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• Working Paper | HBS Working Paper Series | 2018

  Learning From Mum: Cross-National Evidence Linking Maternal Employment and Adult Children's Outcomes

  Kathleen L. McGinn, Mayra Ruiz Castro and Elizabeth Long Lingo

  Analyses relying on two international surveys from over 100,000 men and women across 29 countries explore the relationship between maternal employment and adult daughters’ and sons’ employment and domestic outcomes. In the employment sphere, adult daughters, but not sons, of employed mothers are more likely to be employed and, if employed, are more likely to hold supervisory responsibility, work more hours and earn higher incomes than their peers whose mothers were not employed. In the domestic sphere, sons raised by employed mothers spend more time caring for family members and daughters spend less time on housework. Analyses provide evidence for two mechanisms: gender attitudes and social learning. Finally, findings show contextual influences at the family and societal levels: family-of-origin social class moderates effects of maternal employment and childhood exposure to female employment within society can substitute for the influence of maternal employment on daughters and reinforce its influence on sons.

  Keywords: female labor force participation; gender attitudes; household labor; maternal employment; Social Class; social learning theory; Social mobility; Employment; Gender; Attitudes; Household; Labor; Learning; Outcome or Result;

  Citation:

  McGinn, Kathleen L., Mayra Ruiz Castro, and Elizabeth Long Lingo. "Learning From Mum: Cross-National Evidence Linking Maternal Employment and Adult Children's Outcomes." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-061, January 2018. (Forthcoming in Work, Employment and Society.)  View Details

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• Article | Current Opinion in Psychology

  Gender, Social Class, and Women's Employment

  Kathleen L. McGinn and Eunsil Oh

  People in low-power positions, whether due to gender or class, tend to exhibit other-oriented rather than self-oriented behavior. Women’s experiences at work and at home are shaped by social class, heightening identification with gender for relatively upper class women and identification with class for relatively lower class women, potentially mitigating, or even reversing, class-based differences documented in past research. Gender-class differences are reflected in women’s employment beliefs and behaviors. Research integrating social class with gendered experiences in homes and workplaces deepens our understanding of the complex interplay between sources of power and status in society.

  Keywords: gender; Social Class; women's employment; Gender; Employment; Status and Position;

  Citation:

  McGinn, Kathleen L., and Eunsil Oh. "Gender, Social Class, and Women's Employment." Special Issue on Inequality and Social Class. Current Opinion in Psychology 18 (December 2017): 84–88.  View Details

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• Working Paper | HBS Working Paper Series | 2017

  Class Matters: The Role of Social Class in High-Achieving Women's Career Narratives

  Judith A. Clair, Kathleen L. McGinn, Beth K. Humberd and Rachel D. Arnett

  Our study explores the career narratives of women from diverse social class backgrounds as they describe how they ascended to elite organizational roles despite severe gender underrepresentation. We illuminate the varied ways that high-achieving women understand and retell their career stories, identifying five broad approaches to narrating their ascent against the odds: serendipity, competence, social ties, maneuvers, and aggressive action. We demonstrate the role that social class origins play in shaping the career narratives of these high achieving women. Women from lower social class backgrounds employ highly agentic narratives to fuel their success against the double obstacles of gender and class. In contrast, women from middle- and upper-class origins were constrained in their use of agentic narratives and were more likely to describe their success in terms of serendipity. The present findings shed light on the variation in women’s career narratives and demonstrate that some women deviate significantly from gender stereotypes by narrating their success using extreme levels of agency typically associated with men.

  Keywords: Personal Development and Career; Gender; Success; Diversity; Perception;

  Citation:

  Clair, Judith A., Kathleen L. McGinn, Beth K. Humberd, and Rachel D. Arnett. "Class Matters: The Role of Social Class in High-Achieving Women's Career Narratives." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 18-014, August 2017. (Revised for requested resubmission.)  View Details

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