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Karim R. Lakhani

Karim R. Lakhani

Dorothy and Michael Hintze Professor of Business Administration

Dorothy and Michael Hintze Professor of Business Administration

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Karim R. Lakhani is the Dorothy & Michael Hintze Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School. He specializes in technology management, innovation, digital transformation and artificial intelligence (AI). His innovation-related research is centered around his role as the founder and co-director of the Laboratory for Innovation Science at Harvard and as the principal investigator of the NASA Tournament Laboratory. Karim is known for his original scholarship on open source communities and innovation contests and has pioneered the use of field experiments to help solve innovation-related challenges while simultaneously generating rigorous research in partnership with organizations like NASA, Harvard Medical School, The Broad Institute, TopCoder, The Linux Foundation and various private organizations. His digital transformation research investigates the role of analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) in reshaping business and operating models. This research is complemented through his leadership as co-founder and chair of the The Digital, Data, and Design (D^3) Institute at Harvard and as co-founder and co-chair of the Harvard Business Analytics Program, a university-wide online program transforming mid-career executives into data-savvy leaders.

Karim has published over 150 peer-reviewed papers in leading management, economics and natural science journals, executive-oriented articles in Harvard Business Review and MIT Sloan Management Review, and Harvard Business School case studies. He is the co-editor of two books from MIT Press on open and distributed innovation models including Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities and Open Innovation (2016) and Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software (2005). He is the co-author of Competing in the Age of AI (2020) a book published by the Harvard Business Review Press. His research has been featured in BusinessWeek, The Boston Globe, The Economist, Fast Company, Inc., MarketWatch, The New York Times, National Public Radio, Science, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, WBUR, WGBH, and Wired.

Karim has taught extensively in Harvard Business School’s MBA, executive, doctoral and online programs. He has co-developed new courses on Digital Innovation & Transformation, Digital Strategy and Innovation, and Laboratory to Market. He co-chairs the HBS executive program on Competing with Big Data and Business Analytics, various custom executive education offerings and developed the HarvardX online course on Technology Entrepreneurship.

Karim was awarded his Ph.D. in management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also holds an SM degree in Technology and Policy from MIT, and a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering and Management from McMaster University in Canada. He was a recipient of the Aga Khan Foundation International Scholarship and a doctoral fellowship from Canada's Social Science and Humanities Research Council. Prior to coming to HBS he served as a Lecturer at MIT’s Sloan School of Management. Karim has also worked in sales, marketing and new product development roles at GE Healthcare and was a consultant with The Boston Consulting Group.

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Technology and Operations Management
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Karim R. Lakhani
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Technology and Operations Management
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(617) 495-6741
Send Email
Featured Work Publications Awards & Honors
Competing in the Age of AI: Strategy and Leadership When Algorithms and Networks Run the World

In industry after industry, data, analytics, and AI-driven processes are transforming the nature of work. While we often still treat AI as the domain of a specific skill, business function, or sector, we have entered a new era in which AI is challenging the very concept of the firm. AI-centric organizations exhibit a new operating architecture, redefining how they create, capture, share, and deliver value.

Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani show how reinventing the firm around data, analytics, and AI removes traditional constraints on scale, scope, and learning that have constrained business growth for hundreds of years. From Airbnb to Ant Financial, Microsoft to Amazon, research shows how AI-driven processes are vastly more scalable than traditional processes, drive massive scope increase, enabling companies to straddle industry boundaries, and enable powerful opportunities for learning--to drive ever more accurate, complex, and sophisticated predictions.

When traditional operating constraints are removed, strategy becomes a whole new game, one whose rules and likely outcomes this book will make clear. Iansiti and Lakhani:

Present a framework for rethinking business and operating models; Explain how "collisions" between AI-driven/digital and traditional/analog firms are reshaping competition and altering the structure of our economy; Show how these collisions force traditional companies to change their operating models to drive scale, scope, and learning; Explain the risks involved in operating model transformation and how to overcome them; Describe the new challenges and responsibilities for the leaders of these firms.

Packed with examples--including the most powerful and innovative global, AI-driven competitors--and based on research in hundreds of firms across many sectors, this is the essential guide for rethinking how your firm competes and operates in the era of AI.

Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities, and Open Innovation
by Dietmar Harhoff (Editor), Karim R. Lakhani (Editor)

The last two decades have witnessed an extraordinary growth of new models of managing and organizing the innovation process that emphasizes users over producers. Large parts of the knowledge economy now routinely rely on users, communities, and open innovation approaches to solve important technological and organizational problems. This view of innovation, pioneered by the economist Eric von Hippel, counters the dominant paradigm, which cast the profit-seeking incentives of firms as the main driver of technical change. In a series of influential writings, von Hippel and colleagues found empirical evidence that flatly contradicted the producer-centered model of innovation. Since then, the study of user-driven innovation has continued and expanded, with further empirical exploration of a distributed model of innovation that includes communities and platforms in a variety of contexts and with the development of theory to explain the economic underpinnings of this still emerging paradigm. This volume provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary view of the field of user and open innovation, reflecting advances in the field over the last several decades.

The contributors -- including many colleagues of Eric von Hippel -- offer both theoretical and empirical perspectives from such diverse fields as economics, the history of science and technology, law, management, and policy. The empirical contexts for their studies range from household goods to financial services. After discussing the fundamentals of user innovation, the contributors cover communities and innovation; legal aspects of user and community innovation; new roles for user innovators; user interactions with firms; and user innovation in practice, describing experiments, toolkits, and crowdsourcing, and crowdfunding.

Motivating Effort in Contributing to Public Goods Inside Organizations: Field Experimental Evidence
We investigate the factors driving workers’ decisions to generate public goods inside an organization through a randomized solicitation of workplace improvement proposals in a medical center with 1200 employees. We find that pecuniary incentives, such as winning a prize, generate a threefold increase in participation compared to non-pecuniary incentives alone, such as prestige or recognition. Participation is also increased by a solicitation appealing to improving the workplace. However, emphasizing the patient mission of the organization led to countervailing effects on participation. Overall, these results are consistent with workers having multiple underlying motivations to contribute to public goods inside the organization consisting of a combination of pecuniary and altruistic incentives associated with the mission of the organization.
The Importance of Innovation
podcast for ABC Radio News
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Panel
The Challenge of Digital Transformation
The ubiquity of digital technology and internet connectivity is driving both new and old players across all industries to invest in new capabilities, define new business models, and compete in new ways. From software to automobiles, from healthcare to financial services, models for value creation and value capture are evolving rapidly. In the Summit’s opening session, Prof. Karim R. Lakhani will give you insight into how organizations are transforming — to go far beyond simply remaining relevant, and to become innovative leaders in new and varied industries.
Digital Ubiquity: How Connections, Sensors, and Data Are Revolutionizing Business
by Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani

When Google bought Nest, a maker of digital thermostats, for $3.2 billion just a few months ago, it was a clear indication that digital transformation and connection are spreading across even the most traditional industrial segments and creating a staggering array of business opportunities and threats.

The digitization of tasks and processes has become essential to competition. General Electric, for example, was at risk of losing many of its top customers to nontraditional competitors—IBM and SAP on the one hand, big data start-ups on the other—offering data-intensive, analytics-based services that could connect to any industrial device. So GE launched a multibillion-dollar initiative focused on what it calls the industrial internet: adding digital sensors to its machines; connecting them to a common, cloud-based software platform; investing in software development capabilities; building advanced analytics capabilities; and embracing crowd-based product development. With all this, GE is evolving its business model. Now, for example, revenue from its jet engines is tied to reduced downtime and miles flown over the course of a year. After just three years, GE is generating more than $1.5 billion in incremental income with digitally enabled, outcomes-based business models. The company expects that number to double in 2014 and again in 2015.

Using the Crowd as an Innovation Partner
by Kevin J. Boudreau and Karim R. Lakhani

From Apple to Merck to Wikipedia, more and more organizations are turning to crowds for help in solving their most vexing innovation and research questions, but managers remain understandably cautious. It seems risky and even unnatural to push problems out to vast groups of strangers distributed around the world, particularly for companies built on a history of internal innovation. How can intellectual property be protected? How can a crowdsourced solution be integrated into corporate operations? What about the costs?

