Michael E. Porter

Bishop William Lawrence University Professor

Michael E. Porter is a leading authority on competitive strategy; the competitiveness and economic development of nations, states, and regions; and the application of competitive principles and strategic approaches to social needs, such as health care, innovation, and corporate responsibility.

Professor Porter is generally recognized as the father of the modern strategy field, and has been identified in rankings and surveys as the world’s most influential thinker on management and competitiveness. He serves as an advisor to countries, corporations, non-profits, and academic circles across the globe.

As the Bishop William Lawrence University Professor based at Harvard Business School, Professor Porter has received the highest professional recognition that can be awarded to a Harvard faculty member. In 2001, Harvard Business School and Harvard University jointly created the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, which is dedicated to furthering his work and research.

The author of 18 books and over 125 articles, Professor Porter received a B.S.E. with high honors in aerospace and mechanical engineering from Princeton University in 1969, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and Tau Beta Pi. He then received an M.B.A. with high distinction in 1971 from the Harvard Business School, where he was a George F. Baker Scholar, and a Ph.D. in business economics from Harvard University in 1973.

Teaching

Professor Porter's ideas are the foundation for courses on strategy and competitiveness, and his work is taught at virtually every business school in the world.

His Microeconomics of Competitiveness course at Harvard is open to graduate students across the schools at the university. It is also taught in partnership with more than 80 other universities from every continent using curriculum, video content and instructor support developed at Harvard.

Professor Porter developed and chairs the New CEO Workshop, a Harvard Business School program for newly appointed CEOs of the world’s largest and more complex corporations. Held twice each year by invitation only, the workshop focuses on the challenges facing new CEOs in assuming leadership. His Harvard Business Review article with Jay Lorsch and Nitin Nohria, ‘Seven Surprises for New CEOs’ (October 2004), describes some of the learning from this ongoing body of work.

Professor Porter speaks widely on strategy, competitiveness, health care delivery, related subjects to business, government, non-profit, and philanthropic leaders.

Research

Strategy

Professor Porter’s core field is competitive strategy, which remains a major focus of his research. His book, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, is in its 63rd printing and has been translated into 19 languages. His second major strategy book, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, was published in 1985 and is in its 38th printing. His book On Competition (2008) contains his most influential articles on strategy and competition, including the award-winning Harvard Business Review article 'What is Strategy?' (1996) and 'The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy' (2008), a revised and extended version of his classic article on industry analysis. Professor Porter’s next major book on strategy is in process.

Competitiveness of Nations and Regions

Professor Porter's 1990 book, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, presents a new theory of how nations and regions compete and their sources of economic prosperity. Motivated by his appointment by President Ronald Reagan to the President's Commission on Industrial Competitiveness, the book has guided economic policy in countless nations and regions. Subsequent articles have expanded on the concept of clusters (geographic concentrations of related industries that occur in particular fields) and other aspects of the theory.

National Competitiveness. Professor Porter has published books about national competitiveness covering New Zealand, Canada, Sweden, and Switzerland. His book Can Japan Compete? (2000) challenged long-held views about the Japanese economic miracle.

Professor Porter chairs the Global Competitiveness Report, an annual ranking of the competitiveness and growth prospects of more than 120 countries published by the World Economic Forum.

Clusters. Professor Porter’s ideas on clusters, first introduced in 1990, have given rise to a large body of theory and practice throughout the world. Cluster-based economic development thinking has resulted in many hundreds of public-private cluster initiatives in virtually every country. The article “Clusters and Competition: New Agendas for Companies, Governments, and Institutions” and On Competition (1998) provide a summary.

Regional Competitiveness. Professor Porter extended his work on competitiveness to states, provinces, and other sub-national regions. He led the Clusters of Innovation project which developed a framework for economic policy in U.S. regions. He also created the U.S. Cluster Mapping Project, which provides rich data on the economic geography of U.S. regions and clusters on an interactive website and received grant funding from the U.S. Department of Commerce's Economic Development Administration. Professor Porter’s methodology is the basis for comprehensive new data on the economic geography of the 27 countries of the European Union. The article ‘The Economic Performance of Regions’ (2003) summarizes some of the important findings from this data, and a new paper, ‘Convergence, Clusters and Economic Performance’ (2006), with Mercedes Delgado and Scott Stern, presents the first comprehensive statistical examination of U.S. regional performance using cluster data.

Innovation. Professor Porter is co-author (with Professor Scott Stern and others) of a body of work on the sources of innovation in national and regional economies, including The New Challenge to America's Prosperity: Findings from the Innovation Index (1999), 'The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity' (2000), and 'Measuring the 'Ideas' Production Function: Evidence from International Patent Output' (2000).

Competition and Society

Professor Porter's third major body of work has addressed the relationship between competition and important social issues such as poverty and the natural environment.

Economically Distressed Communities. Professor Porter offered a new approach to revitalizing distressed urban communities, beginning with the Harvard Business Review article 'The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City'. In 1994, he founded The Initiative for a Competitive Inner City (ICIC), a non-profit, private-sector organization to catalyze inner-city business development across the country. Professor Porter is Chairman of the ICIC, a national organization that works in cities across America. Professor Porter has also written on economic development in rural areas.

The Natural Environment. Professor Porter introduced a controversial theory that environmental progress and economic competitiveness were not inconsistent but complementary, first put forth in his Scientific American essay, 'America's Green Strategy' (1991), and developed in more detail in his article 'Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship' (1995). The “Porter Hypothesis” has been the subject of more than 100 articles and has spawned a rich literature. The theory is now gaining widening acceptance and is guiding corporate practice and thinking about regulation.

Philanthropy and Corporate Social Responsibility. Professor Porter has devoted growing attention to philanthropy and the role of corporations in society. His Harvard Business Review article with Mark Kramer, 'Philanthropy's New Agenda: Creating Value' (1999), introduced a new framework for developing strategy in foundations and other philanthropic organizations.

His Harvard Business Review article, 'The Competitive Advantage of Corporate Philanthropy' (2002), focused on how corporations can create more social benefit with their philanthropy. His Harvard Business Review article with Mark Kramer, 'Strategy and Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility' (2006), puts forth an approach for companies to think strategically about corporate social responsibility.

With Mark Kramer, Professor Porter co-founded the Center for Effective Philanthropy, a non-profit organization dedicated to creating concepts and measurement tools to improve foundation performance. He also co-founded FSG, an international non-profit advisory firm that provides advice and innovative ideas about social strategy to foundations, corporations, and social service organizations.

Health Care Delivery

Since 2001, Professor Porter has devoted considerable attention to competition in the health care system, with a focus on improving health care delivery. His work with Professor Elizabeth Teisberg, including the book Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), is influencing thinking and practice not only in the United States but numerous other countries. Curriculum growing out of this research is being taught at Harvard and elsewhere.

Advisory and Civic Roles

Professor Porter has served as a strategy advisor to top management in numerous leading U.S. and international companies, among them Caterpillar, DuPont, Procter & Gamble, Royal Dutch Shell, Scotts Miracle-Gro, SYSCO, and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company.

Professor Porter currently serves on the board of directors of two public companies, Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation and Parametric Technology Corporation.

Professor Porter serves as senior strategy advisor to the Boston Red Sox, a major league baseball team. He has advised numerous educational and community organizations on strategy.

Professor Porter is actively involved in assisting governments in the United States and abroad. He plays an active role in U.S. economic policy with the Executive Branch, Congress, and international organizations. Professor Porter is a founding member and member of the Executive Committee of the Council on Competitiveness, America’s leading private-sector competitiveness organization made up of chief executive officers of major corporations, unions, and universities. He also chairs the selection committee for the annual Corporate Stewardship Award of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce.

Professor Porter advises national leaders in numerous countries on competitiveness including Armenia, Colombia, Ireland, Nicaragua, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. He has personally led major studies of economic strategy for the governments of such countries as Canada, India, Kazakhstan, Libya, New Zealand, Portugal, and Thailand.

Professor Porter’s thinking about economic development for groups of neighboring countries has resulted in a long-term initiative within Central America, including the formation of the Latin American Center for Competitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS), a permanent institution based in Costa Rica.

At the state and local level, Professor Porter has worked extensively in his home state of Massachusetts and numerous others. He has been honored by governments for his work in Basque Country, Catalonia, Connecticut, and South Carolina. He chaired the Governor’s Council on Economic Growth and Technology in Massachusetts during the period when Massachusetts made dramatic improvements in competitiveness.

Honors and Awards

Professor Porter has been widely recognized for his work. Some of these honors (in chronological order) include Harvard's David A. Wells Prize in Economics (1973) for his research in industrial organization. He received the Graham and Dodd Award of the Financial Analysts Federation in 1980. His book Competitive Advantage won the George R. Terry Book Award of the Academy of Management in 1985 as the outstanding contribution to management thought.

Professor Porter was elected a Fellow of the International Academy of Management in 1985, a Fellow of the Academy of Management in 1988, and a Fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1991. In 1991, he received the Charles Coolidge Parlin Award for outstanding contribution to the field of marketing and strategy, given by the American Marketing Association. Professor Porter was honored by the Massachusetts State Legislature in 1991 for his work on Massachusetts competitiveness.

In 1993, Professor Porter was named the Richard D. Irwin Outstanding Educator in Business Policy and Strategy by the Academy of Management.

He was the 1997 recipient of the Adam Smith Award of the National Association of Business Economists, given in recognition of his exceptional contributions to the business economics profession. In 1998, he received the International Academy of Management’s first-ever Distinguished Award for Contribution to the Field of Management.

In 2001, the annual Porter Prize, akin to the Deming Prize, was established in Japan in his name to recognize Japan’s leading companies in terms of strategy.

In 2003, the Academy of Management recognized Professor Porter with its highest award, for scholarly contributions to management.

In 2005, Professor Porter became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. That year, he was awarded the John Kenneth Galbraith Medal (presented by the American Agricultural Economics Association. That year, he was also honored by the South Carolina legislature for his efforts in assisting and promoting economic development in that state.

In 2007, Professor Porter’s book, Redefining Health Care, was awarded the James A. Hamilton Award as the outstanding health care book of the year.

In 2008, he received the first ever Lifetime Achievement Award from the United States Department of Commerce for his contribution to economic development.

Professor Porter has received six McKinsey Awards for the best Harvard Business Review article of the year, including an unprecedented four first-place awards.

