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• Working Paper | HBS Working Paper Series | 2019

  Communicating Resource Scarcity

  Grant E. Donnelly, Anne Wilson, A.V. Whillans and Michael I. Norton

  The development and maintenance of interpersonal relationships require investments of both money and time—resources that are often limited in supply, but in great demand. Indeed, consumers are regularly asked to dedicate their money and time to social engagements, and need to manage these resources efficiently. Therefore, consumers often choose to cite insufficient time or money as an excuse for rejecting social invitations. But how does using the excuse of financial versus time scarcity influence interpersonal relationships? Across eight experiments, we demonstrate that using financial scarcity as an excuse (e.g., “I don’t have money”) increases perceptions of interpersonal closeness and helping behavior compared to using time scarcity as an excuse (e.g., “I don’t have time”). This effect is explained by the fact that time is perceived as a more personally controllable resource than money, resulting in consumers who cite financial (vs. temporal) constraints as being perceived as more trustworthy. However, excuse-givers do not correctly predict this difference in interpersonal outcomes. These findings advance our theoretical understanding of how excuses revolving around resource constraints affect interpersonal perceptions and behaviors and provides practical insights for consumers desiring to minimize social repercussions when turning down social invitations.

  Keywords: interpersonal relationships; time; Communication; Relationships; Money; Perception;

  Citation:

  Donnelly, Grant E., Anne Wilson, A.V. Whillans, and Michael I. Norton. "Communicating Resource Scarcity." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 19-066, January 2019.  View Details

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• Course Overview Note | July 2014 (Revised August 2018)

  FIELD Foundations

  Anthony J. Mayo, Alan MacCormack, Teresa Amabile and Michael Norton

  Citation:

  Mayo, Anthony J., Alan MacCormack, Teresa Amabile, and Michael Norton. "FIELD Foundations." Harvard Business School Course Overview Note 415-011, July 2014. (Revised August 2018.)  View Details

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• Working Paper | HBS Working Paper Series | 2018

  Time Use and Happiness of Millionaires

  Paul Smeets, Ashley V. Whillans, Rene Bekkers and Michael I. Norton

  How do the wealthy spend their time, and does their time use relate to their greater well-being? Two large-scale surveys of millionaires and the general population show that millionaires spend their time in surprisingly similar ways as the general population. For example, millionaires spend the same amount of time as the general population cooking, shopping, and eating – and even spend more time on household chores. However, while millionaires and non-millionaires also spend the same amount of time engaging in leisure activities, a critical difference emerged: the wealthy engage in more active leisure (e.g., exercising and volunteering) and less passive leisure (e.g., watching TV and relaxing). Moreover, the extent to which wealthy individuals engage in greater active leisure helps to explain the gap in life satisfaction between millionaires and the general population. Together, these results further our understanding of when and how wealth translates into well-being.

  Keywords: Time use; wealth; Life Satisfaction; Millionaires; Social Class; Time Management; Wealth; Behavior; Satisfaction; Demographics; Status and Position;

  Citation:

  Smeets, Paul, Ashley V. Whillans, Rene Bekkers, and Michael I. Norton. "Time Use and Happiness of Millionaires." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-111, June 2018.  View Details

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