Publications
Publications
- September 2019 (Revised June 2022)
- HBS Case Collection
African American Inequality in the United States
By: Janice H. Hammond, A. Kamau Massey and Mayra G. Garza
Abstract
This note describes how historical and on-going policies and practices that discriminate against African Americans led to present-day inequality. Topics include slavery, segregation, Jim Crow laws, “black codes,” and policies and practices relating to criminal justice, housing, and education.
Keywords
African Americans; Justice; Slavery; Discrimination; Race; Equality and Inequality; Prejudice and Bias; Policy; History; United States
Citation
Hammond, Janice H., A. Kamau Massey, and Mayra G. Garza. "African American Inequality in the United States." Harvard Business School Background Note 620-046, September 2019. (Revised June 2022.)