Professor Porter has received honorary doctorates from the Stockholm School of Economics; Erasmus University (the Netherlands); HEC (France); Universidada Tecnica de Lisboa (Portugal); Adolfo Ibanez University (Chile); INCAE (Central America); The University of Deusto (Basque Country); The University of Iceland; Universidad de los Andes (Colombia); HHL-Leipzig Graduate School of Management (Germany); Universidad San Martin de Porres (Peru); Johnson and Wales University (United States); and Mt. Ida College (United States).

Professor Porter has also been awarded national honors including the Creu de St. Jordi (Cross of St. George) from Catalonia (Spain) and the Jose Dolores Estrada Order of Merit, the highest civilian honor awarded by the Government of Nicaragua.

Personal History

Professor Porter was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and lived and traveled throughout the world as the son of a career Army officer. He was an all-state high school football and baseball player in the state of New Jersey where he attended high school. At Princeton, he played intercollegiate golf and was New England champion. He was named to the 1968 NCAA Golf All-American Team. After graduating from college, Professor Porter served through the rank of captain in the U.S. Army Reserve. He maintains a long-time interest in the esthetics and business of music and art, having worked on the problems of strategy with arts organizations and aspiring musicians. Professor Porter has two daughters and resides in Brookline, Massachusetts.

9/08

 

Books

  1. On Competition, Updated and Expanded Edition

    For the past two decades, Michael Porter's work has towered over the field of competitive strategy. On Competition, Updated and Expanded Edition brings together more than a dozen of Porter's landmark articles from the Harvard Business Review. Five are new to this edition, including the 2008 update to his classic "The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy," as well as new work on health care, philanthropy, corporate social responsibility, and CEO leadership. This collection captures Porter's unique ability to bridge theory and practice. Each of the articles has not only shaped thinking, but also redefined the work of practitioners in its respective field. In an insightful new introduction, Porter relates each article to the whole of his thinking about competition and value creation, and traces how that thinking has deepened over time. This collection is organized by topic, allowing the reader easy access to the wide range of Porter's work. Parts I and II present the frameworks for which Porter is best known--frameworks that address how companies, as well as nations and regions, gain and sustain competitive advantage. Part III shows how strategic thinking can address society's most pressing challenges, from environmental sustainability to improving health-care delivery. Part IV explores how both nonprofits and corporations can create value for society more effectively by applying strategy principles to philanthropy. Part V explores the link between strategy and leadership.

    Keywords: Leadership; Practice; Competitive Strategy; Theory; Value Creation;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. On Competition, Updated and Expanded Edition. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2008.
  2. Global Competitiveness Report 2008/2009

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Klaus Schwab, eds. Global Competitiveness Report 2008/2009. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2008.
  3. Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008

    The World Economic Forum continues its tradition of excellence with the 29th edition of the annual Global Competitiveness Report featuring the latest indicators from the Executive Opinion Survey. The Report assesses over 130 developed and emerging economies and presents country profiles highlighting strengths and weaknesses of each economy.

    Keywords: Globalized Economies and Regions; Strength and Weakness; Competition;

    Citation:

    Lopez-Claros, Augusto, Michael Porter, Xavier Sala-i-Martin, and Klaus Schwab. Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008. World Economic Forum, 2007.
  4. Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results

    Keywords: Health; Value; Competition; Outcome or Result;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Elizabeth O. Teisberg. Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006.
  5. Can Japan Compete?

    Keywords: Competition; Japan;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Hirotaka Takeuchi, and M. Sakakibara. Can Japan Compete? Tokyo: Daiyamondosha [Diamond, Inc.], 2000. (English ed., Basingstoke: MacMillan, 2000; New York: Basic Books, 2000.)
  6. On Competition

    Keywords: Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. On Competition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998.
  7. Canada at the Crossroads: The Reality of a New Competitive Environment

    Keywords: Global Strategy; Globalized Markets and Industries; Canada;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and The Monitor Company. Canada at the Crossroads: The Reality of a New Competitive Environment. Ottawa: Business Council on National Issues, 1992.
  8. Internationale Wettbewerbsvorteile: Ein Strategisches Konzept fur die Schweiz (International Competitive Advantage: A New Strategic Concept for Switzerland)

    Keywords: Global Range; Competitive Advantage; Switzerland;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., S. Borner, R. Weder, and M. J. Enright. Internationale Wettbewerbsvorteile: Ein Strategisches Konzept fur die Schweiz (International Competitive Advantage: A New Strategic Concept for Switzerland). Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag, 1991.
  9. Advantage Sweden

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage; Sweden;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Orjan Solvell, and I. Zander. Advantage Sweden. Stockholm: Norstedts Förlag, 1991. (Second ed., Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik, 1993.)
  10. Upgrading New Zealand's Competitive Advantage

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage; New Zealand;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., G. T. Crocombe, and M. J. Enright. Upgrading New Zealand's Competitive Advantage. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  11. Strategy: Seeking and Securing Competitive Advantage

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage;

    Citation:

    Montgomery, C. A., and M. E. Porter, eds. Strategy: Seeking and Securing Competitive Advantage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1991.
  12. The Competitive Advantage of Nations

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage; Global Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press, 1990. (Republished with a new introduction, 1998.)
  13. Competition in Global Industries

    Keywords: Competition; Globalized Markets and Industries;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., ed. Competition in Global Industries. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1986.
  14. Business Policy: Text and Cases

    Keywords: Business Plan; Strategic Planning;

    Citation:

    Andrews, K., J. Bower, C. R. Christensen, R. Hamermesh, and M. E. Porter. Business Policy: Text and Cases. 6 Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, 1986.
  15. The Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage; Performance Consistency;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. The Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. NY: Free Press, 1985. (Republished with a new introduction, 1998.)
  16. Cases in Competitive Strategy

    Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Cases;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. Cases in Competitive Strategy. NY: Free Press, 1982.
  17. Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors

    Keywords: Competitive Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Free Press, 1980. (Republished with a new introduction, 1998.)
  18. Competition in an Open Economy: A Model Applied to Canada

    Keywords: Competition; Business Model; Canada;

    Citation:

    Caves, R. E., M. E. Porter, and A. M. Spence. Competition in an Open Economy: A Model Applied to Canada. Vol. 150, Harvard Economic Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
  19. Studies in Canadian Industrial Organization

    Keywords: Industry Structures; Canada;

    Citation:

    Caves, R. E., M. E. Porter, A. M. Spence, and J. T. Scott. Studies in Canadian Industrial Organization. Toronto: Canadian Commission on Corporate Concentration, 1977.
  20. Interbrand Choice, Strategy and Bilateral Market Power

    Keywords: Marketing Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. Interbrand Choice, Strategy and Bilateral Market Power. Vol. 146, Harvard Economic Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.

Journal Articles

  1. The Looming Challenge to U.S Competitiveness

    The United States is a competitive location to the extent that companies operating in the U.S. are able to compete successfully in the global economy while supporting high and rising living standards for the average American. By this standard, U.S. competitiveness is in grave danger. The erosion of U.S. competitiveness began well before the Great Recession. The U.S. faces competition from a widening range of nations with lower wages and improving economic strategies. But a short-term focus in many businesses and political gridlock have prevented the U.S. from taking the steps needed to meet the challenge. The U.S. retains core strengths in areas such as entrepreneurship and higher education. However, these are increasingly nullified by weaknesses in the tax code, fiscal policy, K-12 education, and other areas. To address its challenges, America needs a strategy and a consensus on direction.  Government will play a crucial role, but business must lead the way.

    Keywords: Problems and Challenges; Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jan W. Rivkin. "The Looming Challenge to U.S Competitiveness." Harvard Business Review 90, no. 3 (March 2012): 54–61.
  2. Choosing the United States

    The U.S. is not winning its appropriate share of location decisions, even those involving the high-value-adding activities that the country has long been able to attract. In part, this is because U.S. policy makers are not addressing weaknesses in the national business environment and are doing little to fight economic distortions that disfavor location in the United States. In addition, executives are prone to leave or overlook U.S. locations because they ignore many hidden costs associated with offshoring and do not consider how to enhance the economic potential of U.S. locations. Although both government and business must urgently address some unnecessary weaknesses in the U.S. business environment, there are hopeful signs that sophisticated management teams are reevaluating their rush offshore and, in some instances, are moving high-end mobile activities back to the United States.

    Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jan W. Rivkin. "Choosing the United States." Harvard Business Review 90, no. 3 (March 2012): 80–91.
  3. How to Solve the Cost Crisis in Health Care

    Existing health care costing systems have serious flaws that make it impossible to measure costs accurately at the individual patient and medical condition level. This gap has severely limited meaningful cost reduction throughout the system. The paper describes a new (for health care) approach that can accurately measure the costs incurred over the care cycle for a patient's condition. Combining this cost information along with the patient outcomes achieved reveals major opportunities for health care providers and third-party payers to transform the economics of delivering health care. We illustrate multiple ways for providers to drive costs out of the system while simultaneously improving the quality of care they deliver.

    Keywords: Cost; Health Care and Treatment; Measurement and Metrics; Service Delivery; Outcome or Result; Quality; Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Kaplan, Robert S., and Michael E. Porter. "How to Solve the Cost Crisis in Health Care." Harvard Business Review 89, no. 9 (September 2011): 47–64.
  4. Creating Shared Value

    The capitalist system is under siege. In recent years business has been criticized as a major cause of social, environmental, and economic problems. Companies are widely thought to be prospering at the expense of their communities. Trust in business has fallen to new lows, leading government officials to set policies that undermine competitiveness and sap economic growth. Business is caught in a vicious circle. A big part of the problem lies with companies themselves, which remain trapped in an outdated, narrow approach to value creation. Focused on optimizing short-term financial performance, they overlook the greatest unmet needs in the market as well as broader influences on their long-term success. Why else would companies ignore the well-being of their customers, the depletion of natural resources vital to their businesses, the viability of suppliers, and the economic distress of the communities in which they produce and sell? It doesn't have to be this way, say Porter, of Harvard Business School, and Kramer, the managing director of the social impact advisory firm FSG. Companies could bring business and society back together if they redefined their purpose as creating "shared value"-generating economic value in a way that also produces value for society by addressing its challenges. A shared value approach reconnects company success with social progress. Firms can do this in three distinct ways: by reconceiving products and markets, redefining productivity in the value chain, and building supportive industry clusters at the company's locations. A number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business-including GE, Wal-Mart, Nestlé, Johnson & Johnson, and Unilever-have already embarked on important initiatives in these areas. Nestlé, for example, redesigned its coffee procurement processes, working intensively with small farmers in impoverished areas who were trapped in a cycle of low productivity, poor quality, and environmental degradation. Nestlé provided advice on farming practices; helped growers secure plant stock, fertilizers, and pesticides; and began directly paying them a premium for better beans. Higher yields and quality increased the growers' incomes, the environmental impact of farms shrank, and Nestlé's reliable supply of good coffee grew significantly. Shared value was created. Shared value could reshape capitalism and its relationship to society. It could also drive the next wave of innovation and productivity growth in the global economy as it opens managers' eyes to immense human needs that must be met, large new markets to be served, and the internal costs of social deficits-as well as the competitive advantages available from addressing them. But our understanding of shared value is still in its genesis. Attaining it will require managers to develop new skills and knowledge and governments to learn how to regulate in ways that enable shared value, rather than work against it.

