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      • Faculty Publications  (1,250)

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      • May 2025
      • Background Note

      Social Enterprise in Latin America

      By: Brian L. Trelstad and Karina Souza
      This research note provides an overview of the social enterprise ecosystem in Latin America, exploring current dynamics across key markets, including country-specific insights on Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Central America. In a region characterized... View Details
      Keywords: Latin America; Brazil; Mexico; Argentina; Colombia; Chile; Impact Investing; Developing Countries and Economies; Social Entrepreneurship; Emerging Markets; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Ownership; Social Enterprise; Business Strategy; Equality and Inequality; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; Latin America; Brazil; Mexico; Argentina; Colombia; Chile; Guatemala; Central America
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      Trelstad, Brian L., and Karina Souza. "Social Enterprise in Latin America." Harvard Business School Background Note 325-117, May 2025.
      • May 2025
      • Case

      'Net Zero in Action': Impact Investing at the McKnight Foundation

      By: Lauren Cohen, Christina R. Wing and Sophia Pan
      Elizabeth McGeveran, Vice President of Investments at the McKnight Foundation, reflected on how to effectively advance the organization’s net-zero strategy. The foundation had committed 10% of its endowment to building a portfolio of impact investments and was among... View Details
      Keywords: Investment Fund; Philanthropy; Charitable Donations; Sustainability; Foundation; Impact Investing; ESG; Family Business; Forecasting and Prediction; Private Sector; Renewable Energy; Social Entrepreneurship; Climate Change; Environmental Sustainability; Green Technology; Financial Strategy; Investment Funds; Investment Portfolio; Institutional Investing; Corporate Accountability; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Private Ownership; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Social Issues; Sustainable Cities; Financial Services Industry; Minnesota; United States
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      Cohen, Lauren, Christina R. Wing, and Sophia Pan. "'Net Zero in Action': Impact Investing at the McKnight Foundation." Harvard Business School Case 225-095, May 2025.
      • May 2025
      • Case

      The Micro-Family Office: Aamir Rehman

      By: Lauren Cohen and Sophia Pan
      With a successful career and strong academic credentials, Aamir Rehman sought to design a life grounded in autonomy. For him, this meant serving on boards, continuing his professorship, and ensuring a secure and comfortable life for his family. While he didn’t possess... View Details
      Keywords: Family Office; Organization Design; Family And Friends; Family; Balance; Stability; Trends And Opportunities; Wealth Management; Family Business; Investment; Financial Strategy; Personal Finance; Investment Portfolio; Private Equity; Organizational Design; Family and Family Relationships; Happiness; Satisfaction; Balance and Stability; Human Capital; Compensation and Benefits; Economy; Trends; Business Model; New Jersey; United States
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      Cohen, Lauren, and Sophia Pan. "The Micro-Family Office: Aamir Rehman." Harvard Business School Case 225-089, May 2025.
      • April 2025
      • Teaching Note

      Aramco: Navigating the Energy Transition

      By: Tarun Khanna and Samir Junnarkar
      Teaching Note for HBS Case No. 725-358. View Details
      Keywords: Energy Transmission; Oil & Gas; Economic Diversification; Corporate Strategy; Leadership; Business Strategy; Goals and Objectives; Transition; Environmental Sustainability; Diversification; Energy Industry; Saudi Arabia
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      Khanna, Tarun, and Samir Junnarkar. "Aramco: Navigating the Energy Transition." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 725-442, April 2025.
      • April 2025
      • Case

      Techint: Strategic Choices for Community Impact

      By: Lauren Cohen, Virak Prum, Kenneth Charman, Pedro Levindo and Mariana Cal
      In early 2024 Erika Bienek, Chief Community Relations Officer at Techint, had to decide whether to invest in a new company-owned and operated technical school in Veracruz, Mexico, or invest instead in strengthening the city’s public education system. Techint, a global... View Details
      Keywords: Technical Institutes; Community Relations; Social Impact; Argentina; Mexico; Brazil; Conglomerate; Stakeholder Management; Government And Business; Community Impact; Philanthropy; Business Conglomerates; Business Subsidiaries; Business Headquarters; Family Business; Decision Making; Private Sector; Public Sector; Education; Curriculum and Courses; Middle School Education; Secondary Education; Teaching; Training; Learning; Energy; Engineering; Construction; Values and Beliefs; Geography; Global Range; Local Range; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Globalized Firms and Management; Government Legislation; Recruitment; Innovation and Invention; Disruptive Innovation; Knowledge; Resource Allocation; Industry Clusters; Infrastructure; Family Ownership; Philanthropy and Charitable Giving; Business and Community Relations; Business and Stakeholder Relations; Business and Government Relations; Creativity; Reputation; Social and Collaborative Networks; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Poverty; Strategy; Construction Industry; Education Industry; Energy Industry; Industrial Products Industry; Manufacturing Industry; Steel Industry; Europe; Italy; Latin America; North and Central America; Mexico; North America; United States; South America; Argentina; Buenos Aires; Brazil
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      Cohen, Lauren, Virak Prum, Kenneth Charman, Pedro Levindo, and Mariana Cal. "Techint: Strategic Choices for Community Impact." Harvard Business School Case 825-058, April 2025.
      • April 2025 (Revised June 2025)
      • Case

