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Publications

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      • Faculty Publications  (37)

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      • August 2022 (Revised February 2023)
      • Case

      NewLab: Scaling an Innovation Engine

      By: Tarun Khanna and George Gonzalez
      Silicon Valley-veteran Shaun Stewart is the CEO of NewLab, a dynamic technology hub headquartered in the storied Brooklyn Navy Yard. Founded in 2016, NewLab fostered a community of entrepreneurs, corporate and government partners, and investors, all seeking to apply...  View Details
      Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Social and Collaborative Networks; Global Range; Partners and Partnerships; Networks; Growth and Development Strategy; Opportunities; Brooklyn
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      Khanna, Tarun, and George Gonzalez. "NewLab: Scaling an Innovation Engine." Harvard Business School Case 723-364, August 2022. (Revised February 2023.)
      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      An Anatomy of Performance Monitoring

      By: Achyuta Adhvaryu, Anant Nyshadham and Jorge Tamayo
      Performance monitoring is a mainstay management tool in most organizations. Yet we still know little about whether—and why—better monitoring yields better performance in practice. To shed light on these questions, we study the introduction of a performance monitoring...  View Details
      Keywords: Performance Monitoring; Worker Skills; Skill Depreciation; Managerial Inattention; On-the-job Training; Productivity; Multitasking; Quick Serve Restaurants; Performance Evaluation; Employees; Competency and Skills; Training; Performance Productivity; Management; Information Technology; Food and Beverage Industry; Puerto Rico
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      Adhvaryu, Achyuta, Anant Nyshadham, and Jorge Tamayo. "An Anatomy of Performance Monitoring." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-066, March 2022. (R&R Journal of Political Economy.)
      • Article

      Costs Without Value When Treating Pediatric Behavioral Patients in the ED

      By: Marcella Jewell, Syed S. Shehab, Robert S. Kaplan, Jack Fanton and Joeli Hettler
      Pediatric Emergency Department (ED) visits have greatly increased in recent years. An academic pediatric ED that annually treats about 1,000 behavioral health patients conducted a study to assess the true cost of caring for nonacute behavioral health patients. It...  View Details
      Keywords: Costs; Value; Healthcare; Health Care and Treatment; Cost Management
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      Jewell, Marcella, Syed S. Shehab, Robert S. Kaplan, Jack Fanton, and Joeli Hettler. "Costs Without Value When Treating Pediatric Behavioral Patients in the ED." NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery 3, no. 2 (February 2022).
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 7 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 2: Strategy without Numbers

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      Functional analysis as set forth in the last chapter decomposes a technical system into functional components that do things to advance the system’s purpose and the goals of its designers. Functional analysis in turn can be used to construct value structure maps...  View Details
      Keywords: Modularity; Value Structure Mapping; Value Capture; Information Technology; Organizations; Strategy; Value Creation
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 7 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 2: Strategy without Numbers." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-040, September 2020.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 16 Capturing Value by Controlling Bottlenecks in Open Platform Systems

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the means by which firms capture value in open platform systems. I begin by arguing that the surplus value created by complementarities within a technical system will be split among the owners of the unique and essential...  View Details
      Keywords: Open Platforms; Bottlenecks; Flow Production; Value Capture; Disintermediation; Production; Management; Digital Platforms
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 16 Capturing Value by Controlling Bottlenecks in Open Platform Systems." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-054, November 2019.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 17 The Wintel Standards-based Platform

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      The purpose of this chapter is to use the theory of bottlenecks laid out in previous chapters to better understand the dynamics of an open standards-based platform. I describe how the Wintel platform evolved from 1990 through 2000 under joint sponsorship of Intel and...  View Details
      Keywords: Open Platforms; Bottlenecks; Wintel Platform; Disintermediation; Information Infrastructure; Applications and Software; Business History; Digital Platforms; Computer Industry
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 17 The Wintel Standards-based Platform." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-055, November 2019.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 8 Rationalizing Flow Processes

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      The purpose of this chapter is to examine the value structure of flow production processes and to explain why it is necessary to rationalize flow processes using the tools of systematic management. I first explain the problems facing managers of multi-step flow...  View Details
      Keywords: Flow Processes; Bottlenecks; Systematic Management; Production; Management; Problems and Challenges
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 8 Rationalizing Flow Processes." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-032, September 2019.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 9 Organizing to Rationalize

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      The purpose of this chapter is to explain what the technologies of flow production with stochastic bottlenecks require and reward in organizations. I argue that organizations successfully implementing these technologies are likely to have unified governance and...  View Details
      Keywords: Information Technology; Organizational Design; Management Teams; Business History
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 9 Organizing to Rationalize." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-033, September 2019.
      • August 2019
      • Case

      Kazakhstan Railways: From the Middle of Nowhere to a Center of Trade?

