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  • September 2019 (Revised December 2022)
  • Background Note
  • HBS Case Collection

African American Inequality in the United States

By: Janice H. Hammond, A. Kamau Massey and Mayra G. Garza
  • Format:Print
  • | Language:English
  • | Pages:38
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Abstract

This note describes how historical and on-going policies and practices that discriminate against African Americans led to present-day inequality. Topics include slavery, segregation, Jim Crow laws, “black codes,” and policies and practices relating to criminal justice, housing, and education.

Keywords

African Americans; Justice; Slavery; Discrimination; Race; Equality and Inequality; Prejudice and Bias; Policy; History; United States

Citation

Hammond, Janice H., A. Kamau Massey, and Mayra G. Garza. "African American Inequality in the United States." Harvard Business School Background Note 620-046, September 2019. (Revised December 2022.)

About The Author

Janice H. Hammond

Technology and Operations Management
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