Behavior;
Equality and Inequality;
Moral Sensibility
Amato, Clara, Francesca Gino, Natalia Montinari, and Pierluigi Sacco. "Cheating, Inequality Aversion, and Appealing to Social Norms." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 179 (November 2020): 767–778.
- May 2019
- Article
A Counterfeit Competence: After Threat, Cheating Boosts One's Self-Image
By: S. Wiley Wakeman, Celia Moore and F. Gino
In six studies, we show that after experiencing a threat to their abilities, individuals who misrepresent their performance as better than it actually is boost their feelings of competence. We situate these findings in the literature on self-protection. We show that...
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Keywords:
Cheating;
Self-perception;
Self-protection;
Competency and Skills;
Identity;
Perception;
Performance
Wakeman, S. Wiley, Celia Moore, and F. Gino. "A Counterfeit Competence: After Threat, Cheating Boosts One's Self-Image." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 82 (May 2019): 253–265.
- January 2016
- Article
Blind Loyalty?: How Group Loyalty Makes Us See Evil or Engage in It
By: John Angus D. Hildreth, Francesca Gino and Max Bazerman
Loyalty often drives corruption. Corporate scandals, political machinations, and sports cheating highlight how loyalty's pernicious nature manifests in collusion, conspiracy, cronyism, nepotism, and other forms of cheating. Yet loyalty is also touted as an ethical...
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Hildreth, John Angus D., Francesca Gino, and Max Bazerman. "Blind Loyalty? How Group Loyalty Makes Us See Evil or Engage in It." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 132 (January 2016): 16–36.
- October 2015
- Article
Hormones and Ethics: Understanding the Biological Basis of Unethical Conduct
By: Jooa Julie Lee, Francesca Gino, Ellie Shuo Jin, Leslie K. Rice and Robert A. Josephs
Globally, fraud has been rising sharply over the last decade, with current estimates placing financial losses at greater than $3.7 trillion dollars annually. Unfortunately, fraud prevention has been stymied by lack of a clear and comprehensive understanding of its...
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Lee, Jooa Julie, Francesca Gino, Ellie Shuo Jin, Leslie K. Rice, and Robert A. Josephs. "Hormones and Ethics: Understanding the Biological Basis of Unethical Conduct." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144, no. 5 (October 2015): 891–897.
- August 19, 2015
- Article
The Slow Decay and Quick Revival of Self-deception
By: Zoe Chance, Francesca Gino, Michael I. Norton and Dan Ariely
People demonstrate an impressive ability to self-deceive, distorting misbehavior to reflect positively on themselves—for example, by cheating on a test and believing that their inflated performance reflects their true ability. But what happens to self-deception when...
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Keywords:
Self-deception;
Cheating;
Self-enhancement;
Positive Illusions;
Motivated Reasoning;
Perception;
Behavior;
Ethics
Chance, Zoe, Francesca Gino, Michael I. Norton, and Dan Ariely. "The Slow Decay and Quick Revival of Self-deception." Art. 1075. Frontiers in Psychology 6 (August 19, 2015): 1–6.
- 2015
- Working Paper
Thick as Thieves? Dishonest Behavior and Egocentric Social Networks
By: Jooa Julia Lee, Dong-Kyun Im, Bidhan Parmar and Francesca Gino
People experience a threat to their moral self-concept in the face of discrepancies between their moral values and their unethical behavior. We theorize that people's need to restore their view of themselves as moral activates thoughts of a high-density personal social...
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Lee, Jooa Julia, Dong-Kyun Im, Bidhan Parmar, and Francesca Gino. "Thick as Thieves? Dishonest Behavior and Egocentric Social Networks." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-064, February 2015.
- 2014
- Article
Morality Rebooted: Exploring Simple Fixes to Our Moral Bugs
Ethics research developed partly in response to calls from organizations to understand and solve unethical behavior. Departing from prior work that focused mainly on examining the antecedents and consequences of dishonesty, we examine two approaches to mitigating...
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Keywords:
Corruption;
Dishonesty;
Unethical Behavior;
Interventions;
Structure;
Values;
Behavior;
Ethics;
Moral Sensibility
Zhang, Ting, Francesca Gino, and Max Bazerman. "Morality Rebooted: Exploring Simple Fixes to Our Moral Bugs." Research in Organizational Behavior 34 (2014): 63–79.
- 2014
- Article
Time, Money, and Morality
By: F. Gino and C. Mogilner
Money, a resource that absorbs much daily attention, seems to be present in much unethical behavior thereby suggesting that money itself may corrupt. This research examines a way to offset such potentially deleterious effects—by focusing on time, a resource that tends...
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Gino, F., and C. Mogilner. "Time, Money, and Morality." Psychological Science 25, no. 2 (February 2014): 414–421.
- April 2014
- Article
Evil Genius? How Dishonesty Can Lead to Greater Creativity
By: F. Gino and S. Wiltermuth
We propose that dishonest and creative behavior have something in common: they both involve breaking rules. Because of this shared feature, creativity may lead to dishonesty (as shown in prior work), and dishonesty may lead to creativity (the hypothesis we tested in...
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Gino, F., and S. Wiltermuth. "Evil Genius? How Dishonesty Can Lead to Greater Creativity." Psychological Science 25, no. 4 (April 2014): 973–981.
- March 2014
- Article
Cheating More for Less: Upward Social Comparisons Motivate the Poorly Compensated to Cheat
By: Leslie K. John, George Loewenstein and Scott Rick
Intuitively, people should cheat more when cheating is more lucrative, but we find that the effect of performance-based pay rates on dishonesty depends on how readily people can compare their pay rate to that of others. In Experiment 1, participants were paid 5 cents...
