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• Article | Harvard Business Review | October 14, 2019

  The CEO's Guide to Retirement

  Bill George

  Some CEOs remain in the role too long, hurting investors, employees, and their own legacy. The author sees a frequent reason for that: CEOs don’t know how to identify the optimal time to retire, and they procrastinate because they can’t imagine what they will do after they leave the job. In this article he presents questions that chief executives can ask themselves to determine the right time for an exit; a step-by-step process for stepping down; and an overview of the options a former CEO may find fulfilling.

  Keywords: CEO; executive retirement; Retirement; Decision Making; Planning;

  Citation:

  George, Bill. "The CEO's Guide to Retirement." Harvard Business Review 97, no. 6 (November–December 2019): 64–68.  View Details

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• Case | HBS Case Collection | June 2018 (Revised June 2018)

  Facebook Confronts a Crisis of Trust

  William W. George and Amram Migdal

  The case, “Facebook Confronts a Crisis of Trust,” starts with the crisis Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg is facing in March 2018 over Cambridge Analytica’s accessing data from 87 million Facebook accounts in order to influence the 2016 U.S. Presidential election. The case covers Facebook’s advertising business model, the Congressional uproar that follows, the opposing views of Apple CEO Tim Cook, and pending regulations of user privacy. The case provides an opportunity to discuss why Zuckerberg handled the crisis as he did, plus the importance of user trust, the role of the new technology giants in protecting user privacy, and the potential for regulating the treatment of private user information.

  Keywords: Facebook; data privacy; data manipulation; data science; political campaigns; political influence; voter mobilization; voters' interests; election outcomes; Elections; cambridge analytica; Mark Zuckerberg; sheryl sandberg; Voting; Decision Making; Demographics; Ethics; Geopolitical Units; Government and Politics; Government Legislation; National Security; Political Elections; Information Management; Leadership; Leadership Style; Crisis Management; Social Psychology; Personal Characteristics; Power and Influence; Society; Public Opinion; Technology Industry; United States; United Kingdom;

  Citation:

  George, William W., and Amram Migdal. "Facebook Confronts a Crisis of Trust." Harvard Business School Case 318-145, June 2018. (Revised June 2018.)  View Details

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• Background Note | HBS Case Collection | March 2011 (Revised December 2017)

  The IMF: The Washington Consensus, the Critics, and the New Challenges as China Rises

  Rafael M. Di Tella, Natalie Kindred and Monica Baraldi

  How the International Monetary Fund (IMF) defines and carries out its mandate has evolved considerably since 1944, when it was founded to serve a vital but narrow function in maintaining the global foreign exchange system and thus enabling international trade. This note gives an overview of the IMF's evolution by describing key phases in its history, including the Bretton Woods system and its collapse, the international debt crisis of the 1980s, the Washington Consensus era, and reform efforts in the 2000s.

  Keywords: History; International Finance; Globalized Economies and Regions; Trade; Financial Institutions; Macroeconomics; Financial Services Industry;

  Citation:

  Di Tella, Rafael M., Natalie Kindred, and Monica Baraldi. "The IMF: The Washington Consensus, the Critics, and the New Challenges as China Rises." Harvard Business School Background Note 711-040, March 2011. (Revised December 2017.)  View Details

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