These concerns are all reasonable, the authors write, but excluding crowdsourcing from the corporate innovation tool kit means losing an opportunity. After a decade of study, they have identified when crowds tend to outperform internal organizations (or not). They outline four ways to tap into crowd-powered problem solving—contests, collaborative communities, complementors, and labor markets—and offer a system for picking the best one in a given situation. Contests, for example, are suited to highly challenging technical, analytical, and scientific problems; design problems; and creative or aesthetic projects. They are akin to running a series of independent experiments that generate multiple solutions—and if those solutions cluster at some extreme, a company can gain insight into where a problem’s “technical frontier” lies. (Internal R&D may generate far less information.)

 

Open Innovation – How can I use the crowd?
February 26, 2016, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute
Innovation has become an urgent imperative for entrepreneurial and established organizations. Over the last decade, in industries as diverse as fashion design, media software, life sciences, pharmaceuticals and automotive, the most cutting edge organizations have started to externalize their innovation process by working actively with communities and sponsoring contests – so called open innovation. At this lecture, Karim Lakhani from Harvard Business School will provide best practice examples and a framework for using communities and contests to solve the most pressing innovation problems.

He is the Principal Investigator of The Crowd Innovation Lab at Harvard's Institute for Quantitative Social Science, which has worked closely with strategic partners at NASA, Harvard Medical School, Scripps Research Institute, various US government agencies and private sector partners. The idea is to solve innovation problems while simultaneously driving social science insights on the optimal organization of crowd-based innovation. Professor Lakhani will also discuss the Lab's experience in working with its strategic partners to drive change in the organization of innovation.
The push to legalize crowdfunding

Legislation in Congress could make it easier for everyday people to become investors in small companies. Harvard Business School’s Karim Lakhani and entrepreneur Slava Menn tell Kara why “crowdfunding” is all the rage.

TopCoder Innovation Series - Professor Karim Lakhani on Open Innovation

Professor Lakhani - Harvard Business School - shares his thoughts on the extreme value outcomes born from Open Innovation competitions, Big Data opportunities and the TopCoder Platform

OCT TechNovation: Accessing the Ideas Cloud
Through a renewed focus on innovation and technology, NASA seeks to be an important catalyst for intellectual and economic expansion for the nation. Our inaugural TechNovation Speaker Forum gathered NASA employees from across the agency to listen to our special presenter Karim R. Lakhani, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School who specializes in management of technological innovation and product development in firms and communities. Lakhani discussed innovative approaches to solving problems by leveraging the knowledge of virtual communities, known as "the cloud" and by using distributed or open innovations. The program was carried live on NASA Television with Q&A from participating NASA centers.

MIT Communications Forum, October 4, 2007

For the forum's topic of collective intelligence, Karim Lakhani participated as a speaker in "a conversation about the theory and practice of collective intelligence, with emphasis on Wikipedia, other instances of aggregated intellectual work and on recent innovative applications in business."  A podcast and a webcast are available through the forum's website.

Harvard Business School Case on Wikipedia: Wikipedia (A)
by Karim R. Lakhani and Andrew P. McAfee, Harvard Business School Case, January 30, 2007
wikipedia

On August 24, 2006, the "Enterprise 2.0" entry in the Web-based encyclopedia Wikipedia was made a candidate for deletion. Wikipedia was an unusual encyclopedia because virtually anybody could start a new article or edit an existing one. This egalitarian philosophy had enabled very rapid growth but also led to the creation of some articles that did not meet established standards. Wikipedia's "articles-for-deletion" (AfD) process was an attempt to deal with this problem. Anyone could nominate an article for deletion; nomination caused a notice to be placed on the article's page alerting readers to the deletion request and pointing them to a special page where they could debate it. An AfD process lasted five days, after which a Wikipedia administrator reviewed the arguments and made a decision on the fate of the article.

In the spirit of Wikipedia we have released this under a GFDL license, and we will teach it in Andrew McAfee's second year MBA course on Managing in the Information Age this Spring to get students familiar with the inner workings of a distributed community and to grapple with issues related to authority, decision making, expertise and norms of behavior in a community setting.

Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
Edited by Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam and Karim R. Lakhani
Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software

What is the status of the Free and Open Source Software (F/OSS) revolution? Has the creation of software that can be freely used, modified, and redistributed transformed industry and society, as some predicted, or is this transformation still a work in progress? Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software brings together leading analysts and researchers to address this question, examining specific aspects of F/OSS in a way that is both scientifically rigorous and highly relevant to real-life managerial and technical concerns.

Karim R. Lakhani is the Dorothy & Michael Hintze Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School. He specializes in technology management, innovation, digital transformation and artificial intelligence (AI). His innovation-related research is centered around his role as the founder and co-director of the Laboratory for Innovation Science at Harvard and as the principal investigator of the NASA Tournament Laboratory. Karim is known for his original scholarship on open source communities and innovation contests and has pioneered the use of field experiments to help solve innovation-related challenges while simultaneously generating rigorous research in partnership with organizations like NASA, Harvard Medical School, The Broad Institute, TopCoder, The Linux Foundation and various private organizations. His digital transformation research investigates the role of analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) in reshaping business and operating models. This research is complemented through his leadership as co-founder and chair of the The Digital, Data, and Design (D^3) Institute at Harvard and as co-founder and co-chair of the Harvard Business Analytics Program, a university-wide online program transforming mid-career executives into data-savvy leaders.

Karim has published over 150 peer-reviewed papers in leading management, economics and natural science journals, executive-oriented articles in Harvard Business Review and MIT Sloan Management Review, and Harvard Business School case studies. He is the co-editor of two books from MIT Press on open and distributed innovation models including Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities and Open Innovation (2016) and Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software (2005). He is the co-author of Competing in the Age of AI (2020) a book published by the Harvard Business Review Press. His research has been featured in BusinessWeek, The Boston Globe, The Economist, Fast Company, Inc., MarketWatch, The New York Times, National Public Radio, Science, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, WBUR, WGBH, and Wired.

Karim has taught extensively in Harvard Business School’s MBA, executive, doctoral and online programs. He has co-developed new courses on Digital Innovation & Transformation, Digital Strategy and Innovation, and Laboratory to Market. He co-chairs the HBS executive program on Competing with Big Data and Business Analytics, various custom executive education offerings and developed the HarvardX online course on Technology Entrepreneurship.

Karim was awarded his Ph.D. in management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also holds an SM degree in Technology and Policy from MIT, and a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering and Management from McMaster University in Canada. He was a recipient of the Aga Khan Foundation International Scholarship and a doctoral fellowship from Canada's Social Science and Humanities Research Council. Prior to coming to HBS he served as a Lecturer at MIT’s Sloan School of Management. Karim has also worked in sales, marketing and new product development roles at GE Healthcare and was a consultant with The Boston Consulting Group.

Featured Work
Competing in the Age of AI: Strategy and Leadership When Algorithms and Networks Run the World

In industry after industry, data, analytics, and AI-driven processes are transforming the nature of work. While we often still treat AI as the domain of a specific skill, business function, or sector, we have entered a new era in which AI is challenging the very concept of the firm. AI-centric organizations exhibit a new operating architecture, redefining how they create, capture, share, and deliver value.

Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani show how reinventing the firm around data, analytics, and AI removes traditional constraints on scale, scope, and learning that have constrained business growth for hundreds of years. From Airbnb to Ant Financial, Microsoft to Amazon, research shows how AI-driven processes are vastly more scalable than traditional processes, drive massive scope increase, enabling companies to straddle industry boundaries, and enable powerful opportunities for learning--to drive ever more accurate, complex, and sophisticated predictions.

When traditional operating constraints are removed, strategy becomes a whole new game, one whose rules and likely outcomes this book will make clear. Iansiti and Lakhani:

Present a framework for rethinking business and operating models; Explain how "collisions" between AI-driven/digital and traditional/analog firms are reshaping competition and altering the structure of our economy; Show how these collisions force traditional companies to change their operating models to drive scale, scope, and learning; Explain the risks involved in operating model transformation and how to overcome them; Describe the new challenges and responsibilities for the leaders of these firms.

