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Publications

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    • Faculty Publications  (102)

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    • All HBS Web  (109,025)
      • Faculty Publications  (102)

      Nicholas, Tom Remove Nicholas, Tom →

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      • 2022
      • Working Paper

      Human Capital and the Managerial Revolution in the United States

      By: Tom Nicholas
      This paper estimates the returns to human capital accumulation during the first era of megafirms in the United States by linking employees at General Electric—a canonical enterprise associated with the “visible hand” of managerial hierarchies—to data from the 1940...  View Details
      Keywords: Returns To Education; Management Practices; Hierarchies; Human Capital; Management; Training; Higher Education; Government and Politics; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom. "Human Capital and the Managerial Revolution in the United States." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 23-015, September 2022.
      • August 2022
      • Case

      Air Wars: Deregulating the U.S. Airline Industry

      By: Tom Nicholas and James Weber
      In the early decades of the twentieth century, the U.S. government assisted in the development of an airline industry by subsidizing the delivery of mail and allowing mail carriers to also fly passengers. Because the government awarded mail routes to the lowest...  View Details
      Keywords: Government Regulation; Deregulation; Change Management; Economics; Entrepreneurship; Financial Management; Business History; Human Resources; Compensation and Benefits; Labor; Labor Unions; Leading Change; Leadership Style; Crisis Management; Industry Structures; Operations; Strategy; Adaptation; Competition; Air Transportation; Air Transportation Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, and James Weber. "Air Wars: Deregulating the U.S. Airline Industry." Harvard Business School Case 823-033, August 2022.
      • July 2022
      • Case

      A Soul and a Service: North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance

      By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
      The North Carolina Mutual and Provident Association (the Mutual) was founded in 1898 as a for-profit entity selling life insurance catering to the Black community. The Mutual was entering a field crowded with established White-owned competitors that largely refused to...  View Details
      Keywords: Black Entrepreneurs; Insurance; History; Race; Prejudice and Bias; Entrepreneurship; Decision Choices and Conditions; Growth and Development Strategy; Insurance Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, and John Masko. "A Soul and a Service: North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance." Harvard Business School Case 823-032, July 2022.
      • February 2022
      • Article

      Taxation and Innovation in the 20th Century

      By: Ufuk Akcigit, John Grigsby, Tom Nicholas and Stefanie Stantcheva
      This paper studies the effect of corporate and personal taxes on innovation in the United States over the twentieth century. We build a panel of the universe of inventors who patent since 1920, and a historical state-level corporate tax database with corporate tax...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Income Taxes; Corporate Taxation; Firms; Inventors; State Taxation; Business Taxation; R&D Tax Credits; Taxation; Innovation and Invention; History; United States
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      Akcigit, Ufuk, John Grigsby, Tom Nicholas, and Stefanie Stantcheva. "Taxation and Innovation in the 20th Century." Quarterly Journal of Economics 137, no. 1 (February 2022): 329–385.
      • January 2022 (Revised March 2022)
      • Case

      Chinese Restriction, Violence, and Exclusion in the United States

      By: Tom Nicholas, Boyang Han and Tomas Rosales
      Many early Chinese immigrants to the United States during the 1850s worked as traditional gold miners, but as gold mining declined in significance, an increasing number were employed as laborers for large scale construction projects such as railroads, roadways, and in...  View Details
      Keywords: Immigration Acts; Immigration; Labor; Jobs and Positions; Race; Social Issues; Laws and Statutes
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      Nicholas, Tom, Boyang Han, and Tomas Rosales. "Chinese Restriction, Violence, and Exclusion in the United States." Harvard Business School Case 822-091, January 2022. (Revised March 2022.)
      • Article

      How History Shaped the Innovator's Dilemma

      By: Tom Nicholas
      In 1993, four years prior to the publication of Clayton Christensen’s highly influential book, The Innovator’s Dilemma, the Business History Review (BHR) published an article by Christensen titled “The Rigid Disk Drive Industry: A History of...  View Details
      Keywords: Clayton Christensen; Impact; Innovation and Invention; Disruptive Innovation; Research
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      Nicholas, Tom. "How History Shaped the Innovator's Dilemma." Business History Review 95, no. 1 (Spring 2021): 121–148.
      • February 2021 (Revised June 2021)
      • Case

      Barbarians at the Gate or Turnaround Gurus? Private Equity and the Rise of the LBO