    Keywords: Customer Value and Value Chain; Economic Growth; Economic Systems; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Environmental Sustainability; Trust; Human Needs; Welfare or Wellbeing; Competitive Advantage; Value Creation;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Mark R. Kramer. "Creating Shared Value." Harvard Business Review 89, nos. 1-2 (January–February 2011).
  5. From a Declaration of Values to the Creation of Value in Global Health

    To make best use of the new dollars available for the treatment of disease in resource poor settings, global health practice requires a strategic approach that emphasizes value for patients, defined as health outcomes per dollar spent. Practitioners and global health academics should seek to identify and elaborate the set of factors that drive value for patients through the detailed study of actual care delivery organizations in multiple settings.  Several frameworks can facilitate this study, including the care delivery value chain, as well as a systematic approach to considering shared delivery infrastructure. A new field of global health delivery science, which seeks to understand the true complexities of health care delivery will lead to insights that can rapidly improve the health of the poor throughout the world.

    Keywords: Globalization; Health Care and Treatment; Infrastructure; Service Delivery; Outcome or Result; Poverty; Value Creation;

    Citation:

    Kim, Jim Yong, Joseph Rhatigan, Sachin H. Jain, and Michael E. Porter. "From a Declaration of Values to the Creation of Value in Global Health." Global Public Health (December 2009).
  6. A Blueprint for Pharmacy Benefits Managers to Increase Value

    Pharmacy benefits managers (PBMs) have a unique opportunity to promote public health and generate value in the healthcare system. However, PBMs are largely evaluated on their ability to control costs rather than improve health. PBMs should be evaluated along three dimensions in which they can increase value: 1) the use of cost-effective medications, 2) the timely initiation of appropriate medications, and 3) adherence to those medications. Value promotion requires the development of integrated data systems, stronger partnerships with patients and physicians and improved measurement and reporting of results. Incentives for PBMs to promote value should drive innovation and improve health outcomes.

    Keywords: Opportunities; Health; System; Cost Management; Partners and Partnerships; Motivation and Incentives; Value; Innovation and Invention; Performance Effectiveness; Health Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry;

    Citation:

    Shrank, William, Michael E. Porter, Sachin H. Jain, and Niteesh K. Choudhary. "A Blueprint for Pharmacy Benefits Managers to Increase Value." American Journal of Managed Care (February 2009).
  7. Delivering Global Health

    Keywords: Health;

    Citation:

    Jain, Sachin H., Rebecca Weintraub, Joseph Rhatigan, Michael E. Porter, and Jim Yong Kim. "Delivering Global Health." Editorials. Student BMJ 16, no. 227 (June 2008).
  8. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy

    This article includes a one-page preview that quickly summarizes the key ideas and provides an overview of how the concepts work in practice along with suggestions for further reading. In 1979, a young associate professor at Harvard Business School published his first article for HBR, "How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy." In the years that followed, Michael Porter's explication of the five forces that determine the long-run profitability of any industry has shaped a generation of academic research and business practice. In this article, Porter undertakes a thorough reaffirmation and extension of his classic work of strategy formulation, which includes substantial new sections showing how to put the five forces analysis into practice. The five forces govern the profit structure of an industry by determining how the economic value it creates is apportioned. That value may be drained away through the rivalry among existing competitors, of course, but it can also be bargained away through the power of suppliers or the power of customers or be constrained by the threat of new entrants or the threat of substitutes. Strategy can be viewed as building defenses against the competitive forces or as finding a position in an industry where the forces are weaker. Changes in the strength of the forces signal changes in the competitive landscape critical to ongoing strategy formulation. In exploring the implications of the five forces framework, Porter explains why a fast-growing industry is not always a profitable one, how eliminating today's competitors through mergers and acquisitions can reduce an industry's profit potential, how government policies play a role by changing the relative strength of the forces, and how to use the forces to understand complements. He then shows how a company can influence the key forces in its industry to create a more favorable structure for itself or to expand the pie altogether. The five forces reveal why industry profitability is what it is. Only by understanding them can a company incorporate industry conditions into strategy.

    Keywords: Profit; Five Forces Framework; Industry Growth; Industry Structures; Business and Government Relations; Competitive Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy." Special Issue on HBS Centennial. Harvard Business Review 86, no. 1 (January 2008).
  9. Strategy and Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility

    Keywords: Strategy; Society; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Mark R. Kramer. "Strategy and Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility." Harvard Business Review 84, no. 12 (December 2006).
  10. Seven Surprises for New CEOs

    Keywords: Management;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Jay W. Lorsch, and Nitin Nohria. "Seven Surprises for New CEOs." R0410C. Harvard Business Review 82, no. 10 (October 2004): 62–72.
  11. Redefining Competition in Health Care

    Keywords: Competition; Health; Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Elizabeth Olmsted Teisberg. "Redefining Competition in Health Care." Harvard Business Review 82, no. 6 (June 2004).
  12. The Economic Performance of Regions

    Keywords: Economics; Performance;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "The Economic Performance of Regions." Regional Studies 37, nos. 6-7 (August–October 2003).
  13. Innovation: Location Matters

    Keywords: Innovation and Invention; Geographic Location;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Innovation: Location Matters." MIT Sloan Management Review 42, no. 4 (summer 2001).
  14. Competing at Home to Win Abroad: Evidence from Japanese History

    Keywords: Competition; Global Range; History; Japan;

    Citation:

    Sakakibara, Mariko, and Michael E. Porter. "Competing at Home to Win Abroad: Evidence from Japanese History." Review of Economics and Statistics 83, no. 2 (May 2001).
  15. Strategy and the Internet

    Keywords: Strategy; Online Technology;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Strategy and the Internet." Harvard Business Review 79, no. 3 (March 2001).
  16. Freeing Oneself from Non-Differentiated Across-the-Board Competition

    Keywords: Competition;

    Citation:

    Takeuchi, Hirotaka, and Michael E. Porter. "Freeing Oneself from Non-Differentiated Across-the-Board Competition." Japan Center for Economic Research Journal (2001).
  17. Location, Competition and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy

    Keywords: Competition; Economics; Growth and Development; Global Range; Geographic Location; Economy;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Location, Competition and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy." Economic Development Quarterly 14, no. 1 (February 2000): 15–34.
  18. Philanthropy's New Agenda: Creating Value

    Keywords: Giving and Philanthropy; Value;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Mark R. Kramer. "Philanthropy's New Agenda: Creating Value." Harvard Business Review 77, no. 6 (November–December 1999).
  19. Fixing What Really Ails Japan

    Keywords: Japan;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Hirotaka Takeuchi. "Fixing What Really Ails Japan." Foreign Affairs 78, no. 3 (May–June 1999).
  20. The Persistence of Shocks to Profitability

    Keywords: Profit; System Shocks;

    Citation:

    McGahan, Anita M., and Michael E. Porter. "The Persistence of Shocks to Profitability." Review of Economics and Statistics 81, no. 1 (February 1999): 143–153.
  21. The Microeconomic Foundations of Economic Development and Competitiveness

    Keywords: Microeconomics; Economics; Growth and Development; Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "The Microeconomic Foundations of Economic Development and Competitiveness." Wirtschaftspolitische Blätte 46 (1999).
  22. Clusters and the New Economy

    Keywords: Economy;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Clusters and the New Economy." Harvard Business Review 76, no. 6 (November–December 1998). (Reprinted in Managing in the New Economy, HBSP, 1999; and in Systems of Innovation: Growth, Competitiveness and Employment, Edward Elgar, 2000.)
  23. Competition in Global Industries: A Conceptual Framework

    Keywords: Competition; Global Range; Business Ventures; Framework;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Competition in Global Industries: A Conceptual Framework." Hitotsubashi bijinesu rebyū [Hitotsubashi Business Review] 35, no. 4 (March 1998).
  24. Industrial Ecology and Competitiveness

    Keywords: Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Dan Esty. "Industrial Ecology and Competitiveness." Journal of Industrial Ecology 2, no. 1 (winter 1998).
  25. The Bottom-Up Solution

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Yagil Weinberg, and Noreena Hertz. "The Bottom-Up Solution." Financial Times (September 1997).
  26. How Much Does Industry Matter, Really?

    Keywords: Supply and Industry;

    Citation:

    McGahan, A. M., and M. E. Porter. "How Much Does Industry Matter, Really?" Strategic Management Journal 18 (summer 1997): 15–30.
  27. The Inner City's Competitive Advantage

    Keywords: City; Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Tapan Munroe. "The Inner City's Competitive Advantage." San Francisco Examiner (February 27, 1997).
  28. New Strategies for Inner-City Economic Development

    Keywords: Strategy; City; Economics; Growth and Development;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "New Strategies for Inner-City Economic Development." Economic Development Quarterly 11, no. 1 (February 1997).
  29. What Is Strategy?