Packed with examples--including the most powerful and innovative global, AI-driven competitors--and based on research in hundreds of firms across many sectors, this is the essential guide for rethinking how your firm competes and operates in the era of AI.

Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities, and Open Innovation
by Dietmar Harhoff (Editor), Karim R. Lakhani (Editor)

The last two decades have witnessed an extraordinary growth of new models of managing and organizing the innovation process that emphasizes users over producers. Large parts of the knowledge economy now routinely rely on users, communities, and open innovation approaches to solve important technological and organizational problems. This view of innovation, pioneered by the economist Eric von Hippel, counters the dominant paradigm, which cast the profit-seeking incentives of firms as the main driver of technical change. In a series of influential writings, von Hippel and colleagues found empirical evidence that flatly contradicted the producer-centered model of innovation. Since then, the study of user-driven innovation has continued and expanded, with further empirical exploration of a distributed model of innovation that includes communities and platforms in a variety of contexts and with the development of theory to explain the economic underpinnings of this still emerging paradigm. This volume provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary view of the field of user and open innovation, reflecting advances in the field over the last several decades.

The contributors -- including many colleagues of Eric von Hippel -- offer both theoretical and empirical perspectives from such diverse fields as economics, the history of science and technology, law, management, and policy. The empirical contexts for their studies range from household goods to financial services. After discussing the fundamentals of user innovation, the contributors cover communities and innovation; legal aspects of user and community innovation; new roles for user innovators; user interactions with firms; and user innovation in practice, describing experiments, toolkits, and crowdsourcing, and crowdfunding.

Motivating Effort in Contributing to Public Goods Inside Organizations: Field Experimental Evidence
We investigate the factors driving workers’ decisions to generate public goods inside an organization through a randomized solicitation of workplace improvement proposals in a medical center with 1200 employees. We find that pecuniary incentives, such as winning a prize, generate a threefold increase in participation compared to non-pecuniary incentives alone, such as prestige or recognition. Participation is also increased by a solicitation appealing to improving the workplace. However, emphasizing the patient mission of the organization led to countervailing effects on participation. Overall, these results are consistent with workers having multiple underlying motivations to contribute to public goods inside the organization consisting of a combination of pecuniary and altruistic incentives associated with the mission of the organization.
The Importance of Innovation
podcast for ABC Radio News
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Panel
The Challenge of Digital Transformation
The ubiquity of digital technology and internet connectivity is driving both new and old players across all industries to invest in new capabilities, define new business models, and compete in new ways. From software to automobiles, from healthcare to financial services, models for value creation and value capture are evolving rapidly. In the Summit’s opening session, Prof. Karim R. Lakhani will give you insight into how organizations are transforming — to go far beyond simply remaining relevant, and to become innovative leaders in new and varied industries.
Digital Ubiquity: How Connections, Sensors, and Data Are Revolutionizing Business
by Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani

When Google bought Nest, a maker of digital thermostats, for $3.2 billion just a few months ago, it was a clear indication that digital transformation and connection are spreading across even the most traditional industrial segments and creating a staggering array of business opportunities and threats.

The digitization of tasks and processes has become essential to competition. General Electric, for example, was at risk of losing many of its top customers to nontraditional competitors—IBM and SAP on the one hand, big data start-ups on the other—offering data-intensive, analytics-based services that could connect to any industrial device. So GE launched a multibillion-dollar initiative focused on what it calls the industrial internet: adding digital sensors to its machines; connecting them to a common, cloud-based software platform; investing in software development capabilities; building advanced analytics capabilities; and embracing crowd-based product development. With all this, GE is evolving its business model. Now, for example, revenue from its jet engines is tied to reduced downtime and miles flown over the course of a year. After just three years, GE is generating more than $1.5 billion in incremental income with digitally enabled, outcomes-based business models. The company expects that number to double in 2014 and again in 2015.

Using the Crowd as an Innovation Partner
by Kevin J. Boudreau and Karim R. Lakhani

From Apple to Merck to Wikipedia, more and more organizations are turning to crowds for help in solving their most vexing innovation and research questions, but managers remain understandably cautious. It seems risky and even unnatural to push problems out to vast groups of strangers distributed around the world, particularly for companies built on a history of internal innovation. How can intellectual property be protected? How can a crowdsourced solution be integrated into corporate operations? What about the costs?

These concerns are all reasonable, the authors write, but excluding crowdsourcing from the corporate innovation tool kit means losing an opportunity. After a decade of study, they have identified when crowds tend to outperform internal organizations (or not). They outline four ways to tap into crowd-powered problem solving—contests, collaborative communities, complementors, and labor markets—and offer a system for picking the best one in a given situation. Contests, for example, are suited to highly challenging technical, analytical, and scientific problems; design problems; and creative or aesthetic projects. They are akin to running a series of independent experiments that generate multiple solutions—and if those solutions cluster at some extreme, a company can gain insight into where a problem’s “technical frontier” lies. (Internal R&D may generate far less information.)

 

Open Innovation – How can I use the crowd?
February 26, 2016, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute
Innovation has become an urgent imperative for entrepreneurial and established organizations. Over the last decade, in industries as diverse as fashion design, media software, life sciences, pharmaceuticals and automotive, the most cutting edge organizations have started to externalize their innovation process by working actively with communities and sponsoring contests – so called open innovation. At this lecture, Karim Lakhani from Harvard Business School will provide best practice examples and a framework for using communities and contests to solve the most pressing innovation problems.

He is the Principal Investigator of The Crowd Innovation Lab at Harvard's Institute for Quantitative Social Science, which has worked closely with strategic partners at NASA, Harvard Medical School, Scripps Research Institute, various US government agencies and private sector partners. The idea is to solve innovation problems while simultaneously driving social science insights on the optimal organization of crowd-based innovation. Professor Lakhani will also discuss the Lab's experience in working with its strategic partners to drive change in the organization of innovation.
The push to legalize crowdfunding

Legislation in Congress could make it easier for everyday people to become investors in small companies. Harvard Business School’s Karim Lakhani and entrepreneur Slava Menn tell Kara why “crowdfunding” is all the rage.

TopCoder Innovation Series - Professor Karim Lakhani on Open Innovation

Professor Lakhani - Harvard Business School - shares his thoughts on the extreme value outcomes born from Open Innovation competitions, Big Data opportunities and the TopCoder Platform

OCT TechNovation: Accessing the Ideas Cloud
Through a renewed focus on innovation and technology, NASA seeks to be an important catalyst for intellectual and economic expansion for the nation. Our inaugural TechNovation Speaker Forum gathered NASA employees from across the agency to listen to our special presenter Karim R. Lakhani, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School who specializes in management of technological innovation and product development in firms and communities. Lakhani discussed innovative approaches to solving problems by leveraging the knowledge of virtual communities, known as "the cloud" and by using distributed or open innovations. The program was carried live on NASA Television with Q&A from participating NASA centers.

MIT Communications Forum, October 4, 2007

For the forum's topic of collective intelligence, Karim Lakhani participated as a speaker in "a conversation about the theory and practice of collective intelligence, with emphasis on Wikipedia, other instances of aggregated intellectual work and on recent innovative applications in business."  A podcast and a webcast are available through the forum's website.

Harvard Business School Case on Wikipedia: Wikipedia (A)
by Karim R. Lakhani and Andrew P. McAfee, Harvard Business School Case, January 30, 2007
wikipedia

On August 24, 2006, the "Enterprise 2.0" entry in the Web-based encyclopedia Wikipedia was made a candidate for deletion. Wikipedia was an unusual encyclopedia because virtually anybody could start a new article or edit an existing one. This egalitarian philosophy had enabled very rapid growth but also led to the creation of some articles that did not meet established standards. Wikipedia's "articles-for-deletion" (AfD) process was an attempt to deal with this problem. Anyone could nominate an article for deletion; nomination caused a notice to be placed on the article's page alerting readers to the deletion request and pointing them to a special page where they could debate it. An AfD process lasted five days, after which a Wikipedia administrator reviewed the arguments and made a decision on the fate of the article.