      By: Willy Shih and Esel Çekin
      This case describes the evolution of Kazakhstan's rail connectivity strategy post-collapse of the Soviet Union and its now central role in China's Belt and Road Initiative. This meant shifting from a north-south orientation towards an east-west one, as well as the...  View Details
      Keywords: Geopolitics; China’s Infrastructure Exports: The ‘Belt And Road’ Initiative; Logistics; Trade; Economic Growth; Geopolitical Units; Geography; Rail Transportation; Rail Industry; Transportation Industry; Central Asia; Kazakhstan; China
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      Shih, Willy, and Esel Çekin. "Kazakhstan Railways: From the Middle of Nowhere to a Center of Trade?" Harvard Business School Case 620-020, August 2019.
      • 2019
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 15 The IBM PC

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      The IBM PC was the first digital computer platform that was open by as a matter of strategy, not necessity. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the IBM PC as a technical system and set of organization choices in light of the theory of how technology shapes...  View Details
      Keywords: IBM; Personal Computer; Digital Platforms; System; Strategy
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 15 The IBM PC." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-074, January 2019.
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 7 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 2: Technical and Strategic Bottlenecks as Guides for Action

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      The purpose of this chapter is to present analytic tools based on functional maps that can be used to identify investment opportunities and to formulate strategy in large, evolving technical systems. I argue that the points of value creation and value capture in a...  View Details
      Keywords: Bottlenecks; Information Technology; System; Investment; Opportunities; Strategy
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Design Rules, Volume 2: How Technology Shapes Organizations: Chapter 7 The Value Structure of Technologies, Part 2: Technical and Strategic Bottlenecks as Guides for Action." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-042, October 2018.
      • July 2018 (Revised June 2020)
      • Case

      The Boston Cranberry Company

      By: Alan MacCormack
      This case describes the operations of a fictitious company that processes Cranberries. The case contains data that allows students to calculate the bottleneck stage in production, and to evaluate alternative investment options for increasing cranberry processing...  View Details
      Keywords: Process Analysis; Plant Management; Operations; Production; Management; Analysis; Performance Capacity; Investment
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      MacCormack, Alan. "The Boston Cranberry Company." Harvard Business School Case 619-009, July 2018. (Revised June 2020.)
      • March 2018
      • Case

      EKOL Logistics: Thinking Outside the Box

      By: Willy C. Shih and Esel Çekin
      This case describes Ekol, an intermodal transportation and logistics company, and how it manages capacity planning. Its busiest routes linked motor vehicle assemblers in Germany and Turkey with many of their parts suppliers, but it had also developed key links in...  View Details
      Keywords: Growth And Development; Strategy; Intermodal Transportation; Short-sea Transportation; Capacity Management; Capacity Planning; Delivery Planning; Route Optimization; Car Spare Part; Auto Manufacturing; Automotive Supply Chain; Europe; Turkey; Service Design; Fast Fashion; Near-shoring; Supply Chain; Supply Chain Management; Operations; Performance Capacity; Performance Efficiency; Logistics; Transportation Industry; Auto Industry; Turkey; Germany; Spain; European Union; Europe
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      Shih, Willy C., and Esel Çekin. "EKOL Logistics: Thinking Outside the Box." Harvard Business School Case 618-037, March 2018.
      • Article