    Keywords: Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "What Is Strategy?" Harvard Business Review 74, no. 6 (November–December 1996).
  30. Competitiveness in Central America

    Keywords: Competition; North and Central America;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Competitiveness in Central America." Competitiveness in Central America: Preparing Companies for Globalization (July 1996).
  31. Competitive Advantage, Agglomeration Economies, and Regional Policy

    Keywords: Economy; Competition; Policy;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Competitive Advantage, Agglomeration Economies, and Regional Policy." International Regional Science Review 19, nos. 1-2 (1996).
  32. Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship

    Keywords: Relationships; Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Claas van der Linde. "Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship." Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no. 4 (fall 1995).
  33. Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate

    Keywords: Competition; Environmental Sustainability;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Claas van der Linde. "Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate." Harvard Business Review 73, no. 5 (September–October 1995).
  34. How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage

    Keywords: Information; Competitive Advantage;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Victor A. Millar. "How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage." Harvard Business Review 73, no. 4 (July–August 1995).
  35. The Rise of the Urban Entrepreneur

    Keywords: Urban Scope; Entrepreneurship;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Rise of the Urban Entrepreneur." Special Issue on The State of Small Business. Inc. (May 16, 1995).
  36. The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City

    Keywords: Competition; City;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City." Harvard Business Review 73, no. 3 (May–June 1995).
  37. Making Competition in Health Care Work

    Keywords: Competition; Health; Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Teisberg, Elizabeth O., M. E. Porter, and Gregory B. Brown. "Making Competition in Health Care Work." Harvard Business Review 72, no. 4 (July–August 1994).
  38. Innovation: Medicine's Best Cost-Cutter

    Keywords: Innovation and Invention; Health; Cost;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., Elizabeth Teisberg, and Gregory Brown. "Innovation: Medicine's Best Cost-Cutter." New York Times (February 27, 1994).
  39. The Role of Location in Competition

    Keywords: Geographic Location; Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Role of Location in Competition." Journal of the Economics of Business 1, no. 1 (1994).
  40. Will Japan Remain a Long-Term Investor?

    Keywords: Investment; Japan;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Rebecca E. Wayland. "Will Japan Remain a Long-Term Investor?" Nikkei bijinesu [Nikkei Business] (December 1992).
  41. America's Long-Term Investment Problem

    Keywords: Investment; Problems and Challenges; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Rebecca E. Wayland. "America's Long-Term Investment Problem." Nikkei bijinesu [Nikkei Business] (December 1992).
  42. Capital Disadvantage: America's Falling Capital Investment System

    Keywords: Capital; Investment; System; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Capital Disadvantage: America's Falling Capital Investment System." Harvard Business Review 70, no. 5 (September–October 1992).
  43. Capital Choices: Changing the Way America Invests in Industry

    Keywords: Change; Business Ventures; Investment; Decision Choices and Conditions; Capital; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Capital Choices: Changing the Way America Invests in Industry." Continental Bank Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 5, no. 2 (summer 1992): 4–16.
  44. Know Your Place: How to Assess the Attractiveness of Your Industry and Your Company's Position In It

    Keywords: Business Ventures; Rank and Position;

  45. America's Green Strategy

    Keywords: Environmental Sustainability; Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "America's Green Strategy." Scientific American 264, no. 4 (April 1991).
  46. Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy

    Keywords: Theory; Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Towards a Dynamic Theory of Strategy." Strategic Management Journal (winter 1991).
  47. Japan Isn't Playing by Different Rules

    Keywords: Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Japan;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Japan Isn't Playing by Different Rules." New York Times (July 22, 1990).
  48. Don't Collaborate, Compete

    Keywords: Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Don't Collaborate, Compete." Economist (June 9, 1990).
  49. The Competitive Advantage of Nations

    Keywords: Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Competitive Advantage of Nations." Harvard Business Review 68, no. 2 (March–April 1990).
  50. The State of Strategic Thinking

    Keywords: Cognition and Thinking; Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The State of Strategic Thinking." Economist (May 23, 1987).
  51. From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy

    Keywords: Competition; Corporate Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy." Harvard Business Review 65, no. 3 (May–June 1987).
  52. Changing Patterns of International Competition

    Keywords: Competition; Change;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Changing Patterns of International Competition." California Management Review 28, no. 2 (winter 1986).
  53. Why U.S. Business Is Falling Behind

    Keywords: Business Ventures; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Why U.S. Business Is Falling Behind." Fortune (April 28, 1986).
  54. The Strategic Role of International Marketing

    Keywords: Strategy; Marketing;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Strategic Role of International Marketing." Journal of Consumer Marketing 3, no. 2 (spring 1986).
  55. Attacking an Industry Leader

    Keywords: Leadership;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Attacking an Industry Leader." Fortune (April 29, 1985).
  56. A Good Competitor Is Not Always a Dead Competitor

    Keywords: Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "A Good Competitor Is Not Always a Dead Competitor." Wall Street Journal (April 1, 1985).
  57. Defensive Strategy

    Keywords: Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Defensive Strategy." Strategy 7, no. 1 (1985).
  58. Technology and Competitive Advantage

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage; Technology;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Technology and Competitive Advantage." Journal of Business Strategy 5, no. 3 (winter 1985).
  59. Global Marketing no Senryaku-teki Yakuwari: Sekai-teki Kibo deno Coordination no Kanri ni tsuite (The Strategic Role of Global Marketing: Managing Coordination on a Worldwide Basis)

    Keywords: Marketing; Management; Strategy;

    Citation:

    Takeuchi, Hirotaka, and Michael E. Porter. "Global Marketing no Senryaku-teki Yakuwari: Sekai-teki Kibo deno Coordination no Kanri ni tsuite (The Strategic Role of Global Marketing: Managing Coordination on a Worldwide Basis)." Hitotsubashi bijinesu rebyū [Hitotsubashi Business Review] (August 1983).
  60. End-Game Strategies for Declining Industries

    Keywords: Strategy; Business Ventures;

    Citation:

    Harrigan, Kathryn Rudie, and M. E. Porter. "End-Game Strategies for Declining Industries." Harvard Business Review 61, no. 4 (July–August 1983).
  61. How Global Companies Win Out

    Keywords: Global Range; Business Ventures; Competition;

    Citation:

    Hout, T. M., M. E. Porter, and E. Rudden. "How Global Companies Win Out." Harvard Business Review 60, no. 5 (September–October 1982).
  62. Price Wars, More Liberal Credit and Other Competitive Maneuvers

    Keywords: Credit; Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Price Wars, More Liberal Credit and Other Competitive Maneuvers." Boardroom Reports 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1982).
  63. The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management: A Promise Beginning to Be Realized

    Keywords: Strategy; Management;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management: A Promise Beginning to Be Realized." Academy of Management Review (October 1981).
  64. More Competition Ahead: The Way to Recognize It, Respond, and Get Ahead

    Keywords: Competition; Communication;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "More Competition Ahead: The Way to Recognize It, Respond, and Get Ahead." Boardroom Reports 10, no. 5 (March 9, 1981).
  65. Capacity Expansion: Should You Play the Preemption Game?

    Keywords: Expansion;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Capacity Expansion: Should You Play the Preemption Game?" Journal of Business Strategy (winter 1981).
  66. The Dynamics of Changing Seller Concentration

    Keywords: Change; Sales;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and R. E. Caves. "The Dynamics of Changing Seller Concentration." Journal of Industrial Economics (September 1980).
  67. Industry Structure and Competitive Strategy: Keys to Profitability

    Keywords: Competition; Strategy; Profit;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Industry Structure and Competitive Strategy: Keys to Profitability." Financial Analysts Journal (July–August 1980).
  68. The Experience Curve and Antitrust

    Keywords: Law;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Experience Curve and Antitrust." Forum on Antitrust, Economics of Scale and Experience Curve Strategies (June 1980).
  69. Experience Curve

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Experience Curve." Wall Street Journal (October 22, 1979).
  70. The Structure Within Industries and Companies' Performance

    Keywords: Performance; Business Ventures;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Structure Within Industries and Companies' Performance." Review of Economics and Statistics (May 1979): 214–227.
  71. How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy

    Keywords: Competition; Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy." Harvard Business Review 57, no. 2 (March–April 1979): 137–145.
  72. Market Structure, Oligopoly and the Stability of Market Shares

    Keywords: Markets; Price; Economics;

    Citation:

    Caves, R. E., and M. E. Porter. "Market Structure, Oligopoly and the Stability of Market Shares." Journal of Industrial Economics (June 1978): 289–313.
  73. Optimal Advertising: An Intra-Industry Approach

    Keywords: Advertising; Business Ventures;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Optimal Advertising: An Intra-Industry Approach." Issues in Advertising: The Economics of Persuasion (1978).
  74. Interfirm Profitability Differences: Comment

    Keywords: Profit;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., R. E. Caves, and B. T. Gale. "Interfirm Profitability Differences: Comment." Quarterly Journal of Economics (November 1977): 667–675.
  75. From Entry Barriers to Mobility Barriers: Conjectural Decisions and Contrived Deterrence to New Competition

    Keywords: Decision Making;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and R. E. Caves. "From Entry Barriers to Mobility Barriers: Conjectural Decisions and Contrived Deterrence to New Competition." Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 1977): 241–262.
  76. Please Note Location of Nearest Exit: Exit Barriers and Planning

    Keywords: Planning;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Please Note Location of Nearest Exit: Exit Barriers and Planning." California Management Review 19, no. 2 (winter 1976): 21–33.
  77. Interbrand Choice, Media Mix and Market Performance

    Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions; Media; Markets; Performance;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Interbrand Choice, Media Mix and Market Performance." American Economic Review 66, no. 2 (May 1976): 398–406.
  78. Information, Politics and Economic Analysis: The Regulatory Decision Process in the Air Freight Cases

    Keywords: Information; Government and Politics; Economics; Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms; Decision Making;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and J. F. Sagansky. "Information, Politics and Economic Analysis: The Regulatory Decision Process in the Air Freight Cases." Public Policy 24, no. 2 (spring 1976): 263–307.
  79. Scale Economies in Statistical Analyses of Market Power

    Keywords: Economics; Mathematical Methods; Markets;

    Citation:

    Caves, R. E., J. Khalizadeh-Shirazi, and M. E. Porter. "Scale Economies in Statistical Analyses of Market Power." Review of Economics and Statistics (May 1975): 133–140.
  80. Consumer Behavior, Retailer Power and Performance in Consumer Goods Industries

    Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Performance; Goods and Commodities; Supply and Industry; Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Consumer Behavior, Retailer Power and Performance in Consumer Goods Industries." Review of Economics and Statistics (November 1974): 419–436.

Book Chapters

  1. Moving to a New Global Competitiveness Index

    Keywords: Globalization; Competitive Advantage; Mathematical Methods;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Mercedes Delgado-Garcia, Christian H.M. Ketels, and Scott Stern. "Moving to a New Global Competitiveness Index." Chap. 1.2 in Global Competitiveness Report 2008/2009, edited by Michael E. Porter, and Klaus Schwab, 43–63. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2008.
  2. What Is Leadership: The CEO's Role in Large, Complex Organizations

    What is the role of the CEO in a large, complex enterprise? What makes a CEO effective? At first blush, these questions seem easy to answer. A CEO is the epitome of leadership. He or she exercises ultimate power and is responsible for making the most critical choices facing an organization. However, these questions get far more complicated as one contemplates the realities of large organizations. Actually, the CEO cannot make most decisions, or even review them. The CEO is powerful, but multiple constituencies can exercise power as well, starting with the board. The shortening CEO tenure reveals that many leaders misunderstand the role and how to play it effectively.