In the spirit of Wikipedia we have released this under a GFDL license, and we will teach it in Andrew McAfee's second year MBA course on Managing in the Information Age this Spring to get students familiar with the inner workings of a distributed community and to grapple with issues related to authority, decision making, expertise and norms of behavior in a community setting.

Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
Edited by Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam and Karim R. Lakhani
Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software

What is the status of the Free and Open Source Software (F/OSS) revolution? Has the creation of software that can be freely used, modified, and redistributed transformed industry and society, as some predicted, or is this transformation still a work in progress? Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software brings together leading analysts and researchers to address this question, examining specific aspects of F/OSS in a way that is both scientifically rigorous and highly relevant to real-life managerial and technical concerns.

Books
  • Iansiti, Marco, and Karim R. Lakhani. Competing in the Age of AI: Strategy and Leadership When Algorithms and Networks Run the World. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2020. View Details
  • Harhoff, Dietmar and Karim R. Lakhani, eds. Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities, and Open Innovation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016. View Details
  • Feller, Joe, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott Hissam and Karim R. Lakhani, eds. Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005. View Details
Journal Articles
  • Teplitskiy, Misha, Hao Peng, Andrea Blasco, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Is Novel Research Worth Doing? Evidence from Peer Review at 49 Journals." e2118046119. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 47 (November 22, 2022). View Details
  • Khanna, Tarun, Karim R. Lakhani, Shubhangi Bhadada, Nabil Khan, Saba Kohli Davé, Rasim Alam, and Meena Hewett. "Crowdsourcing Memories: Mixed Methods Research by Cultural Insiders-Epistemological Outsiders." Academy of Management Perspectives 35, no. 3 (August 2021): 384–399. View Details
  • Teplitskiy, Misha, Eamon Duede, Michael Menietti, and Karim R. Lakhani. "How Status of Research Papers Affects the Way They Are Read and Cited." Research Policy 51, no. 4 (May 2022). View Details
  • Lane, Jacqueline N., Misha Teplitskiy, Gary Gray, Hardeep Ranu, Michael Menietti, Eva C. Guinan, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Conservatism Gets Funded? A Field Experiment on the Role of Negative Information in Novel Project Evaluation." Management Science 68, no. 6 (June 2022): 4478–4495. View Details
  • Gao, Jian, Yian Yin, Kyle R. Myers, Karim R. Lakhani, and Dashun Wang. "Potentially Long-Lasting Effects of the Pandemic on Scientists." Art. 6188. Nature Communications 12 (2021). View Details
  • Lane, Jacqueline N., Ina Ganguli, Patrick Gaule, Eva C. Guinan, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Engineering Serendipity: When Does Knowledge Sharing Lead to Knowledge Production?" Strategic Management Journal 42, no. 6 (June 2021). View Details
  • Blasco, Andrea, Ted Natoli, Michael G. Endres, Rinat A. Sergeev, Steven Randazzo, Jin Hyun Paik, N.J. Maximilian Macaluso, Rajiv Narayan, Xiaodong Lu, David Peck, Karim R. Lakhani, and Aravind Subramanian. "Improving Deconvolution Methods in Biology Through Open Innovation Competitions: An Application to the Connectivity Map." Bioinformatics 37, no. 18 (September 15, 2021). View Details
  • George, Gerard, Karim R. Lakhani, and Phanish Puranam. "What Has Changed? The Impact of COVID Pandemic on the Technology and Innovation Management Research Agenda." Journal of Management Studies 57, no. 8 (December 2020). View Details
  • Endres, Michael G., Florian Hillen, Marios Salloumis, Ahmad R. Sedaghat, Stefan M. Niehues, Olivia Quatela, Henning Hanken, Ralf Smeets, Benedicta Beck-Broichsitter, Carsten Rendenbach, Karim R. Lakhani, Max Helland, and Robert A. Gaudin. "Development of a Deep Learning Algorithm for Periapical Disease Detection in Dental Radiographs." Diagnostics 10, no. 6 (June 2020). View Details
  • Chan, Hau, David C. Parkes, and Karim R. Lakhani. "The Price of Anarchy of Self-Selection in Tullock Contests." Proceedings of the International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS) 19th (2020): 1795–1797. View Details
  • Myers, Kyle, Wei Yang Tham, Yian Yin, Nina Cohodes, Marie Thursby, Jerry Thursby, Peter Schiffer, Joseph Walsh, Karim R. Lakhani, and Dashun Wang. "Unequal Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Scientists." Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 9 (September 2020): 880–883. View Details
  • Hyun Paik, Jin, Martin Scholl, Rinat A. Sergeev, Steven Randazzo, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Innovation Contests for High-Tech Procurement." Research-Technology Management 63, no. 2 (March–April 2020): 36–45. View Details
  • Iansiti, Marco, and Karim R. Lakhani. "From Disruption to Collision: The New Competitive Dynamics." Special Issue on Disruption 2020. MIT Sloan Management Review 61, no. 3 (Spring 2020). View Details
  • Iansiti, Marco, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Competing in the Age of AI." Harvard Business Review 98, no. 1 (January–February 2020): 60–67. View Details
  • Winsor, John, Jin Hyun Paik, Michael Tushman, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Overcoming Cultural Resistance to Open Source Innovation." Strategy & Leadership 47, no. 6 (2019): 28–33. View Details
  • Blasco, Andrea, Michael G. Endres, Rinat A. Sergeev, Anup Jonchhe, Max Macaluso, Rajiv Narayan, Ted Natoli, Jin H. Paik, Bryan Briney, Chunlei Wu, Andrew I. Su, Aravind Subramanian, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Advancing Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research Through Open Innovation Competitions." PLoS ONE 14, no. 9 (September 2019). View Details
  • Richard, Elizabeth E., Jeffrey R. Davis, Jin Hyun Paik, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Sustaining Open Innovation Through a 'Center of Excellence'." Strategy & Leadership 47, no. 3 (2019): 19–26. View Details
  • Mak, Raymond H., Michael G. Endres, Jin Hyun Paik, Rinat A. Sergeev, Hugo Aerts, Christopher L. Williams, Karim R. Lakhani, and Eva C. Guinan. "Use of Crowd Innovation to Develop an Artificial Intelligence-Based Solution for Radiation Therapy Targeting." JAMA Oncology 5, no. 5 (May 2019): 654–661. View Details
  • Blasco, Andrea, Olivia S. Jung, Karim R. Lakhani, and Michael Menietti. "Incentives for Public Goods Inside Organizations: Field Experimental Evidence." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 160 (April 2019): 214–229. View Details
  • Felin, Teppo, and Karim R. Lakhani. "What Problems Will You Solve with Blockchain? Before Jumping on the Bandwagon, Companies Need to Carefully Consider how Ledger Technologies Fit into their Overall Strategy." Reprint 60115. MIT Sloan Management Review 60, no. 1 (Fall 2018). View Details
  • Jung, Olivia, Andrea Blasco, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Innovation Contest: Effect of Perceived Support for Learning on Participation." Health Care Management Review 45, no. 3 (July–September 2020): 255–266. View Details
  • Boudreau, Kevin, Tom Brady, Ina Ganguli, Patrick Gaule, Eva C. Guinan, Anthony Hollenberg, and Karim R. Lakhani. "A Field Experiment on Search Costs and the Formation of Scientific Collaborations." Review of Economics and Statistics 99, no. 4 (October 2017): 565–576. View Details
  • Hill, Andrew, Po-Ru Loh, Ragu B. Bharadwaj, Pascal Pons, Jingbo Shang, Eva C. Guinan, Karim R. Lakhani, Iain Kilty, and Scott Jelinsky. "Stepwise Distributed Open Innovation Contests for Software Development: Acceleration of Genome-Wide Association Analysis." GigaScience 6, no. 5 (May 2017). View Details
  • Iansiti, Marco, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Managing Our Hub Economy: Strategy, Ethics, and Network Competition in the Age of Digital Superpowers." Harvard Business Review 95, no. 5 (September–October 2017): 84–92. View Details
  • Felin, Teppo, Karim R. Lakhani, and Michael L. Tushman. "Firms, Crowds, and Innovation." Special Issue on Organizing Crowds and Innovation. Strategic Organization 15, no. 2 (May 2017): 119–140. View Details
  • Iansiti, Marco, and Karim R. Lakhani. "The Truth about Blockchain." Harvard Business Review 95, no. 1 (January–February 2017): 118–127. View Details
  • Faraj, Samer, Georg von Krogh, Eric Monteiro, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Online Community as Space for Knowledge Flows." Information Systems Research 27, no. 4 (December 2016): 668–684. View Details
  • Riedl, Christoph, Richard Zanibbi, Marti A. Hearst, Siyu Zhu, Michael Menietti, Jason Crusan, Ivan Metelsky, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Detecting Figures and Part Labels in Patents: Competition-based Development of Graphics Recognition Algorithms." International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR) 19, no. 2 (June 2016): 155–172. View Details
