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• Article | Work, Employment and Society | June 2019

  Learning From Mum: Cross-National Evidence Linking Maternal Employment and Adult Children’s Outcomes

  Kathleen L. McGinn, Mayra Ruiz Castro and Elizabeth Long Lingo

  Analyses relying on two international surveys from over 100,000 men and women across 29 countries explore the relationship between maternal employment and adult daughters’ and sons’ employment and domestic outcomes. In the employment sphere, adult daughters, but not sons, of employed mothers are more likely to be employed and, if employed, are more likely to hold supervisory responsibility, work more hours and earn higher incomes than their peers whose mothers were not employed. In the domestic sphere, sons raised by employed mothers spend more time caring for family members and daughters spend less time on housework. Analyses provide evidence for two mechanisms: gender attitudes and social learning. Finally, findings show contextual influences at the family and societal levels: family-of-origin social class moderates effects of maternal employment and childhood exposure to female employment within society can substitute for the influence of maternal employment on daughters and reinforce its influence on sons.

  Keywords: female labor force participation; gender attitudes; household labor; maternal employment; Social Class; social learning theory; Social mobility; Employment; Gender; Attitudes; Household; Labor; Learning; Outcome or Result;

  Citation:

  McGinn, Kathleen L., Mayra Ruiz Castro, and Elizabeth Long Lingo. "Learning From Mum: Cross-National Evidence Linking Maternal Employment and Adult Children’s Outcomes." Work, Employment and Society 33, no. 3 (June 2019): 374–400.  View Details

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• Chapter | The Economics of Artificial Intelligence | 2019

  The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation: An Exploratory Analysis

  Iain M. Cockburn, Rebecca Henderson and Scott Stern

  Citation:

  Cockburn, Iain M., Rebecca Henderson, and Scott Stern. "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation: An Exploratory Analysis." Chap. 4 in The Economics of Artificial Intelligence, edited by Ajay K. Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb. University of Chicago Press, 2019.  View Details

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• Background Note | HBS Case Collection | May 2019

  The Gig Economy: Leasing Skills to Pay the Bills

  Joseph Fuller, William R. Kerr and Carl Kreitzberg

  This primer provides a comprehensive exploration into the gig economy and how it is reshaping global business. It shows how the Uber driver, the freelancing programmer in India, and the independent corporate consultant are all different variants of the modern-day gig workers. In doing so, this document addresses the following questions: • What are gigs and who performs them? • What is the size of the gig economy? How big will it get? • What types of gig work are available, and how do they differ from one another? • What are major trends in the gig economy, and how could technology disrupt this space? • What are the key management and legal issues for companies that use gig workers? • What has been the recent legal and regulatory history of the gig economy?

  Keywords: Talent and Talent Management; Human Resources; Labor; Strategy; Management; Globalization; North America; Europe; United States; United Kingdom;

  Citation:

  Fuller, Joseph, William R. Kerr, and Carl Kreitzberg. "The Gig Economy: Leasing Skills to Pay the Bills." Harvard Business School Background Note 819-146, May 2019.  View Details

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