    Keywords: Decision Making; Leadership; Managerial Roles; Power and Influence;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Nitin Nohria. "What Is Leadership: The CEO's Role in Large, Complex Organizations." Chap. 16 in Handbook of Leadership Theory and Practice, edited by Nitin Nohria, and Rakesh Khurana. Harvard Business Press, 2010.
  3. Clusters and Industrial Districts - Common Roots, Different Perspectives

    Keywords: Industry Clusters; Local Range; Perspective;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Christian H.M. Ketels. "Clusters and Industrial Districts - Common Roots, Different Perspectives." In The Handbook of Industrial Districts, edited by Giacomo Becattini, Marco Bellandi, and Lisa De Propris. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.
  4. The Microeconomic Foundations of Prosperity: Findings from the Business Competitiveness Index

    Keywords: Microeconomics; Welfare or Wellbeing; Competitive Advantage; Globalized Economies and Regions;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Christian H.M. Ketels, and Mercedes Delgado-Garcia. "The Microeconomic Foundations of Prosperity: Findings from the Business Competitiveness Index." In Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007, edited by Augusto Lopez-Claros, Michael E. Porter, Xavier Sala-i-Martin, and Klaus Schwab. Palgrave Macmillan: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  5. Corporate Philanthropy: Taking the High Ground

    Keywords: Giving and Philanthropy; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Social Entrepreneurship; Ethics;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Michael R. Kramer. "Corporate Philanthropy: Taking the High Ground." In The Accountable Corporation. Vol. 2, edited by Marc J. Epstein, and Kirk O. Hanson. Praeger, 2005.
  6. Regions and the New Economics of Competition

    Keywords: Globalized Economies and Regions; Trade; Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Regions and the New Economics of Competition." In Global City-Regions, edited by A. J. Scott. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  7. Location, Clusters, and Company Strategy

    Keywords: Geographic Location; Industry Clusters; Business Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Location, Clusters, and Company Strategy." In Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, edited by G. Clark, M. Feldman, and M. Gertler. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  8. Clusters and the New Economy

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Clusters and the New Economy." In Systems of Innovation: Growth, Competitiveness and Employment, edited by Charles Edquist, and Maureen McKelvey. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2000.
  9. Microeconomic Competitiveness: Findings from the 1999 Executive Survey

    Keywords: Competition; Microeconomics;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Microeconomic Competitiveness: Findings from the 1999 Executive Survey." In The Global Competitiveness Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 1999.
  10. Innovative Capacity and Prosperity: The Next Competitiveness Challenge

    Keywords: Innovation and Invention; Welfare or Wellbeing; Competition; Problems and Challenges;

    Citation:

    Bond, Gregory C., and M. E. Porter. "Innovative Capacity and Prosperity: The Next Competitiveness Challenge." In The Global Competitiveness Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 1999.
  11. Competition and Strategy: The Creation of a Group and a Field

    Keywords: Groups and Teams; Competitive Advantage;

    Citation:

    Siggelkow, Nicolaj, and M. E. Porter. "Competition and Strategy: The Creation of a Group and a Field." In The Intellectual Venture Capitalist: John H. McArthur and the Work of the Harvard Business School, 1980-1995, edited by T. K. McCraw, and J. L. Cruikshank. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999.
  12. The Microeconomic Foundations of Economic Development

    Keywords: Microeconomics; Development Economics;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Microeconomic Foundations of Economic Development." In The Global Competitiveness Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 1999.
  13. Measuring The Microeconomic Foundations of Economic Development

    Keywords: Development Economics; Microeconomics; Measurement and Metrics; Mathematical Methods;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Measuring The Microeconomic Foundations of Economic Development." In The Global Competitiveness Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 1999.
  14. The Role of Geography in the Process of Innovation and Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Firms

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage; Innovation Strategy; Geographic Location;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Orjan Solvell. "The Role of Geography in the Process of Innovation and Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Firms." In The Dynamic Firm, edited by Alfred D. Chandler Jr., Peter Hagstrom, and Orjan Solvell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
  15. Building Competitive Advantage: Lessons from Other Countries

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Building Competitive Advantage: Lessons from Other Countries." In Voices from Marrakech: Selections from the Mediterranean Development Forum, edited by Ishac Diwan, and Karen Sirker. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Economic Development Institute, 1997.
  16. Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship

    Keywords: Natural Environment; Competition; Innovation and Invention;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Claas van der Linde. "Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship." In A Reader on Environmental Law, edited by Bridget Hutter.Oxford Readings in Socio-Legal Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  17. Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate

    Keywords: Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Claas van der Linde. "Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate." In The Earthscan Reader in Business and the Environment, edited by Richard Welford, and Richard Starkey. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1996.
  18. Capital Choices: National Systems of Investment

    Keywords: Capital; Investment; Sovereign Finance;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Capital Choices: National Systems of Investment." In As if the Future Mattered: Translating Social and Economic Theory into Human Behavior, edited by Neva R. Goodwin. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.
  19. Global Competition and the Localization of Competitive Advantage

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage; Globalization; Local Range;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Rebecca E. Wayland. "Global Competition and the Localization of Competitive Advantage." In Proceedings of the Integral Strategy Collegium, edited by Hans Birger Thorelli. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1995.
  20. Competitive Strategy Revisited: A View from the 1990s

    Keywords: History; Competitive Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Competitive Strategy Revisited: A View from the 1990s." In The Relevance of a Decade: Essays to Mark the First Ten Years of the Harvard Business School Press, edited by Paula B. Duffy. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1994.
  21. Global Strategy: Winning in the World-Wide Marketplace

    Keywords: Global Strategy; Trade; Competitive Strategy; Success;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Global Strategy: Winning in the World-Wide Marketplace." In The Portable MBA in Strategy, edited by Liam Fahey, and Robert M. Randall. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
  22. Applying the Competitive Advantage of Nations Paradigm to Norway

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage; Trade; Norway;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Applying the Competitive Advantage of Nations Paradigm to Norway." In Praktisk okonomi & Ledelse: et Konsurransedyktig Norge. Oslo, Norway: Bedrifsøkonomens Forlag A/S, 1993.
  23. Kokusai Marketing to Kyousou Senryaku (International Marketing and Competitive Strategy)

    Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Trade;

    Citation:

    Takeuchi, Hirotaka, and Michael E. Porter. "Kokusai Marketing to Kyousou Senryaku (International Marketing and Competitive Strategy)." In Nihon no Kigyou System 2: Soshiki to Senryaku (Japanese Corporate System 2: Organization and Strategy), edited by Hiroyuki Itami, Tadao Kagono, and Motoshige Ito. Bungei Shunjau, 1993, Japanese ed.
  24. Korea in the Middle

    Keywords: Trade; South Korea;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Korea in the Middle." In Korean Competitiveness: A Shortcut to an Advanced Nation. Seoul, Korea: Dong-Sung Cho, 1992.
  25. Can Japanese Companies Survive in Global Competition?

    Keywords: Globalized Firms and Management; Competition; Japan;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Can Japanese Companies Survive in Global Competition?" In Twenty-first Century: What Will Happen to Japanese Companies? Tokyo, Japan: NHK Publications, 1989, Japanese ed.
  26. Patterns of International Coalition Activity

    Keywords: International Relations; Alliances;

    Citation:

    Ghemawat, Pankaj, Michael E. Porter, and Richard Anthony Rawlinson. "Patterns of International Coalition Activity." In Competition in Global Industries, edited by M. E. Porter, 345–365. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1986.
  27. Three Roles of International Marketing in Global Strategy

    Keywords: Globalized Markets and Industries; Global Strategy; Marketing;

    Citation:

    Takeuchi, Hirotaka, and Michael E. Porter. "Three Roles of International Marketing in Global Strategy." In Competition in Global Industries, edited by M. E. Porter. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1986.
  28. U.K. Conglomerates: A View of Hanson Trust

    Keywords: Business Conglomerates; United Kingdom;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "U.K. Conglomerates: A View of Hanson Trust." In The World in 1987. London, England: Economist Group, 1986.
  29. The Technological Dimension of Competitive Strategy

    Keywords: Innovation Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Technology;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "The Technological Dimension of Competitive Strategy." In Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy. Vol. 7, edited by Robert A Burgelman, and Henry Chesbrough. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 2001.
  30. Analyzing Competitors: Predicting Competitor Behavior and Formulating Offensive and Defensive Strategy

    Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Forecasting and Prediction; Behavior;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Analyzing Competitors: Predicting Competitor Behavior and Formulating Offensive and Defensive Strategy." In Policy, Strategy, and Implementation, edited by Milton Leontiades. Random House, 1983.
  31. Industrial Organization and the Evolution of Concepts for Strategic Planning: The New Learning

    Keywords: Strategic Planning; Organizational Change and Adaptation;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Industrial Organization and the Evolution of Concepts for Strategic Planning: The New Learning." In Corporate Strategy: The Integration of Corporation Planning Models and Economics, edited by T. H. Taylor. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1982.
  32. The Capacity Expansion Process in a Growing Oligopoly: The Case of Corn Wet Milling

    Keywords: Plant-Based Agribusiness; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Food; Performance Capacity; Expansion; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Food and Beverage Industry;

    Citation:

    Spence, A. Michael, and M. E. Porter. "The Capacity Expansion Process in a Growing Oligopoly: The Case of Corn Wet Milling." In The Economics of Information and Uncertainty, edited by J. J. McCall. University of Chicago Press, 1982.
  33. A Framework for Looking at Endgame Strategies

    Keywords: Strategy; Framework;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and Kathryn Rudie Harrigan. "A Framework for Looking at Endgame Strategies." In Strategic Management and Business Policy, edited by B. Glueck. McGraw-Hill, 1981.
  34. Barriers to Exit

    Keywords: Business Exit or Shutdown;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E., and R. E. Caves. "Barriers to Exit." In Essays on Industrial Organization in Honor of Joe S. Bain, edited by Joe Staten Bain, Robert T. Masson, and P. David Qualles. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1976.

