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  • 2015
  • Working Paper
  • HBS Working Paper Series

The U.S. Experiment with Fair Trade Laws: State Police Powers, Federal Antitrust, and the Politics of 'Fairness,' 1890-1938

By: Laura Phillips Sawyer
  • Format:Print
  • | Language:English
  • | Pages:30
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Abstract

Prior to the Great Depression and President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs, considerable pressure for antitrust revision came from trade associations of independent proprietors. A perhaps unlikely leader, Edna Gleason, organized California's retail pharmacists and coordinated trade networks to monitor and enforce Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) contracts, a system of price-fixing, then known as "fair trade." Progressive jurists, including Louis Brandeis, and institutional economist E.R.A. Seligman supported RPM as a legitimate tactic to protect small businesspeople and enhance non-price competition. The breakdown of legal and economic consensus regarding what constituted "unfair competition" allowed businesspeople to act as intermediaries between heterodox economic thought and contested antitrust law, ultimately tailoring federal policy to accommodate state regulations.

Keywords

Competition; Fairness; Laws and Statutes; Supply and Industry; Business and Government Relations

Citation

Phillips Sawyer, Laura. "The U.S. Experiment with Fair Trade Laws: State Police Powers, Federal Antitrust, and the Politics of 'Fairness,' 1890-1938." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16-060, November 2015.
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More from the Author

    • Business History Review

    Introduction

    By: Laura Phillips Sawyer and Herbert Hovenkamp
    • 2019
    • Faculty Research

    U.S. Antitrust Law and Policy in Historical Perspective

    By: Laura Phillips Sawyer
    • 2019
    • Faculty Research

    Voting Trusts and Antitrust: Rethinking the Role of Shareholder Rights and Private Litigation in Public Regulation, 1880s to 1930s

    By: Naomi R. Lamoreaux and Laura Phillips Sawyer
More from the Author
  • Introduction By: Laura Phillips Sawyer and Herbert Hovenkamp
  • U.S. Antitrust Law and Policy in Historical Perspective By: Laura Phillips Sawyer
  • Voting Trusts and Antitrust: Rethinking the Role of Shareholder Rights and Private Litigation in Public Regulation, 1880s to 1930s By: Naomi R. Lamoreaux and Laura Phillips Sawyer
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