      By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
      During the 1980s, leveraged buyouts (LBOs) and the private equity (PE) firms responsible for carrying them out revolutionized both investment and management in the U.S. Between 1980 and 1989, buyout activity in the U.S. surged from $1 billion per year to $60 billion....  View Details
      Keywords: Leveraged Buyouts; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Conglomerates; Restructuring; Borrowing and Debt; Private Equity; Bonds; Investment Return; Institutional Investing; Profit Sharing; Business History; Management Style; Private Ownership; Performance Effectiveness; Value Creation; Financial Services Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, and John Masko. "Barbarians at the Gate or Turnaround Gurus? Private Equity and the Rise of the LBO." Harvard Business School Case 821-016, February 2021. (Revised June 2021.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Status and Mortality: Is There a Whitehall Effect in the United States?

      By: Tom Nicholas
      Do white collar workers with lower social status in the occupational hierarchy die younger? The influential Whitehall studies of British civil servants identified a strong inverse relationship between employment rank and mortality, but we do not know if this effect...  View Details
      Keywords: Mortality; Status; Socioeconomic Determinants Of Health
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      Nicholas, Tom. "Status and Mortality: Is There a Whitehall Effect in the United States?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-080, January 2021.
      • October 2020 (Revised April 2022)
      • Case

      When Institutions Fail: HIV/AIDS in the 1980s

      By: Tom Nicholas and Christian Godwin
      During the early 1980s, young gay men in urban centers such as San Francisco and New York City began contracting a mysterious illness that would come to be known as HIV/AIDS. A diagnosis meant almost certain death, with a less than 1% survival rate. Conflicting...  View Details
      Keywords: Ethics; Policy; Government and Politics; Health Pandemics; History; Rights; Media; Organizations; Business and Community Relations; Religion; Social Psychology; Identity; Prejudice and Bias; Social Issues; Public Opinion; Pharmaceutical Industry; Biotechnology Industry; Health Industry; Journalism and News Industry; Media and Broadcasting Industry; Public Administration Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, and Christian Godwin. "When Institutions Fail: HIV/AIDS in the 1980s." Harvard Business School Case 821-002, October 2020. (Revised April 2022.)
      • 2020
      • Working Paper

      How History Shaped the Innovator's Dilemma

      By: Tom Nicholas
      In 1993, four years prior to the publication of Clayton Christensen’s highly influential book, The Innovator’s Dilemma, the Business History Review (BHR) published an article by Christensen titled “The Rigid Disk Drive Industry: A History of...  View Details
      Keywords: Clayton Christensen; Research; Impact
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      Nicholas, Tom. "How History Shaped the Innovator's Dilemma." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-014, July 2020. (Revised August 2020.)
      • 2021
      • Working Paper

      Status and Mortality: Is There a Whitehall Effect in the United States?

      By: Tom Nicholas
      The influential Whitehall studies found top-ranking civil servants in Britain experienced lower mortality than civil servants below them in the organizational hierarchy. I test for a Whitehall effect in the lifespan of a 1930 cohort of white collar employees at a...  View Details
      Keywords: Mortality; Status; Socioeconomic Determinants Of Health; Employees; Status and Position; Health
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      Nicholas, Tom. "Status and Mortality: Is There a Whitehall Effect in the United States?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-074, January 2020. (Revised June 2022.)
      • January 2020
      • Case

      The Origins of Bell Labs

      By: Tom Nicholas and John Masko
      In 1947, scientists at Bell Labs invented the transistor—a tiny signal amplifier that would go on to become the fundamental building block of the digital age. But, confounding most traditional economic assumptions, it was not a vigorous startup that made this momentous...  View Details
      Keywords: Business History; Innovation Leadership; Technological Innovation; Patents; Monopoly; Organizational Structure; Competitive Strategy; Telecommunications Industry; Boston; Massachusetts; New York (city, NY)
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      Nicholas, Tom, and John Masko. "The Origins of Bell Labs." Harvard Business School Case 820-081, January 2020.
      • 2019
      • Article

      History, Micro Data, and Endogenous Growth

      By: Ufuk Akcigit and Tom Nicholas
      The study of economic growth is concerned with long-run changes, and therefore, historical data should be especially influential in informing the development of new theories. In this review, we draw on the recent literature to highlight areas in which study of history...  View Details
      Keywords: Economic Development; Growth; Innovation; Economic Growth; History; Analytics and Data Science; Innovation and Invention
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      Akcigit, Ufuk, and Tom Nicholas. "History, Micro Data, and Endogenous Growth." Annual Review of Economics 11 (2019): 615–633.
      • 2019
      • Book