Working Papers

  1. Clusters, Convergence, and Economic Performance

    This paper evaluates the role of regional cluster composition in the economic performance of industries, clusters, and regions. On the one hand, diminishing returns to specialization in a location can result in a convergence effect: the growth rate of an industry within a region may be declining in the level of activity of that industry. At the same time, positive spillovers across complementary economic activities provide an impetus for agglomeration: the growth rate of an industry within a region may be increasing in the size and "strength" (i.e., relative presence) of related economic sectors. Building on Porter (1998, 2003), we develop a systematic empirical framework to identify the role of regional clusters—groups of closely related and complementary industries operating within a particular region—in regional economic performance. We exploit newly available data from the U.S. Cluster Mapping Project to disentangle the impact of convergence at the region-industry level from agglomeration within clusters. We find that, after controlling for the impact of convergence at the narrowest unit of analysis, there is strong evidence for cluster-driven agglomeration. Industries participating in a strong cluster register higher employment growth as well as higher growth of wages, number of establishments, and patenting. Industry and cluster level growth also increases with the strength of related clusters in the region and with the strength of similar clusters in adjacent regions. Importantly, we find evidence that new regional industries emerge where there is a strong cluster environment. Our analysis also suggests that the presence of strong clusters in a region enhances growth opportunities in other industries and clusters. Overall, these findings highlight the important role of cluster-based agglomeration in regional economic performance.

    Citation:

    Delgado, Mercedes, Michael E. Porter, and Scott Stern. "Clusters, Convergence, and Economic Performance." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 18250, July 2012.
  2. The Determinants of National Competitiveness

    We define foundational competitiveness as the expected level of output per working-age individual that is supported by the overall quality of a country as a place to do business. The focus on output per potential worker, a broader measure of national productivity than output per current worker, reflects the dual role of workforce participation and output per worker in determining a nation's standard of living. Our framework highlights three broad and interrelated drivers of foundational competitiveness: social infrastructure and political institutions, monetary and fiscal policy, and the microeconomic environment. We estimate this framework using multiple data sets covering more than 130 countries over the 2001–2008 period. We find a positive and separate influence of each driver on output per potential worker. The microeconomic environment has a positive effect on output per potential worker even after controlling for historical legacies. Using our framework we define a new concept, global investment attractiveness, which is the cost of factor inputs relative to a country's competitiveness. This analysis reveals important insight into the economic trajectory of individual countries. Our framework also offers a novel methodology for the estimation of a theoretically grounded and empirically validated measure of national competitiveness.

    Citation:

    Delgado, Mercedes, Christian Ketels, Michael E. Porter, and Scott Stern. "The Determinants of National Competitiveness." NBER Working Paper Series, No. 18249, July 2012.
  3. Applying the Care Delivery Value Chain: HIV/AIDS Care in Resource Poor Settings

    The care delivery value chain is a framework that can help conceptualize the organization and structure of care delivery for medical conditions.  We apply this framework to HIV/AIDS care in resource-limited settings. Several conclusions arise than can help inform the design of care delivery platforms for HIV/AIDS.

    Keywords: Customer Value and Value Chain; Framework; Health Care and Treatment; Health Disorders; Service Delivery;

    Citation:

    Rhatigan, Joseph, Sachin H Jain, Joia S. Mukherjee, and Michael E. Porter. "Applying the Care Delivery Value Chain: HIV/AIDS Care in Resource Poor Settings." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09–093, February 2009.
  4. Redefining Competition in Health Care

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Elizabeth O. Teisberg. "Redefining Competition in Health Care." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 03–042, October 2002.
  5. Measuring the 'Ideas' Production Function: Evidence from International Patent Output

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Scott Stern. "Measuring the 'Ideas' Production Function: Evidence from International Patent Output." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 00–073, May 2001.
  6. Contextuality Within Activity Systems

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Nicolag Siggelkow. "Contextuality Within Activity Systems." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 01–053, March 2001.
  7. Competing at Home to Win Abroad: Evidence from Japanese Industry

    Citation:

    Sakakibara, Mariko, and Michael E. Porter. "Competing at Home to Win Abroad: Evidence from Japanese Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 01–019, October 2000.
  8. The Drivers of National Innovative Capacity: Implications for Spain and Latin America

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Jeffrey L. Furman, and Scott Stern. "The Drivers of National Innovative Capacity: Implications for Spain and Latin America." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 01–004, August 2000.
  9. The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity

    Citation:

    Stern, Scott, Michael E. Porter, and Jeffrey L. Furman. "The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 00–034, October 1999.
  10. Competing at Home to Win Abroad: Evidence from Japanese Industry

    Citation:

    Sakakibara, Mariko, and M. E. Porter. "Competing at Home to Win Abroad: Evidence from Japanese Industry." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 99–036, September 1998.
  11. Clusters and Competition: New Agendas for Companies, Governments, and Institutions

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Clusters and Competition: New Agendas for Companies, Governments, and Institutions." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 98–080, March 1998.
  12. Activity Systems as Barriers to Imitation

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael, and Jan W. Rivkin. "Activity Systems as Barriers to Imitation." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 98–066, January 1998.
  13. The Emergence and Sustainability of Abnormal Profits

    Citation:

    McGahan, Anita M., and Michael E. Porter. "The Emergence and Sustainability of Abnormal Profits." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 97–103, June 1997.
  14. The Persistence of Shocks to Profitability: Comparing the Market-Structure and Chicago Views

    Citation:

    McGahan, Anita M., and Michael E. Porter. "The Persistence of Shocks to Profitability: Comparing the Market-Structure and Chicago Views." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 97–102, June 1997.
  15. How Much Does Industry Matter, Really?

    Citation:

    McGahan, Anita M., and Michael E. Porter. "How Much Does Industry Matter, Really?" Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 97–101, June 1997.

Cases and Teaching Materials

  1. Schön Klinik: Eating Disorder Care (TN)

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Emma Stanton, Jessica Hohman, and Caleb Stowell. "Schön Klinik: Eating Disorder Care (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 713-527, April 2013.
  2. Reconfiguring Stroke Care in North Central London

    In 2006, surgeon Ara Darzi identified several key areas, including acute stroke care, for improving health care across London. In response to his seminal call to action, stroke care was reorganized around eight hyper-acute stroke units covering London's five sectors, replacing the more than thirty units that had previously delivered acute stroke care. This case profiles the roll-out of the new care delivery model in North Central London, where acute stroke care had previously been fragmented among five acute hospital trusts with varying care resources, capacity, and protocols. In the new model, stroke care would be delivered across facilities in an integrated fashion, with a single hyper-acute facility designed for the care of the most acute and severe cases.

    Keywords: health care; Health Care and Treatment; Performance Improvement; Performance Efficiency; Integration; Health Industry; London;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., James Mountford, Kamalini Ramdas, and Samuel Takvorian. "Reconfiguring Stroke Care in North Central London." Harvard Business School Case 712-496, June 2012.
  3. Schön Klinik: Eating Disorder Care

    The Schön Klinik is a private, for-profit German hospital group trying to establish itself as a premium health care provider in a competitive German market. The case details Schön Klinik's founding, its early focus on measurement and improvement, and the design and implementation of a system-wide structure for measuring and reporting actual health outcomes. The case details the care cycle for eating disorder patients and highlights the role outcomes measurement has played in improving eating disorder care over time. It ends with a discussion of Schön's innovative bundled reimbursement models and challenges the reader to explore how to develop new pricing and care delivery models that encourage integration of care around patient medical conditions. The case also discusses the German health care system, its regulatory constraints, and Schön's attempts to change the paradigm of competition in the sector.

    Keywords: health care quality; outcomes; quality improvement; strategy and performance measurement; Integration; Measurement and Metrics; Competition; Health Disorders; Health Care and Treatment; Outcome or Result; Business Processes; Health Industry; Germany;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Emma Stanton, Jessica A. Hohman, and Caleb Stowell. "Schön Klinik: Eating Disorder Care." Harvard Business School Case 712-475, April 2013. (Revised from original March 2012 version.)
  4. Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center: Breast Cancer Care in Taiwan

    Taiwan's Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center has developed an integrated, team-based care delivery model for breast cancer care that is being expanded to other cancer types in 2009. A decade earlier, President and CEO Dr. Andrew Huang and the Center had worked with the Taiwan National Health Insurance system to create a pay-for-performance reimbursement program for breast cancer care that has since been adopted by five other providers. The program issues capitated, per patient base payments for breast cancer care, with bonus payments based upon provider reporting and performance on a set of quality measures. This case allows readers to examine health care provider strategy, development and implementation of bundled reimbursement, integrated care delivery, quality measurement, and Taiwan's universal health care system.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Medical Specialties; Service Delivery; Outcome or Result; Performance Effectiveness; Quality; Integration; Health Industry; Insurance Industry; Taiwan;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Jennifer F Baron, and C. Jason Wang. "Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center: Breast Cancer Care in Taiwan." Harvard Business School Case 710-425, May 2012. (Revised from original December 2009 version.)
  5. The UCLA Medical Center: Kidney Transplantation (TN)

    Teaching Note for 711410.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Service Delivery; Price; Programs; Measurement and Metrics; Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jennifer F Baron. "The UCLA Medical Center: Kidney Transplantation (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 711-413, May 2012. (Revised from original August 2010 version.)
  6. Ghana: National Economic Strategy

    Set in the year 2001, as President John Kufuor contemplates a national economic strategy following his election in the first democratic transfer of power in Ghana's history. Focuses on Ghana's long history of poor economic performance and intractable poverty, highlighting the challenges of economic development in Africa and in other low-income countries. Provides a brief political and economic history of Ghana, focusing on the Nkrumah era of 1957-1966, the World Bank and IMF-led structural reforms of the 1980s, and the continuation of reforms after the first democratic elections in 1992. Details Ghana's economic and political context and cluster performance in 2001 and summarizes initiatives taken by the Kufuor administration to promote development. Detailed historical economic and social data allow an evaluation of policy results.

    Keywords: History; Economic Growth; Government Administration; Developing Countries and Economies; Growth and Development Strategy; Ghana;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Kjell Ke-Li Carlsson. "Ghana: National Economic Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 706-497, April 2012. (Revised from original April 2006 version.)
  7. The UCLA Medical Center: Kidney Transplantation

    In 2010, organ transplantation remained among the few sets of medical conditions in the U.S. for which bundled payments were a dominant reimbursement model, and for which patient health outcomes were universally measured and reported. In 1986, UCLA Medical Center was approached by Kaiser to develop a new bundled-pricing approach to kidney transplant care that was quickly adopted by many payers and providers for various transplant types. This case study examines the history and current state of care delivery, reimbursement, and measurement for the UCLA Kidney Transplant Program, among the nation's highest-volume transplant providers. The UCLA Kidney Program is an interdisciplinary unit that involves clinicians from multiple departments and engages in continuous care management throughout the often protracted transplant care cycle.