  • Boudreau, Kevin J., Karim R. Lakhani, and Michael E. Menietti. "Performance Responses to Competition Across Skill-Levels in Rank Order Tournaments: Field Evidence and Implications for Tournament Design." RAND Journal of Economics 47, no. 1 (Spring 2016): 140–165. View Details
  • Boudreau, Kevin J., Eva Guinan, Karim R. Lakhani, and Christoph Riedl. "Looking Across and Looking Beyond the Knowledge Frontier: Intellectual Distance and Resource Allocation in Science." Management Science 62, no. 10 (October 2016). View Details
  • Boudreau, Kevin J., and Karim R. Lakhani. "'Open' Disclosure of Innovations, Incentives and Follow-on Reuse: Theory on Processes of Cumulative Innovation and a Field Experiment in Computational Biology." Research Policy 44, no. 1 (February 2015): 4–19. View Details
  • Iansiti, Marco, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Digital Ubiquity: How Connections, Sensors, and Data Are Revolutionizing Business." Harvard Business Review 92, no. 11 (November 2014): 90–99. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Kevin J. Boudreau, Po-Ru Loh, Lars Backstrom, Carliss Y. Baldwin, Eric Lonstein, Mike Lydon, Alan MacCormack, Ramy A. Arnaout, and Eva C. Guinan. "Prize-based Contests Can Provide Solutions to Computational Biology Problems." Nature Biotechnology 31, no. 2 (February 2013): 108–111. View Details
  • Boudreau, Kevin J., and Karim R. Lakhani. "Using the Crowd as an Innovation Partner." Harvard Business Review 91, no. 4 (April 2013): 61–69. View Details
  • Guinan, Eva C., Kevin J. Boudreau, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Experiments in Open Innovation at Harvard Medical School." Art. 3. MIT Sloan Management Review 54, no. 3 (Spring 2013): 45–52. View Details
  • King, Andrew, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Using Open Innovation to Identify the Best Ideas." MIT Sloan Management Review 55, no. 1 (Fall 2013): 41–48. View Details
  • Boudreau, Kevin J., Nicola Lacetera, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Incentives and Problem Uncertainty in Innovation Contests: An Empirical Analysis." Management Science 57, no. 5 (May 2011): 843–863. View Details
  • Jeppesen, Lars Bo, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Marginality and Problem-Solving Effectiveness in Broadcast Search." Organization Science 21, no. 5 (September–October 2010): 1016–1033. View Details
  • West, Joel, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Getting Clear About Communities in Open Innovation." Industry and Innovation 15, no. 2 (April 2008). View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Jill A. Panetta. "The Principles of Distributed Innovation." Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization 2, no. 3 (Summer 2007). View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Lars Bo Jeppesen. "Getting Unusual Suspects to Solve R&D Puzzles." Forethought. Harvard Business Review 85, no. 5 (May 2007). View Details
  • von Krogh, Georg, Sebastian Spaeth, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Community, Joining, and Specialization in Open Source Software Innovation: A Case Study." Research Policy 32, no. 7 (July 2003): 1217–1241. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Eric von Hippel. How Open Source Software Works: "Free" User-to-User Assistance. Research Policy 32, no. 6 (June 2003): 923–943. View Details
Book Chapters
  • Lakhani, Karim R. "Managing Communities and Contests to Innovate with Crowds." Chap. 6 in Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities, and Open Innovation, edited by Dietmar Harhoff and Karim R. Lakhani, 109–134. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016. View Details
  • Harhoff, Dietmar, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Revolutionizing Innovation: Fundamentals and New Perspectives." Chap. 1 in Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities, and Open Innovation, edited by Dietmar Harhoff and Karim R. Lakhani, 1–24. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016. View Details
  • Boudreau, Kevin J., and Karim R. Lakhani. "Innovation Experiments: Researching Technical Advance, Knowledge Production and the Design of Supporting Institutions." In Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 16, edited by William R. Kerr, Josh Lerner, and Scott Stern, 135–167. National Bureau of Economic Research, and University of Chicago Press, 2016. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Hila Lifshitz-Assaf, and Michael L. Tushman. "Open Innovation and Organizational Boundaries: Task Decomposition, Knowledge Distribution and the Locus of Innovation." Chap. 19 in Handbook of Economic Organization: Integrating Economic and Organization Theory, edited by Anna Grandori, 355–382. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. View Details
  • Boudreau, Kevin J., and Karim R. Lakhani. "The Confederacy of Heterogeneous Software Organizations and Heterogeneous Developers: Field Experimental Evidence on Sorting and Worker Effort." In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisited, edited by Josh Lerner and Scott Stern, 483–502. University of Chicago Press, 2012. View Details
  • O'Mahony, Siobhan, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Organizations in the Shadow of Communities." In Communities and Organizations. Vol. 33, edited by Christopher Marquis, Michael Lounsbury, and Royston Greenwood, 336. Research in the Sociology of Organizations. Emerald Group Publishing, 2011. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Robert Wolf. "Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects." In Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software, edited by Joe Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott Hissam, and Karim R. Lakhani. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005. View Details
Working Papers
  • Lane, Jacqueline N., Zoe Szajnfarber, Jason Crusan, Michael Menietti, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Are Experts Blinded by Feasibility? Experimental Evidence from a NASA Robotics Challenge." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 22-071, May 2022. View Details
  • Valavi, Ehsan, Joel Hestness, Marco Iansiti, Newsha Ardalani, Feng Zhu, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Time Dependency, Data Flow, and Competitive Advantage." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-099, March 2021. View Details
  • Ferguson, Patrick J., and Karim R. Lakhani. "Consuming Contests: Outcome Uncertainty and Spectator Demand for Contest-based Entertainment." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-087, February 2021. View Details
  • Huber, Laura R., Jacqueline N. Lane, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Learning with People Like Me: The Role of Age-Similar Peers on Online Business Course Engagement." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-072, December 2020. View Details
  • Thursby, Jerry, Marie Thursby, Karim R. Lakhani, Kyle R. Myers, Nina Cohodes, Sarah Bratt, Dennis Byrski, Hannah Cohoon, and Maria Roche. "Scientific Production: An Exploration into Organization, Resource Allocation, and Funding." Working Paper, May 2020. View Details
  • Lane, Jacqueline N., Misha Teplitskiy, Gary Gray, Hardeep Ranu, Michael Menietti, Eva C. Guinan, and Karim R. Lakhani. "When Do Experts Listen to Other Experts? The Role of Negative Information in Expert Evaluations for Novel Projects." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-007, July 2020. (Revised November 2020.) View Details
  • Gallus, Jana, Olivia S. Jung, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Recognition Incentives for Internal Crowdsourcing: A Field Experiment at NASA." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-059, November 2019. (Revised May 2020.) View Details
  • Lane, Jacqueline N., Ina Ganguli, Patrick Gaule, Eva C. Guinan, and Karim R. Lakhani. "Engineering Serendipity: When Does Knowledge Sharing Lead to Knowledge Production?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-058, November 2019. (Revised July 2020.) View Details
Cases and Teaching Materials
  • Lakhani, Karim R. "VideaHealth: Building the AI Factory." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 623-073, March 2023. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Allison J. Wigen, and Dave Habeeb. "Moderna (A) Case Supplement." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 623-704, March 2023. View Details
  • Stanton, Christopher, Karim R. Lakhani, Jin Hyun Paik, and Nina Cohodes. "Freelancer, Ltd." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 823-706, December 2022. View Details
  • Zhu, Feng, Karim R. Lakhani, Sascha L. Schmidt, and Kerry Herman. "TSG Hoffenheim: Step-by-Step Analysis in Excel." Harvard Business School Supplement 623-049, January 2023. View Details
  • Stanton, Christopher, Karim R. Lakhani, Jin Hyun Paik, and Nina Cohodes. "Freelancer, Ltd. Case Supplement." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 823-707, December 2022. (Click here to access this case.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Allison J. Wigen, and Dave Habeeb. "Moderna (B) Case Supplement." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Supplement 623-705, March 2023. View Details
