The Costs of Racial 'Color Blindness'

Michael I. Norton; Evan P. Apfelbaum

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Article | Harvard Business Review | July–August 2013

The Costs of Racial 'Color Blindness'

by Michael I. Norton and Evan P. Apfelbaum

Abstract

The article looks at research on people's attitudes and behaviors with respect to noticing and referring to a person's race. It explains the 2013 study, in which participants played a "Guess Who?" style game of asking yes-or-no questions about a group of faces pictured, half white and half African-American. The authors suggest that people's discomfort and avoidance of referring to race imposes costs in terms of information gathering and effective workplace diversity programs.

Keywords: Prejudice and Bias; Behavior; Race; Attitudes;

Format: Print

1 pages

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Citation:

Norton, Michael I., and Evan P. Apfelbaum. "The Costs of Racial 'Color Blindness'." Harvard Business Review 91, nos. 7/8 (July–August 2013): 22.

About the Author

Michael I. Norton

Harold M. Brierley Professor of Business Administration
Director of Research

Marketing

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Working Paper | 2019

Minimalism as a Status Symbol: When and Why We Admire Conspicuous Non-Consumption

Anne Wilson, Silvia Bellezza and Michael I. Norton

Citation:
Wilson, Anne, Silvia Bellezza, and Michael I. Norton. "Minimalism as a Status Symbol: When and Why We Admire Conspicuous Non-Consumption." Working Paper, October 2019. View Details

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Article | Journal of Consumer Psychology

The Feeling of Not Knowing It All

Haiyang Yang, Ziv Carmon, Dan Ariely and Michael I. Norton

How do consumers assess their mastery of knowledge they have learned? We explore this question by investigating a common knowledge consumption situation: encountering opportunities for further learning. We argue and show that such opportunities can trigger a feeling-of-not-knowing-it-all (FONKIA), which lowers consumers’ confidence in their mastery of the knowledge they already possess. Specifically, listing optional follow-up readings at the conclusion of a course lowered students’ confidence in their mastery of the course material they had already learned (Study 1). Encountering an optional learning opportunity increased the FONKIA, which mediated the decreased confidence (Studies 2 and 3). We also document two moderators consistent with our conceptualization. First, participants primed with mastery (vs. instrumental) motivation were more negatively impacted when they encountered optional learning opportunities. Second, the more related the optional opportunities were to the target topic, the lower participants’ confidence in their mastery of what they had already learned. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings, such as encouraging further learning or harming teaching evaluations.

Keywords: Knowledge consumption; Consumption of learning; Judgment of knowledge; Feeling ofknowing; Confidence in knowledge; WYSIATI; FONKIA; Knowledge Acquisition; Learning; Perception;

Citation:
Yang, Haiyang, Ziv Carmon, Dan Ariely, and Michael I. Norton. "The Feeling of Not Knowing It All." Journal of Consumer Psychology 29, no. 3 (July 2019): 455–462. View Details

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Working Paper | 2019

Hidden in Plain Sight: Consumer Responses to Pseudo-Secrets in Marketing

Dafna Goor, Anat Keinan, Nir Halevy and Michael I. Norton

Citation:
Goor, Dafna, Anat Keinan, Nir Halevy, and Michael I. Norton. "Hidden in Plain Sight: Consumer Responses to Pseudo-Secrets in Marketing." Working Paper, June 2019. (Under review at the Journal of Consumer Research.) View Details

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The Costs of Racial 'Color Blindness'

Abstract

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