Publications
Publications
- 2021
- HBS Working Paper Series
The Origins of CE Marking: Standards, Business, and the European Market in the 1980s–1990s
By: Grace Ballor
Abstract
Many products—from consumer electronics to machinery to children’s toys—bear the CE Mark, the symbol of conformity to the ‘essential requirements’ of European standards governed by the process of CE Marking. This working paper traces the development of the system of conformity assessment and certification from its origins in the European Community’s (EC) efforts to relaunch the Single European Market in the mid-1980s to its full implementation in the mid-1990s across the European Economic Area (EEA). It focuses in particular on the reforms made to the New Approach to Technical Harmonization and the Global Approach to Testing and Certification and examines the ways business groups responded to the creation of common systems for assessing conformité européenne. This history offers an expansive view of regional market integration and a new perspective on the dynamic between companies and regulators in the European business environment.
Keywords
Business And Government; Market Liberalization; Standards; Markets; Trade; Integration; Business History; Globalization; Business and Government Relations; Europe; European Union
Citation
Ballor, Grace. "The Origins of CE Marking: Standards, Business, and the European Market in the 1980s–1990s." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 21-142, June 2021.