  • Iansiti, Marco, Karim R. Lakhani, Hannah Mayer, Kerry Herman, Allison J. Wigen, and Dave Habeeb. "Moderna." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 623-703, March 2023. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Shane Greenstein, and Kerry Herman. "AWS and Amazon SageMaker (C): The Commercialization of Machine Learning Services." Harvard Business School Supplement 622-087, May 2022. (Revised July 2022.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Shane Greenstein, and Kerry Herman. "AWS and Amazon SageMaker (B): The Commercialization of Machine Learning Services." Harvard Business School Supplement 622-086, May 2022. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Shane Greenstein, and Kerry Herman. "AWS and Amazon SageMaker (A): The Commercialization of Machine Learning Services." Harvard Business School Case 622-060, May 2022. View Details
  • Greenstein, Shane, Karim Lakhani, and Christian Godwin. "Threadless: The Renewal of an Online Community." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 622-063, October 2021. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Yael Grushka-Cockayne, Jin Hyun Paik, and Steven Randazzo. "Customer-Centric Design with Artificial Intelligence: Commonwealth Bank." Harvard Business School Case 622-065, October 2021. (Revised December 2021.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Pippa Armerding, Gamze Yucaoglu, and Fares Khrais. "SmartOne: Building an AI Data Business." Harvard Business School Case 622-059, October 2021. (Revised September 2022.) View Details
  • Iansiti, Marco, Karim R. Lakhani, Kerry Herman, and Amy Klopfenstein. "Moderna (A)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 622-046, August 2021. View Details
  • Greenstein, Shane, Karim Lakhani, and Christian Godwin. "Threadless: The Renewal of an Online Community." Harvard Business School Case 621-056, February 2021. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Amy Klopfenstein. "VideaHealth: Building the AI Factory." Harvard Business School Case 621-021, March 2021. View Details
  • Bojinov, Iavor I., and Karim R. Lakhani. "Experimentation at Yelp." Harvard Business School Case 621-064, October 2020. (Revised August 2022.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Anne-Laure Fayard, Manos Gkeredakis, and Jin Hyun Paik. "OpenIDEO (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 621-058, October 2020. View Details
  • Iansiti, Marco, Karim R. Lakhani, Hannah Mayer, and Kerry Herman. "Moderna (A)." Harvard Business School Case 621-032, September 2020. (Revised July 2021.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Kairavi Dey, and Hannah Mayer. "True North: Pioneering Analytics, Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence." Harvard Business School Case 621-042, September 2020. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Peter Barrett, and Julia Kelley. "Obsidian: Product or Platform?" Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 621-017, August 2020. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Hong Luo, and Laura Katsnelson. "Market for Judgement: The Creative Destruction Lab." Harvard Business School Case 719-479, January 2019. (Revised June 2020.) View Details
  • Barrett, Peter, Karim Lakhani, and Julia Kelley. "Nimbus Therapeutics." Harvard Business School Case 620-016, September 2019. View Details
  • Stanton, Christopher, Karim R. Lakhani, Jennifer L. Hoffman, Jin Hyun Paik, and Nina Cohodes. "Freelancer, Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 820-075, January 2020. View Details
  • Barrett, Peter, Karim R. Lakhani, and Kerry Herman. "Kymera Therapeutics: Building a Biotech Execution Plan." Harvard Business School Case 620-017, October 2019. View Details
  • Grushka-Cockayne, Yael, and Karim R. Lakhani. "2U: Higher Education Rewired." Harvard Business School Case 620-044, September 2019. (Revised June 2020.) View Details
  • Zhu, Feng, Sascha L. Schmidt, Karim R. Lakhani, and Shirley Sun. "TSG Hoffenheim: Football in the Age of Analytics (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 620-067, November 2019. View Details
  • Zhu, Feng, Sascha L. Schmidt, Karim R. Lakhani, and Sebastian Koppers. "TSG Hoffenheim: Football in the Age of Analytics (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 620-055, October 2019. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Marco Di Maggio, Marco Iansiti, and Aldo Sesia. "AI and Finance in 2019." Harvard Business School Background Note 220-017, November 2019. (Revised March 2021.) View Details
  • Barrett, Peter, Karim R. Lakhani, Julia Kelley, and Kerry Herman. "Synthetic Biology Investment Opportunity." Harvard Business School Case 620-015, August 2019. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim, Peter Barrett, and Noubar Afeyan. "Note on Funding Deep Tech Startups." Harvard Business School Background Note 620-029, October 2019. (Revised April 2020.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim, Peter Barrett, Julia Kelley, and Kerry Herman. "Obsidian: Product or Platform?" Harvard Business School Case 620-018, September 2019. (Revised August 2020.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Patrick J. Ferguson, Sarah Fleischer, Jin Hyun Paik, and Steven Randazzo. "KangaTech." Harvard Business School Case 619-049, February 2019. (Revised August 2019.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Robert D. Austin, and Yumi Yi. "Data.gov (Abridged)." Harvard Business School Case 619-043, January 2019. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim, and Sascha L. Schmidt. "Bayern Munich in China." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 619-037, December 2018. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Gamze Yucaoglu. "EmQuest: Travel Distribution in the Digital Era." Harvard Business School Case 618-040, February 2018. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Arun Sundararajan, Emilie Billaud, and Caroline Caltagirone. "BlaBlaCar: The Road Ahead..." Harvard Business School Case 617-050, February 2017. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Akiko Kanno. "Weathernews." Harvard Business School Case 617-053, January 2017. (Revised August 2017.) View Details
  • Krishnan, Vish V., Karim R. Lakhani, and Amram Migdal. "Aston Martin: A Second Century of Performance and Luxury." Harvard Business School Case 617-033, February 2017. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim, Sascha L. Schmidt, Michael Norris, and Kerry Herman. "Bayern Munich in China." Harvard Business School Case 617-025, November 2016. View Details
  • Applegate, Lynda M., Karim R. Lakhani, and Nicole Bucala. "Podium Data: Harnessing the Power of Big Data Analytics." Harvard Business School Case 816-007, July 2015. (Revised October 2017.) View Details
  • Zhu, Feng, Karim R. Lakhani, Sascha L. Schmidt, and Kerry Herman. "TSG Hoffenheim: Football in the Age of Analytics." Harvard Business School Case 616-010, August 2015. (Revised May 2017.) View Details
  • Zhu, Feng, and Karim R. Lakhani. "From Correlation to Causation." Harvard Business School Technical Note 616-009, August 2015. (Revised January 2017.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Marco Iansiti, and Christine Snively. "Aspiring Minds." Harvard Business School Case 616-013, November 2015. (Revised May 2016.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Colin Maclay, and Greta Friar. "BandPage (A)." Harvard Business School Case 616-015, October 2015. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Greta Friar. "GE and the Industrial Internet." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 615-066, March 2015. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R. "Innovating with the Crowd." Harvard Business School Module Note 615-072, March 2015. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Greta Friar. "Open Innovation at Siemens." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 615-058, March 2015. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Greta Friar. "Nivea (A) and (B)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 615-057, March 2015. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Anne-Laure Fayard, Natalia Levina, and Greta Friar. "OpenIDEO." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 615-055, March 2015. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Greta Friar. "Prodigy Network: Democratizing Real Estate Design and Financing." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 615-045, March 2015. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Greta Friar. "Havas: Change Faster." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 615-054, March 2015. (Revised April 2015.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Kerry Herman, and Christine Snively. "The Thermostat Industry: Transformation from Analog to Digital." Harvard Business School Technical Note 615-038, December 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim, and Greta Friar. "Victors & Spoils: 'Born Open'." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 415-020, October 2014. (Revised April 2015.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim, and Greta Friar. "Havas: Change Faster." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 615-004, October 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Michael L. Tushman. "Victors & Spoils: 'Born Open'." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 415-701, September 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Michael L. Tushman. "Havas: Change Faster." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 615-702, September 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Wesley M. Cohen, Kynon Ingram, Tushar Kothalkar, Maxim Kuzemchenko, Santosh Malik, Cynthia Meyn, Stephanie Healy Pokrywa, and Greta Friar. "Netflix: Designing the Netflix Prize (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 615-025, September 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Wesley M. Cohen, Kynon Ingram, Tushar Kothalkar, Maxim Kuzemchenko, Santosh Malik, Cynthia Meyn, Greta Friar, and Stephanie Healy Pokrywa. "Netflix: Designing the Netflix Prize (A)." Harvard Business School Case 615-015, August 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Vish V. Krishnan, and Ruth Page. "Bioinspiration at the San Diego Zoo multimedia case." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 614-703, June 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Greta Friar. "Bioinspiration at the San Diego Zoo." Harvard Business School Teaching Plan 615-018, June 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Marco Iansiti, and Kerry Herman. "GE and the Industrial Internet." Harvard Business School Case 614-032, April 2014. (Revised March 2015.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Marco Iansiti, and Noah Fisher. "Ford Motor Company: Blueprint for Mobility." Harvard Business School Case 614-018, April 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Katja Hutter, and Greta Friar. "Prodigy Network: Democratizing Real Estate Design and Financing." Harvard Business School Case 614-064, March 2014. (Revised January 2015.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Marco Iansiti, and Kerry Herman. "Samsung Electronics: TV in an Era of Convergence." Harvard Business School Case 614-034, March 2014. (Revised March 2015.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and David Lane. "3D Systems." Harvard Business School Case 614-035, February 2014. (Revised August 2014.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Marco Iansiti, and Noah Fisher. "SAP 2014: Reaching for the Cloud." Harvard Business School Case 614-052, January 2014. (Revised March 2014.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Johann Fuller, Volker Bilgram, and Greta Friar. "Nivea (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 614-043, January 2014. (Revised January 2017.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Johann Fuller, Volker Bilgram, and Greta Friar. "Nivea (A)." Harvard Business School Case 614-042, January 2014. (Revised January 2017.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim, Michael Norris, and Andrew Otazo. "A Note on Funding Digital Innovation Startups." Harvard Business School Technical Note 614-039, January 2014. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., James Weber, and Christine Snively. "Google Car." Harvard Business School Case 614-022, January 2014. (Revised March 2015.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Katja Hutter, Stephanie Healy Pokrywa, and Johann Fuller. "Open Innovation at Siemens." Harvard Business School Case 613-100, June 2013. (Revised March 2015.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Anne-Laure Fayard, Natalia Levina, and Stephanie Healy Pokrywa. "OpenIDEO." Harvard Business School Case 612-066, February 2012. (Revised October 2013.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Meredith L. Liu. "Innovation at Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools." Harvard Business School Case 612-065, February 2012. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Eric Lonstein, and Stephanie Pokrywa. "TopCoder (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 612-044, September 2011. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Eric Lonstein. "InnoCentive.com (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 612-026, August 2011. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Eric Lonstein. "InnoCentive.com (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 612-027, August 2011. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Eric Lonstein. "TopCoder (A): Developing Software through Crowdsourcing (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 611-071, March 2011. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R. "InnoCentive.com (A) (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 611-072, March 2011. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R. "Myelin Repair Foundation: Accelerating Drug Discovery Through Collaboration (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 611-073, March 2011. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., Robert D. Austin, and Yumi Yi. "Data.gov." Harvard Business School Case 610-075, May 2010. (Revised May 2010.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Paul R. Carlile. "Myelin Repair Foundation: Accelerating Drug Discovery Through Collaboration." Harvard Business School Case 610-074, March 2010. (Revised May 2012.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., David A. Garvin, and Eric Lonstein. "TopCoder (A): Developing Software through Crowdsourcing." Harvard Business School Case 610-032, January 2010. (Revised May 2012.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R. "InnoCentive.com (A)." Harvard Business School Case 608-170, June 2008. (Revised October 2009.) View Details
  • Iansiti, Marco, and Karim R. Lakhani. "SAP AG: Orchestrating the Ecosystem." Harvard Business School Case 609-069, April 2009. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Zahra Kanji. "Threadless: The Business of Community." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 608-707, June 2008. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Zahra Kanji. "Threadless: The Business of Community (Instructor's Version)." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 608-719, June 2008. View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R. "Threadless: The Business of Community (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 608-169, June 2008. View Details
  • Coles, Peter A., Karim R. Lakhani, and Andrew P. McAfee. "Cambrian House." Harvard Business School Case 608-016, March 2008. View Details
  • Coles, Peter A., Karim R. Lakhani, and Andrew P. McAfee. "Prediction Markets at Google." Harvard Business School Case 607-088, May 2007. (Revised August 2007.) View Details
  • Lakhani, Karim R., and Andrew P. McAfee. "Wikipedia (A)." Harvard Business School Multimedia/Video Case 607-712, February 2007. (Revised February 2007.) View Details
Awards & Honors
Winner of the 2015 Case Centre Award in the Production and Operations Management category for “Open Innovation at Siemens” with Katja Hutter, Stephanie Healy Pokrywa, and Johann Fuller (HBS Case 613-100).
Finalist for the 2013 McKinsey Award for the best article in Harvard Business Review for “Using the Crowd as an Innovation Partner” with Kevin J. Boudreau (April 2013).
Finalist for the 2013 Best Paper in Management Science from the Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society for “Incentives and Problem Uncertainty in Innovation Contests: An Empirical Analysis” with Kevin J. Boudreau and Nicola Lacetera (May 2011).
Winner of the 2008 TUM Research Excellence Award in Innovation and Leadership from Technische Universität München and the Peter Pribilla Foundation.
Received the 2011 Innovative Management Partner (IMP) Excellence in Innovation Research Award from Innsbruck University School of Management.
Finalist for the 2006 Best Dissertation Award from the Technology and Innovation Management Division of the Academy of Management.
Recipient of the 2006 Brad W. Hosler Outstanding Student Paper Award at the Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology.
Additional Information
  • Press / Media
  • The Digital, Data, and Design (D^3) Institute at Harvard
  • LinkedIn
  • Working Knowledge
  • Twitter
  • President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Panel
  • CV
Areas of Interest
  • communities
  • distributed innovation
  • open source
  • technological innovation
  • technology strategy
  • Additional Topics
  • disruptive technology
  • electronic commerce
  • information technology
  • innovation
  • intellectual property
  • invention
  • knowledge management
  • life sciences
  • managing innovation
  • modularity
  • motivation
  • network organizations
  • networks
  • organizational design
  • product development
  • product management
  • self-organizing systems
  • technological change
  • technology management
  • Industries
  • biotechnology
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In The News