    Keywords: Insurance; Health Care and Treatment; Health Disorders; Measurement and Metrics; Outcome or Result; Competitive Strategy; Integration; Health Industry; California;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Jennifer F Baron, Jacob Mathew Chacko, and Robin Jian Tang. "The UCLA Medical Center: Kidney Transplantation." Harvard Business School Case 711-410, March 2012. (Revised from original August 2010 version.)
  8. Cleveland Clinic: Growth Strategy 2012

    The Cleveland Clinic's health care services are internationally renowned for quality. In 2008, The Clinic is restructuring the organization into teams defined around patient needs, rather than traditional medical specialties. "Patients First!" takes shape as the teams measure and report outcomes, coordinate care, and develop to support improving value for patients. In addition to restructuring care delivery in the hospitals and throughout northeastern Ohio, The Clinic has investments, facilities, and staff in several other states in the U.S. as well as in Canada and Abu Dhabi. It is also considering initiatives in Austria, China, and India. Students can explore strategy transformation, geographic expansion, the process of introducing new measurement approaches, alignment of activities with strategic goals, and issues in leading change both within a company and across an economic sector.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Leading Change; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Measurement and Metrics; Service Delivery; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Outcome or Result; Health Industry; Cleveland;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Elizabeth O. Teisberg. "Cleveland Clinic: Growth Strategy 2012." Harvard Business School Case 709-473, February 2013. (Revised from original February 2009 version.)
  9. Moving to Universal Coverage: Health Care Reform in Massachusetts

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Business and Government Relations; Insurance; Massachusetts;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jennifer F Baron. "Moving to Universal Coverage: Health Care Reform in Massachusetts." Harvard Business School Case 712-466, February 2012.
  10. Highland District County Hospital: Gastroenterology Care in Sweden

    Sweden's Highland District County Hospital, similar to a community hospital in the US, undertook a major restructuring to integrate care delivery for medical conditions served by the Department of Medicine. Each subspecialty within the Department would form a single, co-located unit with its own budget that encompassed both inpatient and outpatient care. This case examines the experience of the Highland Gastroenterology Unit, comparing the delivery model for inflammatory bowel disease in 2001 and 2009, before and after the reorganization. The case can be used to examine health care provider strategy, integrated care delivery, and quality measurement. The case also profiles Sweden's single-payer health care system, allowing for a discussion of national health systems and health policy.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Sweden;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Jennifer F Baron, and Martin Rejler. "Highland District County Hospital: Gastroenterology Care in Sweden." Harvard Business School Case 710-469, October 2011. (Revised from original March 2010 version.)
  11. Building a Cluster: Electronics and Information Technology in Costa Rica

    Describes the actions of Costa Rica President Figueres and his cabinet in attracting an Intel assembly and testing plant to their country. The effort was part of a government strategy that sought to develop further the Costa Rican electronics and information technology cluster.

    Keywords: Development Economics; Growth and Development Strategy; Industry Clusters; Business and Government Relations; Information Technology; Electronics Industry; Information Technology Industry; Costa Rica;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Niels W. Ketelhohn. "Building a Cluster: Electronics and Information Technology in Costa Rica." Harvard Business School Case 703-422, September 2011. (Revised from original November 2002 version.)
  12. The West German Headache Center: Integrated Migraine Care

    Describes the joint efforts of the German health plan KKH and Essen University Hospital to develop an integrated practice unit (IPU), and the West German Headache Center's efforts to improve the quality of migraine care. Provides an overview of the German health care system detailing its provider, health plan, and reimbursement structure. Following new legislation in 2004, which allowed health plans and selected providers to contract outside of the regular group purchasing scheme, KKH and Dr. Deiner of Essen University Hospital developed a novel delivery structure for migraine care. Challenges and hurdles to implementation are described for both the health plan and the IPU. Provides detailed data to allow students to evaluate success, identify current challenges, and recommend improvements to the integrated care system.

    Keywords: Business Model; Health Care and Treatment; Medical Specialties; Industry Structures; Service Delivery; Integration; Health Industry; Germany;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Clemens Guth, and Elisa M. Dannemiller. "The West German Headache Center: Integrated Migraine Care." Harvard Business School Case 707-559, July 2011. (Revised from original May 2007 version.)
  13. The West German Headache Center: Integrated Migraine Care (TN)

    Teaching note to 707-559.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Germany;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Clemens Guth, and Elisa M. Dannemiller. "The West German Headache Center: Integrated Migraine Care (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 707-560, July 2011. (Revised from original May 2007 version.)
  14. New York City: Bloomberg's Strategy for Economic Development

    Traces the economic development of New York City from its founding in the 17th century through 2008. Focuses on the decisions made by New York City officials, past and present, highlighting the challenges of economic development at the city level. Enables deep examination of the interdependence and interrelation of economic policies at the city, state and federal level, and explores the role of economic and cluster performance through 2005. Detailed historical economic and social data allows for an evaluation of policy results. The case finishes with Mayor Michael Bloomberg facing some difficult choices as economic storm clouds gather on the horizon in early 2008.

    Keywords: History; Development Economics; Industry Clusters; Policy; Government Administration; Financial Crisis; Growth and Development Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Christian H.M. Ketels, Anne Habiby, and David Zipper. "New York City: Bloomberg's Strategy for Economic Development." Harvard Business School Case 709-427, June 2011. (Revised from original October 2008 version.)
  15. The Dutch Flower Cluster (TN)

    Teaching Note for 711507.

    Keywords: Customer Value and Value Chain; Auctions; Industry Clusters; Competition; Plant-Based Agribusiness; Netherlands; China; Colombia; Ecuador; Kenya;

    Citation:

    Ramirez-Vallejo, Jorge, and Michael E. Porter. "The Dutch Flower Cluster (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 711-534, May 2011.
  16. The Dutch Flower Cluster

    Describes the Dutch Flower cluster, or the group of interconnected growers, suppliers, service providers, and flower-related institutions located in The Netherlands. Examines the role of the FloraHolland auction in the value chain. Also describes the flower clusters in China, Colombia, Ecuador, and Kenya, the four other major international competitors.

    Keywords: Globalization; Auctions; Industry Clusters; Competition; Competitive Advantage; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry; Netherlands;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Jorge Ramirez-Vallejo, and Fred van Eenennaam. "The Dutch Flower Cluster." Harvard Business School Case 711-507, January 2013. (Revised from original March 2011 version.)
  17. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia: Network Strategy

    In 2009 Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) had been recognized as the best children's hospital in the country for six years in a row; but leadership saw CHOP as more than the large main campus in western Philadelphia. Beginning in the 1990s, CHOP had created a large network of Primary Care Providers, Specialty Care Centers, Ambulatory Surgery Centers, and community hospital affiliations. CHOP leadership wanted to ensure that the quality they had demonstrated at CHOP would translate out to these facilities, and more, that the combination of many parts could actually work together to provide even better care than the main hospital could do on its own.

    Keywords: Communication; Health Care and Treatment; Service Delivery; Organizational Structure; Networks; Integration; Health Industry; Philadelphia;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Carolyn Daly, and Andrew Peter Dervan. "The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia: Network Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 710-463, March 2011. (Revised from original January 2010 version.)
  18. Finland and Nokia: Creating the World's Most Competitive Economy

    Finland, with a special language and culture, has developed as a country in between the west (the Nordic region and Europe) and the east (especially its neighbor Russia). In the 1980s, a process started of moving out of an investment-driven economy into an innovation-driven one. With the collapse of the Soviet Union around 1990, Finland reached a crisis. This case covers policy changes made in the 1990s and how, by 2002, the country had managed to become one of the most competitive in the world. A large part of the success could be attributed to the dynamic telecommunications cluster--especially Nokia, accounting for some 70% to 80% of the cluster exports and the world leader in mobile phones. Nokia also reached a crisis around 1990.

    Keywords: Development Economics; Economic Growth; Growth and Development Strategy; Industry Clusters; Business and Government Relations; Competitive Strategy; Telecommunications Industry; Finland;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Finland and Nokia: Creating the World's Most Competitive Economy." Harvard Business School Case 702-427, March 2011. (Revised from original January 2002 version.)
  19. Colombia: Organizing for Competitiveness (TN)

    Teaching Note for 710417.

    Keywords: Situation or Environment; Competition; Organizations; Colombia;

    Citation:

    Ramirez-Vallejo, Jorge, and Michael E. Porter. "Colombia: Organizing for Competitiveness (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 711-481, January 2011.
  20. Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center: Spine Care

    Describes the Spine Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, a multidisciplinary unit that offers patients suffering from spinal problems "one-stop" access to a range of providers including orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, neurologists, medical specialists in physical medicine and pain management, mental health providers, and occupational and physical therapists. The Center was created to address what its founder, James Weinstein, M.D., saw as the uncoordinated and inefficient delivery of spinal care in the United States. The Center emphasized using non-surgical treatments (e.g., physical therapy and exercise, behavioral modification, pain-relieving drugs) as either a complement to, or substitute for, surgical procedures, and patients were actively engaged in the process of determining what type of care to pursue. In addition, Weinstein and his staff collected data from the Center's clinical practice to conduct academic research on the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of various approaches to treatment. The case allows for a critical analysis of the Spine Center's unique approach to care delivery and provides an opportunity to examine the applicability of this model in other clinical areas.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Medical Specialties; Service Delivery; Service Operations; Integration; Value Creation; Health Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Huckman, Robert S., Michael E. Porter, Rachel Gordon, and Natalie Kindred. "Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center: Spine Care." Harvard Business School Case 609-016, September 2010. (Revised from original March 2009 version.)
  21. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center: Interdisciplinary Cancer Care

    In 2006, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center was an internationally leading institution for cancer care, education, and research. Since 1996, it had successfully reorganized itself from a cancer hospital that was physically organized around clinical specialties into one that was organized into disease-based integrated practice units called multidisciplinary care centers. These units were supported by a new construction project that had created new disease-specific facilities and a widely-supported administrative plan in which physicians reported both to leadership of specialty-based academic departments and disease-based clinical centers.