      Describing Wait Time Bottlenecks for ED Patients Undergoing Head CT

      By: Jonathan G. Rogg, Robert S. Huckman, Michael Lev, Ali Raja, Yuchiao Chang and Benjamin White
      Study objectives: Facing increased utilization and subsequent capacity and budget constraints, EDs must better understand bottlenecks and their effect on process flow to improve process efficiency. The primary objective of this study was to identify bottlenecks in...  View Details
      Keywords: Health Care; Bottleneck; Health Care and Treatment; Operations; Health Industry; United States
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      Rogg, Jonathan G., Robert S. Huckman, Michael Lev, Ali Raja, Yuchiao Chang, and Benjamin White. "Describing Wait Time Bottlenecks for ED Patients Undergoing Head CT." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 35, no. 10 (October 2017): 1510–1513.
      • 2017
      • Working Paper

      Explaining the Vertical-to-Horizontal Transition in the Computer Industry

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      This paper seeks to explain the technological forces that led to the rise of vertically integrated corporations in the late 19th century and the opposing forces that led to a vertical-to-horizontal transition in the computer industry 100 years later. I first model the...  View Details
      Keywords: Organizational Design; Business History; Vertical Integration; Horizontal Integration; Technology Platform; Computer Industry
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Explaining the Vertical-to-Horizontal Transition in the Computer Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 17-084, March 2017.
      • October 2016 (Revised November 2018)
      • Case

      Indigo Agriculture

      By: Marco Iansiti, Michael W. Toffel and Christine Snively
      Indigo Agriculture had successfully developed and launched its first commercial product, microbe-enhanced cotton seeds, on an accelerated product development timeline. In late 2016, as the company was about to launch its second product, winter wheat, the management...  View Details
      Keywords: Product Development; Agribusiness; Science-Based Business; Operations; Management; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Technology Industry
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      Iansiti, Marco, Michael W. Toffel, and Christine Snively. "Indigo Agriculture." Harvard Business School Case 617-020, October 2016. (Revised November 2018.)
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Collateral Shortages and Intermediation Networks

      By: Marco Di Maggio and Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi
      This paper argues that in the presence of trading frictions and agency problems, the interbank market may be overly fragile, in the sense that small changes in the liquidity of assets used as collateral may lead to large swings in haircuts and a potential credit...  View Details
      Keywords: Financial Intermediation; Financial Networks; Secured Lending; Collateral; Repo Runs; ABCP Collapse; Networks; Negotiation; Financing and Loans; Financial Crisis
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      Di Maggio, Marco, and Alireza Tahbaz-Salehi. "Collateral Shortages and Intermediation Networks." Working Paper, November 2015. (Revise and Resubmit to The Review of Financial Studies.)
      • 2015
      • Working Paper

      Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities

      By: Carliss Y. Baldwin
      How do firms create and capture value in large technical systems? In this paper, I argue that the points of both value creation and value capture are the system's bottlenecks. Bottlenecks arise first as important technical problems to be solved. Once the problem is...  View Details
      Keywords: Architecture; Architectural Knowledge; Dynamic Capabilities; Bottleneck; Modularity; Organization Design; Organization Boundaries; Property Rights; Organizational Design; Organizational Structure
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      Baldwin, Carliss Y. "Bottlenecks, Modules and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-028, October 2014. (Revised May 2015.)
      • February 2014 (Revised May 2014)
      • Background Note

      Flying High, Landing Low: Strengths and Challenges for U.S. Air Transportation

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Aditi Jain and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone
      The U.S. air transportation system flies high on some indicators, mostly involving capacity to take to the air, but lands low on others, mostly involving ground facilities and processes. This note provides an overview of the history and current state of air...  View Details
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, Aditi Jain, and Ai-Ling Jamila Malone. "Flying High, Landing Low: Strengths and Challenges for U.S. Air Transportation." Harvard Business School Background Note 314-098, February 2014. (Revised May 2014.)
      • January 2014 (Revised May 2014)
      • Background Note

      Rail Transportation in the United States

      By: Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Matthew Guilford
      In the 20th century, automobiles and airlines pushed rail into the background as an often-troubled and neglected mode. After a review of the long history of rail in the U.S., this paper examines the situation in the 21st century, including the rail market structure,...  View Details
      Keywords: Railroad History; History; Rail Transportation; Rail Industry
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      Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, and Matthew Guilford. "Rail Transportation in the United States." Harvard Business School Background Note 314-084, January 2014. (Revised May 2014.)
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