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      • Faculty Publications  (185)

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      • January 2023
      • Case

      Clay Ridge Capital

      By: Martin A. Sinozich and William R. Kerr
      Kel Jackson, with the support of his young family, has been searching for a manufacturing business to purchase. After a long process, Kel had submitted a written offer to buy Sheetfab that matched his original conversation with the owner, but a broker Kel had never met...  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Small Business; Entrepreneurship; Manufacturing Industry
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      Sinozich, Martin A., and William R. Kerr. "Clay Ridge Capital." Harvard Business School Case 823-089, January 2023.
      • 2023
      • Working Paper

      The Market for CEOs: Evidence from Private Equity

      By: Paul A. Gompers, Steven N. Kaplan and Vladimir Mukharlyamov
      Most research on the CEO labor market studies public company CEOs while largely ignoring CEOs in private equity (PE) funded companies. We fill this gap by studying the market for CEOs among U.S. companies purchased by PE firms in large leveraged buyout transactions....  View Details
      Keywords: CEOs; Jobs and Positions; Ownership; Recruitment
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      Gompers, Paul A., Steven N. Kaplan, and Vladimir Mukharlyamov. "The Market for CEOs: Evidence from Private Equity." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 30899, April 2022. (Revised January 2023.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Racial Diversity in Private Capital Fundraising

      By: Johan Cassel, Josh Lerner and Emmanuel Yimfor
      Black- and Hispanic-owned funds control a very modest share of assets in the private capital industry. We find that the sensitivity of follow-on fundraising to fund performance is greater for minority-owned groups, particularly for underperforming groups. We...  View Details
      Keywords: Buyouts; Capital Formation; Minorities; Venture Capital; Minority-owned Businesses; Race; Diversity; Investment Funds; Financial Services Industry
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      Cassel, Johan, Josh Lerner, and Emmanuel Yimfor. "Racial Diversity in Private Capital Fundraising." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-020, September 2022.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising

      By: Brian K. Baik
      I investigate whether and how private equity fund managers (GPs) inflate their interim fund valuations (net asset values, or NAVs) during fundraising periods. Specifically, I study the extent to which the GPs inflate NAVs by managing valuation assumptions (e.g.,...  View Details
      Keywords: Private Equity; Institutional Investors; Valuation Multiples; Earnings Management; Private Firms; Valuation; Investment Funds
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      Baik, Brian K. "Private Equity Fund Valuation Management during Fundraising." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-013, August 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Teaching Note

      TXU (A) and (B): Powering the Largest Leveraged Buyout in History

      By: Trevor Fetter
      Teaching Note for HBS Case Nos. 320-064 and 320-065.  View Details
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      Fetter, Trevor. "TXU (A) and (B): Powering the Largest Leveraged Buyout in History." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 122-008, January 2022.
      • January 2022
      • Article

      Replicating Private Equity with Value Investing, Homemade Leverage, and Hold-to-Maturity Accounting

      By: Erik Stafford
      The contributions of asset selection and incremental leverage to buyout investment performance are more important than typically assumed or estimated to be. Buyout funds select small firms with distinct value characteristics. Public equities with these characteristics...  View Details
      Keywords: Replicating Portfolio; Private Equity; Investment Portfolio
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      Stafford, Erik. "Replicating Private Equity with Value Investing, Homemade Leverage, and Hold-to-Maturity Accounting." Review of Financial Studies 35, no. 1 (January 2022): 299–342.
      • August 2021
      • Case

      Apax Digital

      By: Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
      The Apax Digital team faced important decisions as they contemplated raising a second fund. Apax Digital Fund I was a $1.1 billion vehicle focused on mid-market growth equity and growth buyouts in the technology sector. The fund had performed well, and the Managing...  View Details
      Keywords: Growth and Development Strategy; Acquisition; Investment Banking; Investment Portfolio; Decision Choices and Conditions; Technology Industry; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Tango, Jo, and Alys Ferragamo. "Apax Digital." Harvard Business School Case 822-016, August 2021.
      • July 2021
      • Case

