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• Background Note | HBS Case Collection | October 2015 (Revised August 2019)

  Higher Education in China: Internationalization in Turbulent Times

  William C. Kirby, Joycelyn W. Eby and Yuanzhuo Wang

  The rapid growth in quantity and quality of universities in China since 1978 is the most recent evolution in a long history of higher education. From as early as the Tang Dynasty, academies existed to prepare scholars for the civil service examination, but by the Republican period, higher learning was dominated by a host of well-regarded, cosmopolitan, comprehensive universities. In 1952, these institutions were reorganized according to the Soviet model and remained highly specialized until the resurgence of comprehensive institutions after 1978. This background note describes this history and then elaborates on the system of higher education since 2000, focusing on university governance, funding, faculty policy, admissions systems, and internationalization. It concludes by looking at the tightening of ideological control in universities since 2012 and reflects on the potential for China to establish "world-class" universities.

  Keywords: higher education; China; history; non-profit management; university administration; university faculty; university curriculum; education reform; Nonprofit Organizations; Management; Higher Education; History; Governance; Education Industry; China;

  Citation:

  Kirby, William C., Joycelyn W. Eby, and Yuanzhuo Wang. "Higher Education in China: Internationalization in Turbulent Times." Harvard Business School Background Note 316-066, October 2015. (Revised August 2019.)  View Details

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• Case | HBS Case Collection | January 2016 (Revised August 2019)

  From Preparatory Academy to National Flagship: The Evolution of Tsinghua University

  William C. Kirby and Joycelyn W. Eby

  Tsinghua University is one of the most prominent universities in China, and, increasingly, in the world. Its evolution to this position reflects the major developments in Chinese history—outward looking internationalism in the 1920s and 1930s, creative survival in the 1940s, Sovietization in the 1950s and 1960s, chaos in the 1970s, rebuilding in the 1980s, and, since the 1990s, a laser focus on becoming one of the best higher education institutions in the world. This case study traces this institutional history and then examines Tsinghua University's recent attempts at reform in faculty governance, curriculum, and funding as it seeks "world-class" status.

  Keywords: China; university administration; university curriculum; university faculty; world-class universities; higher education; Higher Education; History; Governance; Education Industry; China; Beijing;

  Citation:

  Kirby, William C., and Joycelyn W. Eby. "From Preparatory Academy to National Flagship: The Evolution of Tsinghua University." Harvard Business School Case 316-141, January 2016. (Revised August 2019.)  View Details

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• Article | Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society | March 2019

  The New Silk Road: Implications for Higher Education in China and the West?

  William C. Kirby and Marijk C. van der Wende

  Recent geopolitical events, such as Brexit and the retreat from multilateral trade and cooperation by the USA, have created waves of uncertainty, especially in the field of higher education, regarding international cooperation. Meanwhile, China is publicly seeking to take the lead in globalisation, developing its higher education and research systems at speed and actively seeking to cooperate with academic partners along the New Silk Roads in order to attract talent (back). But under which conditions, whose definitions, and based on what values? And what, if any, difference will the “New Silk Road” make in the global educational landscape?

  Keywords: New Silk Road; Globalization; Higher Education; Global Range; International Relations; Cooperation;

  Citation:

  Kirby, William C., and Marijk C. van der Wende. "The New Silk Road: Implications for Higher Education in China and the West?" Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 127–144.  View Details

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