Companies are scrambling for cash in the wake of the pandemic. Unfortunately, for structural reasons they are unlikely to get the cash they need from their traditional lenders, even though the financial system is in relatively good shape and there are reserves of cash that could potentially be tapped. Government intervention will be required to help release the private capital available, but what is on the table with the CARES Act needs some amendments if the government is to get the cash where it’s needed.

This essay was submitted as comments in connection with the Federal Reserve Board’s corporate loan purchase facilities collectively called the Main Street Lending Program (“MSLP”.) 

There has never been a greater need for long-term investments. And it is increasingly unlikely that the public sector will be willing or able to fill the gap. Those best positioned to address the long-run needs are likely to be the pools of capital in the hands of pensions, insurers, sovereign wealth funds, endowments, and families. In addition to their long time frames, these institutions command enormous sums. Yet, in many cases, despite abundance of capital and substantial needs for returns, long-term investments have been problematic at best. Building on recent academic research, our own work, and many discussions with practitioners, this book outlines the key challenges facing long-term investments and suggests ways to address them. Over the past several decades, “private equity” has been the primary way in which longer-term illiquid investments have been made. In dissecting the motivations and actions of the key actors in the world of long-run investing, we will have a careful look at traditional fund models, but we will also analyze other ways to pursue concentrated and long-term investments.

Foreign banks’ lending to firms in emerging market economies is large and denominated predominantly in U.S. dollars. This creates a direct connection between U.S. monetary policy and EME credit cycles. We estimate that over a typical U.S. monetary easing cycle, EME borrowers experience a 32-percentage-point greater increase in the volume of loans issued by foreign banks than do borrowers from developed markets, followed by a fast credit contraction of a similar magnitude upon reversal of the cycle. Consistent with a risk-driven credit-supply adjustment, we show that the spillover is stronger for riskier EMEs, and, within countries, for higher-risk firms.

In the past thirty years, defaults on corporate bonds have been substantially higher than the historical average. We show that this increase in credit risk can be largely attributed to an increase in the rate at which new and fast-growing firms displace incumbents (a phenomenon sometimes referred to as ‘disruptive innovation’). Industries with a lager presence of firms newly listed on the stock market, as well as industries that receive funding from venture capital, have a higher loss of revenue market share for established firms and subsequently see a rise in corporate bond defaults. Patent filings by individuals as opposed to corporations also predict defaults. These results are not affected by inclusion of controls for industry exposure to offshore manufacturing.

This book is a collection of cases and notes that have been used in Private Equity Finance, an advanced corporate finance course offered in the second year of the Harvard Business School’s MBA curriculum, over several years. The goal of the book is to provide a detailed insight into the sources of value creation, and the process of the deal making in the private equity industry.