      Bessemer Venture Partners: Century Fund

      By: Jo Tango and Alys Ferragamo
      In July of 2021, Bessemer Venture Partners (BVP) contemplated the future of its growth investing practice, known as “Century.” While still relatively new as a focused initiative, BVP’s growth investing already had significant momentum. The fund’s investment pace had...  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Financial Institutions; Growth and Development Strategy; Investment Banking; Competitive Strategy; Public Sector; Venture Capital; Private Equity; Acquisition
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      Tango, Jo, and Alys Ferragamo. "Bessemer Venture Partners: Century Fund." Harvard Business School Case 822-009, July 2021.
      • July 2021
      • Teaching Note

      The Carlyle Group: Carving Out Atotech

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 321-153. On January 31, 2017, The Carlyle Group ("Carlyle") closed its $3.2 billion acquisition of Atotech, an international Specialty Chemicals and Equipment company. In Carlyle's Washington, DC headquarters, the US-based deal...  View Details
      Keywords: Oil & Gas; Deal; International Acquisition; International; Acquisition; Negotiation; Negotiation Deal; Transformation; Chemicals; Markets; Bids and Bidding; Globalized Markets and Industries; Standards; Chemical Industry; United States; Europe; Asia; Germany
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. "The Carlyle Group: Carving Out Atotech." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 322-022, July 2021.
      • April 2021
      • Supplement

      Exercise for Revlon: Surviving Covid-19

      By: Kristin Mugford and Sarah Gulick
      Exercise for Revlon: Surviving Covid-19  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Financial Liquidity; Bonds; Corporate Finance; Borrowing and Debt; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Mugford, Kristin, and Sarah Gulick. "Exercise for Revlon: Surviving Covid-19." Harvard Business School Spreadsheet Supplement 221-710, April 2021.
      • April 2021 (Revised December 2021)
      • Case

      The Carlyle Group: Carving Out Atotech

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter
      On January 31, 2017, The Carlyle Group ("Carlyle") closed its $3.2 billion acquisition of Atotech, an international Specialty Chemicals and Equipment company. In Carlyle's Washington, DC headquarters, the US-based deal team—Martin Sumner, Greg Nikodem, Tanaka Maswoswe...  View Details
      Keywords: Oil & Gas; Deal; International Acquisition; International; Acquisition; Negotiation Deal; Transformation; Chemicals; Chemical Industry; United States; Europe; Asia; Germany
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. "The Carlyle Group: Carving Out Atotech." Harvard Business School Case 321-153, April 2021. (Revised December 2021.)
      • March 2021 (Revised January 2022)
      • Case

      Revlon: Surviving Covid-19

      By: Kristin Mugford and Sarah Gulick
      In October 2020, Revlon faced a crossroads. While it had been struggling with high levels of debt before COVID-19, the pandemic had caused it to go further into debt. Unlike other financial crises, many consumers had stopped buying skincare or cosmetics, and sales of...  View Details
      Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic; Leveraged Buyouts; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Financial Liquidity; Bonds; Corporate Finance; Borrowing and Debt; Beauty and Cosmetics Industry; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Mugford, Kristin, and Sarah Gulick. "Revlon: Surviving Covid-19." Harvard Business School Case 221-084, March 2021. (Revised January 2022.)
      • February 2021 (Revised June 2021)
      • Case

      Barbarians at the Gate or Turnaround Gurus? Private Equity and the Rise of the LBO

      By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
      During the 1980s, leveraged buyouts (LBOs) and the private equity (PE) firms responsible for carrying them out revolutionized both investment and management in the U.S. Between 1980 and 1989, buyout activity in the U.S. surged from $1 billion per year to $60 billion....  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Restructuring; Borrowing and Debt; Private Equity; Bonds; Investment Return; Institutional Investing; Profit Sharing; Business History; Management Style; Private Ownership; Performance Effectiveness; Value Creation; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, and John Masko. "Barbarians at the Gate or Turnaround Gurus? Private Equity and the Rise of the LBO." Harvard Business School Case 821-016, February 2021. (Revised June 2021.)
      • September 2020
      • Case

      True North: Pioneering Analytics, Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence

      By: Karim R. Lakhani, Kairavi Dey and Hannah Mayer
      True North was a private equity fund that specialized in the growth and buyout of mid-market, India-centric companies. The leadership team initially believed that technology was not core to traditional businesses and steered clear of new age technology-oriented...  View Details
      Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Information Technology; Management; Operations; Organizations; Leadership; Innovation and Invention; Business Model; AI and Machine Learning; Computer Industry; Technology Industry
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      Lakhani, Karim R., Kairavi Dey, and Hannah Mayer. "True North: Pioneering Analytics, Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence." Harvard Business School Case 621-042, September 2020.
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Complexity in Loan Contracts