      VC: An American History

      By: Tom Nicholas
      An exploration of venture financing in America, from its origins in the whaling industry to the rise of Silicon Valley, that shows how venture capital (VC) created an epicenter for the development of high-tech innovation. The VC industry arose from the United States’...  View Details
      Keywords: Innovation; Venture Capital; Innovation and Invention; Entrepreneurship; History; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom. VC: An American History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. (Chinese Edition: 风投 看懂巨头的投资倾向 汤姆·尼古拉斯 著 中信出版社, Beijing: CITIC Press, 2020; Japanese Edition: ベンチャーキャピタル全史 トム・ニコラス, Shinchosha Publishing, 2022.)
      • April 2019 (Revised April 2020)
      • Case

      Reaganomics: Impact and Legacy

      By: Tom Nicholas, John Masko and Matthew G. Preble
      During the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan and his administration instituted several far-reaching economic policies that had both near- and long-term impacts on such aspects of the U.S. economy as monetary policy, inflation, the tax structure, and the role of...  View Details
      Keywords: Wealth and Poverty; Business and Government Relations; Leadership; Taxation; Government Administration; Government Legislation; Inflation and Deflation; Money; Economy; Economic Slowdown and Stagnation; Economic Growth; Equality and Inequality; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, John Masko, and Matthew G. Preble. "Reaganomics: Impact and Legacy." Harvard Business School Case 819-007, April 2019. (Revised April 2020.)
      • January 2019 (Revised February 2020)
      • Case

      Jay Gould, 'The Most Hated Man in America'

      By: Tom Nicholas, John Masko and Matthew G. Preble
      Railroad magnate Jay Gould, a controversial figure in the history of U.S. capitalism, was a disruptive influence on an industry that had previously relied on formal and informal agreements to move traffic long distances across lines operated by different companies....  View Details
      Keywords: Railroads; Gould; Vanderbilt; Rail Transportation; History; Consolidation; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Competition; Strategy; Rail Industry; United States
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      Nicholas, Tom, John Masko, and Matthew G. Preble. "Jay Gould, 'The Most Hated Man in America'." Harvard Business School Case 819-006, January 2019. (Revised February 2020.)
      • October 2018 (Revised February 2018)
      • Case

      Masayoshi Son and the Vision Fund

      By: Tom Nicholas, Ramana Nanda and Benjamin N. Roth
      In October 2016, SoftBank Group Corp., the Japanese conglomerate giant caused a significant shock to the worldwide market for venture capital and private equity by announcing the Vision Fund, the largest tech investment fund in the world at close to $100 billion. The...  View Details
      Keywords: Strategy; Venture Capital; Private Equity; Entrepreneurship; Competitive Strategy
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      Nicholas, Tom, Ramana Nanda, and Benjamin N. Roth. "Masayoshi Son and the Vision Fund." Harvard Business School Case 819-041, October 2018. (Revised February 2018.)
      • September 2018 (Revised March 2019)
      • Background Note

      The Gender Gap In U.S. History

      By: Tom Nicholas and Sophie Kainen
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      Nicholas, Tom, and Sophie Kainen. "The Gender Gap In U.S. History." Harvard Business School Background Note 819-051, September 2018. (Revised March 2019.)
      • 2018
      • Working Paper

      Taxation and Innovation in the 20th Century

      By: Ufuk Akcigit, John Grigsby, Tom Nicholas and Stefanie Stantcheva
      This paper studies the effect of corporate and personal taxes on innovation in the United States over the 20th century. We use three new datasets: a panel of the universe of inventors who patent since 1920; a dataset of the employment, location, and patents of firms...  View Details
      Keywords: Taxation; Innovation and Invention; History; United States
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      Akcigit, Ufuk, John Grigsby, Tom Nicholas, and Stefanie Stantcheva. "Taxation and Innovation in the 20th Century." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 24982, September 2018. (Forthcoming in Quarterly Journal of Economics.)
      • April 2018
      • Case

      Revitalizing the Cherokee Nation Health System

      By: Tom Nicholas and Ross Bloom
      Keywords: Native Americans; Healthcare Industry; Health Care and Treatment; Health Industry
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      Nicholas, Tom, and Ross Bloom. "Revitalizing the Cherokee Nation Health System." Harvard Business School Case 818-123, April 2018.
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