      Governing Sustainability in a Shifting Context (A)

      By: Lynn S. Paine and Will Hurwitz
      In early 2025, boards of directors had to rethink corporate responsibility and sustainability efforts amid rapidly-shifting social, legal, regulatory, and economic forces. While just a few years earlier, calls to address racial justice and climate change reached into... View Details
      Keywords: Climate Change; Corporate Governance; Diversity; Leadership; Business or Company Management; Mission and Purpose; Social Media; Race; Environmental Sustainability; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Governing and Advisory Boards; Lawfulness; Lawsuits and Litigation; Measurement and Metrics; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Shareholder Relations; Social Issues; Retail Industry; Food and Beverage Industry; Banking Industry; United States
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      Paine, Lynn S., and Will Hurwitz. "Governing Sustainability in a Shifting Context (A)." Harvard Business School Case 325-121, April 2025. (Revised June 2025.)
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Navigating Choppy Waters: How U.S. Trade Policy Uncertainty Affects Small Businesses

      By: David Atkin, Zoë Cullen and Ebehi Iyoha
      This paper explores the impact of recent changes in the US trade policy environment on small businesses. Drawing on a survey of more than 4,000 small businesses conducted between March 22 and 31, 2025, we examine firms’ knowledge, expectations, and decisions during... View Details
      Keywords: Trade; Risk and Uncertainty; Government Legislation; Globalization; International Relations; Small Business
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      Atkin, David, Zoë Cullen, and Ebehi Iyoha. "Navigating Choppy Waters: How U.S. Trade Policy Uncertainty Affects Small Businesses." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-048, April 2025.
      • April 2025
      • Article

      Serving with a Smile on Airbnb: Analyzing the Economic Returns and Behavioral Underpinnings of the Host’s Smile

      By: Shunyuan Zhang, Elizabeth Friedman, Kannan Srinivasan, Ravi Dhar and Xupin Zhang
      Non-informational cues, such as facial expressions, can significantly influence judgments and interpersonal impressions. While past research has explored how smiling affects business outcomes in offline or in-store contexts, relatively less is known about how smiling... View Details
      Keywords: Sharing Economy; Airbnb; Image Feature Extraction; Machine Learning; Facial Expressions; Prejudice and Bias; Nonverbal Communication; E-commerce; Consumer Behavior; Perception
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      Zhang, Shunyuan, Elizabeth Friedman, Kannan Srinivasan, Ravi Dhar, and Xupin Zhang. "Serving with a Smile on Airbnb: Analyzing the Economic Returns and Behavioral Underpinnings of the Host’s Smile." Journal of Consumer Research 51, no. 6 (April 2025): 1073–1097.
      • March 2025
      • Case

      The Changing Climate on Wall Street

      By: Clayton S. Rose, Maxim Pike Harrell and Michael Norris
      Increasing and conflicting regulatory requirements and political pressures regarding climate change tested the leaders of U.S. financial institutions, as they struggled to determine how best to comply while managing their business and its risks. In October 2024,... View Details
      Keywords: Change; Disruption; Competency and Skills; Decision Making; Cost vs Benefits; Ethics; Governance; Corporate Accountability; Leadership; Management; Risk Management; Organizations; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Mission and Purpose; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Culture; Society; Civil Society or Community; Social Issues; Strategy; Adaptation; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Insurance Industry; United States; Europe
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      Rose, Clayton S., Maxim Pike Harrell, and Michael Norris. "The Changing Climate on Wall Street." Harvard Business School Case 325-020, March 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Centralized Governance in Decentralized Organizations