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Boris Vallée
      Using novel data on 1,240 credit agreements from the leveraged loan market, we propose simple measures of contractual complexity based on clauses qualifying negative covenants. We document a high average level of contractual complexity and significant heterogeneity....  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Loans; Loan Contracts; Debt Covenants; Carve-out; Creditor Governance; LBO; Credit; Agreements and Arrangements; Leveraged Buyouts
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Boris Vallée. "Complexity in Loan Contracts." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 27316, June 2020. (Revised June 2022.)
      • March 2020
      • Case

      Cafe Kenya

      By: Lynda M. Applegate and James T. Kindley
      This case describes Café Kenya (CK), a Kenyan-based chain of casual quick-food restaurants. The chain was started in 2011 in Nairobi by Nekesa Kuria. Kuria started Café Kenya and grew it by reinvesting profits into company stores and through franchising. She also...  View Details
      Keywords: Restaurants; Entrepreneurship; Business Startups; Growth and Development Strategy; Kenya
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      Applegate, Lynda M., and James T. Kindley. "Cafe Kenya." Harvard Business School Brief Case 920-551, March 2020.
      • December 2019 (Revised January 2021)
      • Supplement

      The Leveraged Buyout of TXU: (B) Energy Future Holdings

      By: Trevor Fetter, Erik Snowberg and Rebecca M. Henderson
      This case is designed to support a lively discussion about the relative merits of shareholder vs. stakeholder perspectives in the context of a company that provides a vital public service that has important environmental implications. The 2007 purchase of TXU, the...  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Transformation; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Environmental Sustainability; Business and Shareholder Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Energy Generation; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; Texas
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      Fetter, Trevor, Erik Snowberg, and Rebecca M. Henderson. "The Leveraged Buyout of TXU: (B) Energy Future Holdings." Harvard Business School Supplement 320-065, December 2019. (Revised January 2021.)
      • December 2019 (Revised December 2022)
      • Case

      TXU (A): Powering the Largest Leveraged Buyout in History

      By: Trevor Fetter, Erik Snowberg and Rebecca M. Henderson
      This case is designed to support a lively discussion about the relative merits of shareholder vs. stakeholder perspectives in the context of a company that provides a vital public service that has important environmental implications. The 2007 purchase of TXU, the...  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Transformation; Insolvency and Bankruptcy; Environmental Sustainability; Business and Shareholder Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Energy Generation; Non-Renewable Energy; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Utilities Industry; Energy Industry; Texas
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      Fetter, Trevor, Erik Snowberg, and Rebecca M. Henderson. "TXU (A): Powering the Largest Leveraged Buyout in History." Harvard Business School Case 320-064, December 2019. (Revised December 2022.)
      • October 2019 (Revised June 2022)
      • Case

      Toys 'R' Us: Come Buy My Toys

      By: Nori Gerardo Lietz, Erica Segall, Alejandro Botto and Terrence Shu
      Keywords: Private Equity; Retail; Finance; Leveraged Buyout; Leverage; Leveraged Buyouts; Bankruptcy
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      Lietz, Nori Gerardo, Erica Segall, Alejandro Botto, and Terrence Shu. "Toys 'R' Us: Come Buy My Toys." Harvard Business School Case 220-023, October 2019. (Revised June 2022.)
      • October 2019 (Revised December 2019)
      • Case

      BC Partners: Acuris

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Terrence Shu
      This case follows Nikos Stathopoulos, Managing Partner of BC Partners, as he and his team evaluate the potential sale of one of BC Partners’ portfolio companies, Acuris. Acuris was a global financial intelligence, news, and data company that had been acquired by BC...  View Details
      Keywords: Fund Management; Fund Raising; Leveraged Buyout; Buyout; Portfolio Management; Operations Improvement; Exit; Exit Strategy; Valuation Ratios; Finance; Private Equity; Leveraged Buyouts; Operations; Performance Improvement; Acquisition; Valuation
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Terrence Shu. "BC Partners: Acuris." Harvard Business School Case 220-041, October 2019. (Revised December 2019.)
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