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Keywords:
Dishonesty;
Social Comparison;
Pay Secrecy;
Motivation and Incentives;
Fairness;
Decision Making;
Compensation and Benefits
John, Leslie K., George Loewenstein, and Scott Rick. "Cheating More for Less: Upward Social Comparisons Motivate the Poorly Compensated to Cheat." Special Issue on Behavioral Ethics. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 123, no. 2 (March 2014): 101–109.
- 2014
- Article
The Burden of Guilt: Heavy Backpacks, Light Snacks, and Enhanced Morality
By: M. Kouchaki, F. Gino and A. Jami
Drawing on the embodied simulation account of emotional information processing, we argue that the physical experience of weight is associated with the emotional experience of guilt and thus that weight intensifies the experience of guilt. Across four studies, we found...
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Kouchaki, M., F. Gino, and A. Jami. "The Burden of Guilt: Heavy Backpacks, Light Snacks, and Enhanced Morality." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143, no. 1 (February 2014): 414–424.
- December 2013 (Revised September 2017)
- Case
Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance
By: Robert Simons and Natalie Kindred
The widespread cheating scandal that rocked the Atlanta public school system in 2010 and 2011 illustrates how high-stakes performance pressure, without sufficient risk controls, can drive dangerous behavior. After becoming superintendent of the low-income and...
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Keywords:
Atlanta;
Test;
Testing;
Standardized Test;
Standardized Testing;
No Child Left Behind;
NCLB;
Cheating;
Performance Pressure;
Measurement;
Incentives;
Atlanta Public Schools;
Management;
Leadership;
Ethics;
Performance;
Performance Evaluation;
Performance Expectations;
Risk Management;
Education;
Education Industry;
United States;
Georgia (state, US);
Atlanta
Simons, Robert, and Natalie Kindred. "Atlanta Schools: Measures to Improve Performance." Harvard Business School Case 114-001, December 2013. (Revised September 2017.)
- October 2013
- Article
The Cheater's High: The Unexpected Affective Benefits of Unethical Behavior
By: N. E. Ruedy, C. Moore, F. Gino and M. Schweitzer
Many theories of moral behavior assume that unethical behavior triggers negative affect. In this paper, we challenge this assumption and demonstrate that unethical behavior can trigger positive affect, which we term a "cheater's high." Across six studies, we find that...
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Ruedy, N. E., C. Moore, F. Gino, and M. Schweitzer. "The Cheater's High: The Unexpected Affective Benefits of Unethical Behavior." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105, no. 4 (October 2013): 531–548.
- September 2013
- Article
Self-serving Altruism? The Lure of Unethical Actions That Benefit Others
By: F. Gino, S. Ayal and D. Ariely
In three experiments, we propose and find that individuals cheat more when others can benefit from their cheating and when the number of beneficiaries of wrongdoing increases. Our results indicate that people use moral flexibility to justify their self-interested...
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Keywords:
Ethics;
Cheating;
Morality;
Moral Sensibility;
Behavior;
Decision Choices and Conditions;
Attitudes
Gino, F., S. Ayal, and D. Ariely. "Self-serving Altruism? The Lure of Unethical Actions That Benefit Others." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 93 (September 2013): 285–292.
- 2012
- Article
Signing at the Beginning Makes Ethics Salient and Decreases Dishonest Self-reports in Comparison to Signing at the End
By: L. Shu, N. Mazar, F. Gino, D. Ariely and M. Bazerman
Many written forms required by businesses and governments rely on honest reporting. Proof of honest intent is typically provided through signature at the end of the document, e.g., tax returns or insurance policy forms. Still, people sometimes cheat to advance their...
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Keywords:
Nudge;
Morality;
Honesty;
Self-report;
Policy-making;
Ethics;
Corporate Disclosure;
Reports;
Policy
Shu, L., N. Mazar, F. Gino, D. Ariely, and M. Bazerman. "Signing at the Beginning Makes Ethics Salient and Decreases Dishonest Self-reports in Comparison to Signing at the End." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 38 (September 18, 2012): 15197–15200.
- July 9, 2012
- Blog Post
Is It Cheating to Have a Side Project?
By: Leonard A. Schlesinger, Charles F. Kiefer and Paul B. Brown
Schlesinger, Leonard A., Charles F. Kiefer, and Paul B. Brown. "Is It Cheating to Have a Side Project?" Harvard Business Review Blogs (July 9, 2012). https://hbr.org/2012/07/is-it-cheating-to-have-a-side.
- June 2012
- Article
Sweeping Dishonesty under the Rug: How Unethical Actions Lead to Forgetting of Moral Rules
By: Lisa L. Shu and Francesca Gino
Dishonest behavior can have various psychological outcomes. We examine whether one consequence could be the forgetting of moral rules. In four experiments, participants were given the opportunity to behave dishonestly, and thus earn undeserved money, by over-reporting...
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Shu, Lisa L., and Francesca Gino. "Sweeping Dishonesty under the Rug: How Unethical Actions Lead to Forgetting of Moral Rules." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102, no. 6 (June 2012): 1164–1177.
- March 2012
- Article
The Dark Side of Creativity: Original Thinkers Can Be More Dishonest
By: F. Gino and D. Ariely
Creativity is a common aspiration for individuals, organizations, and societies. Here, however, we test whether creativity increases dishonesty. We propose that a creative personality and a creative mindset promote individuals' ability to justify their behavior, which,...
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Gino, F., and D. Ariely. "The Dark Side of Creativity: Original Thinkers Can Be More Dishonest." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102, no. 3 (March 2012): 445–459.