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• Case | HBS Case Collection | March 2013 (Revised May 2014)

  Unilever's New Recipe for Growth

  Jordan Siegel, Christopher Poliquin and Barbara Zepp Larson

  This case looks at Unilever and its ongoing efforts at regional strategy and organizational change in Europe.

  Keywords: regional strategy; aggregation; Organizational change; Global Strategy; Consumer Products Industry; Europe;

  Citation:

  Siegel, Jordan, Christopher Poliquin, and Barbara Zepp Larson. "Unilever's New Recipe for Growth." Harvard Business School Case 713-418, March 2013. (Revised May 2014.)  View Details

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• Course Overview Note | June 2013

  Global Strategic Management

  Jordan I. Siegel

  Keywords: Globalization; Global Strategy; Globalized Firms and Management;

  Citation:

  Siegel, Jordan I. "Global Strategic Management." Harvard Business School Course Overview Note 713-531, June 2013.​  View Details

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• Working Paper | HBS Working Paper Series | 2014

  The Unfairness Trap: A Key Missing Factor in the Economic Theory of Discrimination

  Jordan I. Siegel, Naomi Kodama and Hanna Halaburda

  Prior evidence linking increased female representation in management to corporate performance has been surprisingly mixed, due in part to data limitations and methodological difficulties, and possibly to omission of a fairness factor in the economic theory of discrimination. We introduce a new theoretical emphasis on unfairness traps, and we test our theory on a panel data set covering managerial demography, corporate performance, and individual compensation from a nationally representative sample of Japanese firms in the 2000s. We find that increases in the ratio of female executives, the presence of at least one female executive, and the presence of at least one female section chief are associated with increases in corporate profitability in the manufacturing sector. These results are not specific to Japanese firms only: North American multinationals operating in Japan also experience outsized benefits from hiring and promoting female managers. The results are robust to controlling for time effects and company fixed effects and the time-varying use of temporary and part-time employees. A very small part of the competitive benefit of employing female managers does flow from compensation savings, but a far larger part arises from direct productivity increases. Prior economic theory on discrimination is largely silent on the impact of discrimination on worker productivity and hence cannot explain these findings. We extend the theory by modeling this relationship, and test it empirically by showing that due to possible social comparison costs, only companies whose compensation of female talent compares well with compensation in the local labor market for similarly qualified males will see a significant performance benefit.

  Keywords: Managerial Roles; Fairness; Performance Productivity; Gender; Japan;

  Citation:

  Siegel, Jordan I., Naomi Kodama, and Hanna Halaburda. "The Unfairness Trap: A Key Missing Factor in the Economic Theory of Discrimination." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13-082, March 2013. (Revised January 2014, June 2014.)  View Details

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