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• Working Paper | HBS Working Paper Series | 2019

  Improving Regulatory Effectiveness Through Better Targeting: Evidence from OSHA

  Matthew S. Johnson, David I. Levine and Michael W. Toffel

  We study how a regulator can best allocate its limited inspection resources. We direct our analysis to a U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspection program that targeted dangerous establishments and allocated some inspections via random assignment. We find that inspections reduced serious injuries by an average of 9% over the following five years. We use new machine learning methods to estimate the effects of counterfactual targeting rules OSHA could have deployed. OSHA could have averted over twice as many injuries if its inspections had targeted the establishments where we predict inspections would avert the most injuries. The agency could have averted nearly as many additional injuries by targeting the establishments predicted to have the most injuries. Both of these targeting regimes would have generated over $1 billion in social value over the decade we examine. Our results demonstrate the promise, and limitations, of using machine learning to improve resource allocation. JEL Classifications: I18; L51; J38; J8.

  Keywords: Government Administration; Working Conditions; Safety; Quality; Production; Analysis; Resource Allocation; Manufacturing Industry; United States;

  Citation:

  Johnson, Matthew S., David I. Levine, and Michael W. Toffel. "Improving Regulatory Effectiveness Through Better Targeting: Evidence from OSHA." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 20-019, August 2019.  View Details

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• Case | HBS Case Collection | March 2005 (Revised August 2019)

  Cisco Systems: Managing the Go-to-Market Evolution

  V. Kasturi Rangan

  With the collapse of the dot-com market and related shrinkage in the high-tech industry, Cisco took a dip in its sales and profits in 2001. Coming back from the recession, Cisco had to manage and evolve its go-to-market strategy and design in keeping with its new business strategy. Describes those changes and poses new channel management challenges in light of Cisco's entry into new markets and technologies.

  Keywords: Change Management; Design; Business Cycles; Growth and Development Strategy; Marketing Channels; Marketing Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Business Strategy;

  Citation:

  Rangan, V. Kasturi. "Cisco Systems: Managing the Go-to-Market Evolution." Harvard Business School Case 505-006, March 2005. (Revised August 2019.)  View Details

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• Case | HBS Case Collection | February 2011 (Revised August 2019)

  Hindustan Unilever's 'Pureit' Water Purifier

  V. Kasturi Rangan and Mona Sinha

  The case asks students to formulate a strategy to respond to various competitive threats to its Pureit Water purifier, launched in 2008, targeted at millions of low-income Indian consumers who did not have access to safe drinking water. The case describes in detail the product development and launch process that required HUL, the $3.5 billion Indian subsidiary, to innovate on many different fronts. It details competitive actions since the launch to set the stage for what the company should do next.

  Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Marketing Strategy; Product Launch; Product Development; Social Enterprise; Competitive Strategy; India;

  Citation:

  Rangan, V. Kasturi, and Mona Sinha. "Hindustan Unilever's 'Pureit' Water Purifier." Harvard Business School Case 511-067, February 2011. (Revised August 2019.)  View Details

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