In The News

    • 24 Nov 2022
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    • HBS Working Knowledge

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Press / Media

Can America Invent Its Way Back?

BusinessWeek, by Michael Mandel, 12 Sept. 2008

Today, researchers are focusing on ways to make those undertakings more efficient. "Innovation is not just exerting effort and spending money, it's problem-solving," says Karim Lakhani, a professor at Harvard Business School. Lakhani has been studying what is called distributed innovation, in which solutions to a business or technical problem are solicited from a wide variety of people. Open-source software or companies like InnoCentive, which encourages outside researchers to work on corporate problems, are good examples. By contrast, most companies are unwilling to draw on outside expertise. "It's the broadcast of the problem that is important," argues Lakhani. "By publicizing a problem, we can get access to better ideas."

If You Have a Problem, Ask Everyone

New York Times, by Cornelia Dean, 22 July 2008

The idea that solutions can come from anywhere, and from people with seemingly unrelated work, is another key. Dr. Lakhani said his study of InnoCentive found that "the further the problem was from the solver's expertise, the more likely they were to solve it," often by applying specialized knowledge or instruments developed for another purpose.

The Customer is the Company

Inc., by Max Chafkin, June 2008

Whether it's called user innovation, crowdsourcing, or open source, it means drastically rethinking your relationship with your customers. "Threadless completely blurs that line of who is a producer and who is a consumer," says Karim Lakhani, a professor at the Harvard Business School. "The customers end up playing a critical role across all its operations: idea generation, marketing, sales forecasting. All that has been distributed."

The Power of the Prize

Fast Company, by Anya Kamentz, 18 April 2008

Karim R. Lakhani, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School, has conducted academic research into the power of prizes -- specifically, the value that diverse minds and experiences can supply. He analyzed 166 problems posted to the "crowdsourcing" marketplace InnoCentive. "Not only did the odds of a solver's success actually increase in fields outside his expertise," he says, such as mathematicians taking on chemistry or biologists looking at physics, "but the further a challenge was from his specialty, the greater the likelihood of success. That is very counterintuitive."

Science by the Masses

Science, by John Travis, 28 March 2008

InnoCentive has drawn a diverse crowd of scientists and engineers into its virtual work force. About 40% of those who register to see challenge summaries have Ph.D.s. Karim Lakhani of Harvard Business School in Boston, who was given access to InnoCentive's data on challenges from 2001 to 2004 and also surveyed about 350 of its solvers, has found that curiosity and pride motivate them as much as the prize money. He suggests that the company's crowd-sourcing approach reflects a "broader trend of democratization of science." As the United States and Europe churn out Ph.D.s, and countries such as China and India dramatically expand their scientific capabilities, more and more people with science training exist outside the traditionally elite research universities. "Many people have the skills and talents to solve science problems," says Lakhani.

T-Shirt Maker's Style, Drawn from Web Users

Washington Post, by Alan Sipress, 18 June 2007

The trend is gaining pace as corporate executives embrace the openness of the Web. Analysts said the promising gains in productivity will ultimately benefit the wider economy. "It's a way to access the distributed knowledge that is out there on the Web," said Karim R. Lakhani, a professor at Harvard Business School who has studied the trend. "You can now basically focus on your core business." This approach exploits the vast human wisdom and expertise available via the Internet. But crowdsourcing is less of a collaborative endeavor than a means of finding individuals with the right skills for the right price.

How To Educate Your Business Leaders About IT (Without Alienating Them)

CIO Magazine, by Michael Fitzgerald, May 2007

“Businesses are confused about technology,” says Karim R. Lakhani, an assistant professor in technology and operations management at Harvard Business School. He says that many businesspeople suffer from—and tolerate—IT ignorance in part because IT discussions have traditionally focused on the technology itself rather than on how the product of IT—information—affects business operations. “CIOs should reduce the emphasis of the ‘T’ side and push the ‘I’ side,” he adds. It’s a forgotten part of the business in most organizations. The CIO has to step up—nobody else is thinking about it.”

The Wisdom of Crowdsourcing

PROFIT Magazine, by Rick Spence, March 2007

Karim Lakhani, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School who studies crowdsourcing, says that open source has more than proven itself in software, with even Microsoft admitting it yields efficient products. But Cambrian's model is unique in trying to fuse open source to a traditional company format: "They've decided that the core market research, production and development functions can be done by the community." With Cambrian's compensation scheme and respect for member participation, Lakhani suspects that it has the right concept: "I think it's the most interesting model out there now."

Prizes for Solutions to Problems Play Valuable Role in Innovation

Wall Street Journal, by David Wessel, 25 January 2007

After examining 166 problems posted by 26 research labs on the InnoCentive site over four years, Karim Lakhani, a Harvard Business School professor, found 240 people, on average, examined each problem, 10 offered answers and 29.5% of the problems were solved.

Web T-Shirt Company Builds a Community, Business

National Public Radio, Morning Edition by Jenny Lawton, 11 December 2006

100,000 Heads are Better than One

Boston Globe, by Chris Reidy, 21 August 2006

InnoCentive can also point to successful outcomes. Karim R. Lakhani, now a Harvard Business School assistant professor, reviewed company results and found that 30 percent of challenges not solvable in-house were solved by an InnoCentive solver. What's important is that InnoCentive doesn't act as a matchmaker, Lakhani said. Instead, network scientists self-select the challenges they want to tackle.

The Rise of Crowdsourcing

Wired, by Jeff Howe, June 2006

Karim Lakhani: "The strength of a network like InnoCentive’s is exactly the diversity of intellectual background." Lakhani and his three coauthors surveyed 166 problems posted to InnoCentive from 26 different firms. "We actually found the odds of a solver’s success increased in fields in which they had no formal expertise," Lakhani says. He has put his finger on a central tenet of network theory, what pioneering sociologist Mark Granovetter describes as "the strength of weak ties." The most efficient networks are those that link to the broadest range of information, knowledge, and experience.

Areas of Interest

communities
distributed innovation
open source
technological innovation
technology strategy
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Additional Topics

disruptive technology
electronic commerce
information technology
innovation
intellectual property
invention
knowledge management
life sciences
managing innovation
modularity
motivation
network organizations
networks
organizational design
product development
product management
self-organizing systems
technological change
technology management

Industries

biotechnology
communications
computer
health care
high technology
information technology industry
internet
pharmaceuticals
software
video games
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In The News

    • 24 Nov 2022
    • CXO Talk

    Podcast: Business Transformation: How to Become an AI Company?

    • 12 Sep 2022
    • HBS Working Knowledge

    When Experts Play It Too Safe: Innovation Lessons from a NASA Experiment

    • 08 Jun 2022
    • Harvard Business School

    Embracing a Digital Approach

    • 12 Oct 2021
    • HBS Working Knowledge

    What Actually Draws Sports Fans to Games? It's Not Star Athletes.

    • 04 Dec 2020
    • Harvard Business School

    Most Popular Cold Call Episodes in 2020

→More News for Karim R. Lakhani

Karim R. Lakhani In the News

24 Nov 2022
CXO Talk
Podcast: Business Transformation: How to Become an AI Company?

12 Sep 2022
HBS Working Knowledge
When Experts Play It Too Safe: Innovation Lessons from a NASA Experiment

08 Jun 2022
Harvard Business School
Embracing a Digital Approach

12 Oct 2021
HBS Working Knowledge
What Actually Draws Sports Fans to Games? It's Not Star Athletes.

04 Dec 2020
Harvard Business School
Most Popular Cold Call Episodes in 2020

30 Nov 2020
Forbes
Why Quantum Computing Should Be Part Of Your Enterprise AI Strategy

09 Nov 2020
Strategy + Business
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19 Aug 2020
Fortune
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04 May 2020
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WGBH News
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27 Apr 2020
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27 Nov 2018
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29 May 2018
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23 Oct 2017
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14 Oct 2015
Harvard Gazette
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17 Jun 2015
Harvard Magazine
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22 Apr 2015
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29 Sep 2014
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10 Jul 2014
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23 May 2014
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04 Dec 2013
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Crowdsourcing: Why many heads are better than one

12 Nov 2013
GreenBiz
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23 Oct 2013
Forbes
Stop Relying On Experts For Innovation

01 Jun 2013
HBS Alumni Bulletin
Collective Wisdom: Crowdsourcing for innovation, efficiency, and profit

17 Apr 2013
HBR Blogs
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01 Apr 2013
Harvard Business Review
Using the Crowd as an Innovation Partner

11 Feb 2013
Boston Globe
Thorny research problems, solved by crowdsourcing

02 May 2012
How outsiders solve problems that stump experts

19 Mar 2012
WGBH-TV
The push to legalize crowdfunding

10 Mar 2012
Wall Street Journal
How To Be Creative

29 Feb 2012
New York Times
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13 Jul 2011
White House
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13 Jan 2011
Microsoft's Ambivalence About Kinect Hackers

05 Nov 2010
CNN
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28 Jul 2010
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30 Apr 2010
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03 Feb 2010
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Harvard-Based Crowdsource Project Seeks New Diabetes Answers - & Questions

03 Feb 2010
Harvard Crimson
Competition Seeks Ideas About Diabetes

28 Jan 2010
Boston Globe
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27 Jan 2010
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27 Jan 2010
HBS talks iPad

27 Dec 2009
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15 May 2008
ITRManager.com
L'adoption de l'innovation

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