      By: Lin William Cong, Daniel Rabetti, Charles C.Y. Wang and Yu Yan
      We systematically document governance centralization in decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and study its drivers and economic implications. Using multiple data sources and granular on-chain transactional data, we compare our findings to those in corporate... View Details
      Keywords: Blockchain; Governance; Voting; Organizations; Financial Services Industry
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      Cong, Lin William, Daniel Rabetti, Charles C.Y. Wang, and Yu Yan. "Centralized Governance in Decentralized Organizations." Working Paper, March 2025.
      • March 2025
      • Article

      Do Public Financial Statements Influence Private Equity and Venture Capital Financing?

      By: Brian K. Baik, Natalie Berfeld and Rodrigo S. Verdi
      We study whether private firm public financial statements influence the probability of raising venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) financing. In particular, we propose that private firms’ public financial statements can help the VC/PE search process by... View Details
      Keywords: Business Economics; Search Costs; Accounting; Venture Capital; Governance; Private Equity; Financial Statements
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      Baik, Brian K., Natalie Berfeld, and Rodrigo S. Verdi. "Do Public Financial Statements Influence Private Equity and Venture Capital Financing?" Accounting Review 100, no. 2 (March 2025).
      • February 2025
      • Case

      Luca de Meo at Renault Group (A)

      By: Emily Truelove, Linda A. Hill and Lydia Begag
      When Luca de Meo became CEO of Renault Group in 2020, the 122-year-old French automaker faced financial challenges and the double technological disruption of the automotive industry: the shift to electric vehicles (EVs) and the rise of software-defined vehicles (SDVs).... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Transformation; Transition; Interpersonal Communication; Forms of Communication; Talent and Talent Management; Experience and Expertise; Customer Value and Value Chain; Decision Making; Economic Growth; Financial Crisis; Alternative Energy; Engineering; Global Strategy; Governance; Digital Transformation; Digital Strategy; Technology Adoption; Disruptive Innovation; Technological Innovation; Innovation Leadership; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Leading Change; Leadership Development; Leadership Style; Crisis Management; Management Skills; Business Processes; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Performance Efficiency; Transportation; Auto Industry; Battery Industry; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; Transportation Industry; France; Europe; China
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      Truelove, Emily, Linda A. Hill, and Lydia Begag. "Luca de Meo at Renault Group (A)." Harvard Business School Case 425-041, February 2025.
      • February 2025
      • Case

      Luca de Meo at Renault Group (A) (Abridged)

      By: Emily Truelove, Linda A. Hill and Lydia Begag
      When Luca de Meo became CEO of Renault Group in 2020, the 122-year-old French automaker faced financial challenges and the double technological disruption of the automotive industry: the shift to electric vehicles (EVs) and the rise of software-defined vehicles (SDVs).... View Details
      Keywords: Change Management; Transformation; Transition; Interpersonal Communication; Forms of Communication; Talent and Talent Management; Experience and Expertise; Customer Value and Value Chain; Decision Making; Economic Growth; Financial Crisis; Alternative Energy; Engineering; Global Strategy; Governance; Digital Transformation; Digital Strategy; Technology Adoption; Disruptive Innovation; Technological Innovation; Innovation Leadership; Collaborative Innovation and Invention; Leading Change; Leadership Development; Leadership Style; Crisis Management; Management Skills; Business Processes; Organizational Culture; Organizational Structure; Performance Efficiency; Transportation; Auto Industry; Battery Industry; Energy Industry; Green Technology Industry; Transportation Industry; France; Europe; China
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      Truelove, Emily, Linda A. Hill, and Lydia Begag. "Luca de Meo at Renault Group (A) (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 425-067, February 2025.
      • February 2025
      • Case

      Doing Business in Kigali, Rwanda

      By: Andy Zelleke, Martin A. Sinozich, Julianne Bliss and Choetsow Tenzin
      Rwanda’s transformation from a post-genocide recovery effort to one of Africa’s fastest-growing economies presents a compelling case for investors and business leaders. With an ambitious Vision 2050 strategy, Kigali has emerged as a regional hub for trade, innovation,... View Details
      Keywords: Business History; International Relations; Government and Politics; Foreign Direct Investment; Culture; Transformation; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Emerging Markets; Rwanda
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      Zelleke, Andy, Martin A. Sinozich, Julianne Bliss, and Choetsow Tenzin. "Doing Business in Kigali, Rwanda." Harvard Business School Case 325-087, February 2025.
      • 2025
      • Working Paper

