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  • Review of Economic Studies

From Immigrants to Americans: Race and Assimilation During the Great Migration

By: Vasiliki Fouka, Soumyajit Mazumder and Marco Tabellini
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Abstract

How does the arrival of a new minority group affect the social acceptance and outcomes of existing minorities? We study this question in the context of the First Great Migration. Between 1915 and 1930, 1.5 million African Americans moved from the U.S. South to Northern urban centers, which were home to millions of European immigrants arrived in previous decades. We formalize and empirically test the hypothesis that the inflows of Black Americans changed perceptions of outgroup distance among native-born whites, reducing the barriers to the social integration of European immigrants. Predicting Black in-migration with a version of the shift-share instrument, we find that immigrants living in areas that received more Black migrants experienced higher assimilation along a range of outcomes, such as naturalization rates and intermarriages with native-born spouses. Evidence from the historical press and patterns of heterogeneity across immigrant nationalities provide additional support to the role of shifting perceptions of the white majority.

Keywords

Assimilation; Great Migration; Group Identity; Immigration; Race; History; United States

Citation

Fouka, Vasiliki, Soumyajit Mazumder, and Marco Tabellini. "From Immigrants to Americans: Race and Assimilation During the Great Migration." Review of Economic Studies 89, no. 2 (March 2022): 811–842. (Also appears in VoxEU, The New York Times, Broadstreet, the Skepticast, and Oxford University Press Blog.)
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About The Author

Marco E. Tabellini

Business, Government and the International Economy
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More from the Authors
  • Racial Diversity and Racial Policy Preferences: The Great Migration and Civil Rights By: Alvaro Calderon, Vasiliki Fouka and Marco Tabellini
  • Hate Crime Towards Minoritized Groups Increases as They Increase in Sized-Based Rank By: Mina Cikara, Vasiliki Fouka and Marco Tabellini
  • The Impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act on the U.S. Economy By: Joe Long, Carlo Medici, Nancy Qian and Marco Tabellini
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