      Impact Investing and Worker Outcomes

      By: Josh Lerner, Markus Lithell and Gordon M. Phillips
      Impact investors claim to distinguish themselves from traditional venture capital and growth equity investors by also pursuing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives. Whether they successfully do so in practice is unclear. We use confidential Census... View Details
      Keywords: ESG; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Private Equity; Venture Capital; Wages
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      Lerner, Josh, Markus Lithell, and Gordon M. Phillips. "Impact Investing and Worker Outcomes." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 25-040, February 2025. (Revised May 2025.)
      • 2025
      • Book

      Space to Grow: Unlocking the Final Economic Frontier

      By: Matthew Weinzierl and Brendan Rosseau
      Your guide--using the compelling stories of changemakers and the tools of economics--to the transformation and future possibilities of the business and economics of space.

      Space is a place of unparalleled possibility for humanity, and it's undergoing a... View Details
      Keywords: Transformation; Economics; Innovation and Invention; Market Entry and Exit; Aerospace Industry
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      Weinzierl, Matthew, and Brendan Rosseau. Space to Grow: Unlocking the Final Economic Frontier. Harvard Business Review Press, 2025.
      • 2025
      • Chapter

      Sustainability and Green Business in Latin America

      By: Geoffrey Jones
      This chapter argues that since the nineteenth century capitalism has created much wealth, but at the cost of massive ecological destruction, which has been particularly severe in Latin America. During the first global economy before 1929, considerable wealth was... View Details
      Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Business History; Globalization; Economic Growth; Latin America
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      Jones, Geoffrey. "Sustainability and Green Business in Latin America." Chap. 8 in A Business History of Latin America, edited by Andrea Lluch, Martin Monsalve Zanatti, and Marcelo Bucheli, 159–174. New York, NY, United States: Routledge, 2025.
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Arsenal Capital Partners' Refinancing of Pinnacle

      By: Victoria Ivashina and Srimayi Mylavarapu
      Arsenal Capital Partners’ portfolio company, Pinnacle, a leading producer of high-performance adhesive technologies, has experienced rapid growth under Arsenal’s ownership. Over just two years, Pinnacle's EBITDA increased from $13.5 million to $60 million. By mid-2021,... View Details
      Keywords: Business Exit or Shutdown; Decision Choices and Conditions; Private Equity; Financing and Loans; Growth Management
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      Ivashina, Victoria, and Srimayi Mylavarapu. "Arsenal Capital Partners' Refinancing of Pinnacle." Harvard Business School Case 225-075, January 2025.
      • January 2025 (Revised April 2025)
      • Case

      Doing Business in Cairo: Navigating a Path to Economic Resilience

      By: A. Zelleke and Ahmed Dahawy
      Egypt has long been a pivotal force in the Middle East and North Africa. Located at a crossroads of global trade routes, the country was a strategic partner for numerous regional and global powers. However, a substantial currency devaluation in 2016 brought many... View Details
      Keywords: Egypt; Economy; Business; Country; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Inflation and Deflation; Macroeconomics; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Globalized Economies and Regions; International Relations; Emerging Markets; Risk and Uncertainty; Culture; Egypt
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      Zelleke, A., and Ahmed Dahawy. "Doing Business in Cairo: Navigating a Path to Economic Resilience." Harvard Business School Case 325-090, January 2025. (Revised April 2025.)
      • January 2025
      • Case

      Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle

      By: Raymond Kluender and Emanuele Colonnelli
      In November 2024, Jim Chu, founder and CEO of Untapped Global, faced mounting internal tensions over the company’s strategic direction. Untapped had developed a data-driven revenue-based financing (RBF) model to address the “missing middle” problem—the $5.2 trillion... View Details
      Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship; Venture Capital; Working Capital; Private Equity; Financial Strategy; Microfinance; International Finance; Currency Exchange Rate; Profit Sharing; Revenue; Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Emerging Markets; Mission and Purpose; Small Business; Entrepreneurial Finance; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry; Information Technology Industry; Technology Industry; Africa; Nigeria; South Africa; Kenya; Uganda; California; San Francisco
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      Kluender, Raymond, and Emanuele Colonnelli. "Untapped Global: Financing Africa's Missing Middle." Harvard Business School Case 825-056, January 2025.
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