    Keywords: Buildings and Facilities; Health Disorders; Organizational Structure; Medical Specialties; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Value Creation; Service Delivery; Research; Health Care and Treatment; Education Industry; Health Industry; Texas;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Sachin H Jain. "The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center: Interdisciplinary Cancer Care." Harvard Business School Case 708-487, February 2013. (Revised from original May 2008 version.)
  22. Partners In Health: HIV Care in Rwanda

    In 2005, Partners in Health (PIH) was invited by the Rwandan Ministry of Health to assume responsibility for the management of public health care in two rural districts in Eastern Rwanda and create an HIV treatment program at these sites. PIH successfully implemented a comprehensive program focusing on four principles: health systems improvement, HIV prevention and care, accompaniment, and social and economic support. By January 2007, the Rwinkwavu site had conducted 67,137 HIV tests and provided antiretroviral therapy to more than 2,000 patients, of which, fewer than 1% had been switched to second-line drug regimens, 3.8% had died, and only one patient had been lost to follow up. A costing analysis done by the Clinton HIV/AIDS Initiative suggested that the model could feasibly be spread to other districts. Dr. Agnes Binagwaho, Executive Director of Rwanda's National AIDS Control Commission and her colleagues in the Ministry of Health are contemplating how the program could be improved and whether it should be expanded nationally.

    Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Health Care and Treatment; Health Testing and Trials; Medical Specialties; Service Delivery; Nonprofit Organizations; Expansion; Health Industry; Rwanda;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Scott Sang-Hyun Lee, Joseph Rhatigan, and Jim Yong Kim. "Partners In Health: HIV Care in Rwanda." Harvard Business School Case 709-474, May 2010. (Revised from original April 2009 version.)
  23. Brigham and Women's Hospital: Shapiro Cardiovascular Center (TN)

    Teaching Note for 608-175.

    Keywords: Health; Non-Governmental Organizations; Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Huckman, Robert S., and Michael E. Porter. "Brigham and Women's Hospital: Shapiro Cardiovascular Center (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 610-030, April 2010. (Revised from original September 2009 version.)
  24. Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center: Spine Care (TN)

    Teaching Note for [609016].

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Health Disorders; Research; Performance Effectiveness; Outcome or Result; Education Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Huckman, Robert S., and Michael E. Porter. "Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center: Spine Care (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 610-068, April 2010.
  25. The Australian Wine Cluster: Supplementary Information

    Supplements The California Wine Cluster.

    Keywords: Food and Beverage Industry; Australia;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "The Australian Wine Cluster: Supplementary Information." Harvard Business School Supplement 703-492, March 2010. (Revised from original March 2003 version.)
  26. Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center: Breast Cancer Care in Taiwan (TN)

    Teaching Note for [710425].

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Strategy; Service Delivery; Quality; Performance; Insurance; Growth and Development; Health Industry; Taiwan;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jennifer F Baron. "Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center: Breast Cancer Care in Taiwan (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 710-465, February 2010.
  27. The Cleveland Clinic: Growth Strategy 2008 (TN)

    Teaching Note for 709473.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Value; Restructuring; Groups and Teams; System; Transformation; Expansion; Integration; Alignment; Goals and Objectives; Leading Change; Customer Focus and Relationships; Health Industry; Cleveland; United States; Abu Dhabi; Canada;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Elizabeth O. Teisberg, Jennifer F Baron, and Carolyn Daly. "The Cleveland Clinic: Growth Strategy 2008 (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 710-466, February 2010.
  28. ThedaCare: System Strategy

    Over the 1980s and 1990s, America's changing health care payer environment resulted in mergers of numerous community hospitals into hospital systems. Based in Appleton, Wisconsin, ThedaCare stood out among community hospital systems in its pursuit of service rationalization, clinical quality improvement, and value-based delivery. Driven by determined leadership, ThedaCare began site-based service line rationalization and introduced innovative care delivery models. ThedaCare is a metaphor for the challenges of transforming American community hospital systems. Can be used to teach: the evolution of structure, organization, and strategy of U.S.-based community hospital systems; integrated practice units and care cycles; management of health care quality improvement processes; challenges in diffusion of care delivery innovation; and cost transparency and quality measurement.

    Keywords: Value Creation; Health Care and Treatment; Problems and Challenges; Innovation and Invention; Health Industry; Wisconsin;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Sachin H. Jain. "ThedaCare: System Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 708-424, January 2010. (Revised from original November 2007 version.)
  29. The Joslin Diabetes Center (TN)

    Teaching Note for [710424].

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Groups and Teams; Medical Specialties; Programs; Opportunities; Service Delivery; Alliances; Value Creation; Health Industry; Boston;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Elizabeth O. Teisberg, and Scott Wallace. "The Joslin Diabetes Center (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 710-458, January 2010.
  30. The Joslin Diabetes Center

    The Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston, Massachusetts is a leading center for diabetes care, clinician training, and research. The incidence of diabetes is rising precipitously worldwide, challenging quality of life with its complications and rapidly accelerating health care expenditures for employers and governments. The Joslin's multispecialty, team-based care and patient education programs provide opportunities to examine integrated practice units, early-stage and preventive care, and clinical coordination along the full care cycle. The focus on diabetes also enables discussion of what services need to be included in integrated practice units serving patients with complex, chronic diseases. However, despite its renown, the Joslin's clinical operations lose money, raising the challenge of how to align financial success and clinical success in health care delivery. The case can be used to teach strategy in health care delivery, value creation, outcome measurement, reimbursement, and strategic alliances.

    Keywords: Integration; Service Delivery; Medical Specialties; Health Care and Treatment; Outcome or Result; Corporate Finance; Health Industry; Boston;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Elizabeth Olmsted Teisberg, and Scott Wallace. "The Joslin Diabetes Center." Harvard Business School Case 710-424, January 2010. (Revised from original October 2009 version.)
  31. Ledina Lushko: Navigating Health Care Delivery

    Ledina Lushko was diagnosed with Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma in 2008 and sought care at a highly regarded medical institution in the United States. This case lays out her journey through the health care system in detail and all of the effort involved in finding appropriate care. It is meant not to illustrate good or bad care, but to reflect on the nature of the current health care delivery system and serve as a starting point for discussion.

    Keywords: Health; Health Care and Treatment; Health Disorders; Service Delivery; Health Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Jain, Sachin H., Michael E. Porter, Fatima Akrouh, and Carolyn Daly. "Ledina Lushko: Navigating Health Care Delivery." Harvard Business School Case 710-459, January 2010.
  32. Global Health Partner: Obesity Care

    Teaching Note for [709494].

    Keywords: Value; Quality; Performance Improvement; Competitive Advantage; System; Private Ownership; Medical Specialties; Integration; Health Industry; Sweden;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Zayed Muhammed Yasin, and Jennifer F Baron. "Global Health Partner: Obesity Care." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 710-431, October 2009.
  33. Iceland: Small fish in a global pond

    Describes the economic development of Iceland since 1945, focusing in particular on the years since 2000, when Iceland experienced strong growth and Icelandic companies aggressively internationalized.

    Keywords: Globalized Firms and Management; Competition; Macroeconomics; Iceland;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Christian H.M. Ketels. "Iceland: Small fish in a global pond." Harvard Business School Case 708-472, August 2009. (Revised from original November 2007 version.)
  34. MassMEDIC: The Massachusetts Medical Device Industry Council

    Set in 2004, as Massachusetts Medical Device Industry Council (MassMEDIC) President Tom Sommer contemplates the future direction of a successful medical device cluster association. Focuses on the formation of cluster organizations and their roles and effectiveness, highlighting the importance of these organizations in enabling cross-cluster collaboration between firms, universities, regulators and other government officials, and other institutions. Details the events that led to the formation of MassMEDIC and the initial challenges the organization faced. Discusses the evolution of MassMEDIC's activities, from its formation in 1996 through 2004, and the views of different MassMEDIC stakeholders on the future direction of the organization. Provides detailed data about MassMEDIC and the Massachusetts medical device cluster to enable an evaluation of results and inform future direction.

    Keywords: Economic Growth; Industry Clusters; Nonprofit Organizations; Social and Collaborative Networks; Cooperation; Massachusetts;

    Citation:

    Emmons, Willis M., III, Michael E. Porter, and Spencer Wallace. "MassMEDIC: The Massachusetts Medical Device Industry Council." Harvard Business School Case 706-498, July 2009. (Revised from original June 2006 version.)
  35. De Beers: Addressing the New Competitiveness Challenges

    Traces the development of De Beers and the diamond industry from its inception in the mid-1800s to the year 2000. Discusses De Beer's history and strategy as the industry leader and its role in industry development. Enables deep examination of the interdependence of companies and the locations and communities in which they operate and the role of a company in economic and social development. In 2000, De Beers faces critical choices about both its economic and social policies and how they interrelate.

    Keywords: History; Strategy; Geographic Location; Conflict Management; Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact; Business and Community Relations; Developing Countries and Economies; Mining Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Sonia D. Marciano, and Alyson Warhurst. "De Beers: Addressing the New Competitiveness Challenges." Harvard Business School Case 706-501, May 2009. (Revised from original May 2006 version.)
  36. Global Health Partner: Obesity Care

    Global Health Partner (GHP) was founded in 2006 as a privately owned health care provider in Sweden serving both public and private paying patients. In contrast to most providers in the country, GHP organized around specific service lines where it saw the potential to provide the most value. This case details the GHP approach to both Spine Care and Obesity Care demonstrating the power of specialization for quality improvement as a basis for competitive advantage. Students will examine the organization of integrated multidisciplinary care, the impact of volume on learning and efficiency, and the importance of demonstrating quality through outcomes reporting. The case also provides a window into the Swedish Health Care System.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Medical Specialties; Service Delivery; Organizational Structure; Outcome or Result; Quality; Competitive Advantage; Integration; Health Industry; Sweden;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Zayed Muhammed Yasin, and Jennifer F Baron. "Global Health Partner: Obesity Care." Harvard Business School Case 709-494, May 2009.
  37. European Integration: Meeting the Competitiveness Challenge

    The case discusses the origins and development of the European Integration process up to 2004, focusing in particular on the Lisbon Agenda for upgrading Europe's competitiveness. It discusses the different policy areas that have been approached at the European level over time, and provides background on the architecture of European institutions. The case enables students to understand how European integration has affected competitiveness across the continent's regions. It provides a platform to discuss why the Lisbon Agenda has up to 2004 failed to achieve its goals and what European integration experience can serve as a model for other world regions.

    Keywords: Integration; Globalized Economies and Regions; Competition; Development Economics; Global Range; Policy; Failure; European Union; Portugal; Europe;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Christian H.M. Ketels. "European Integration: Meeting the Competitiveness Challenge." Harvard Business School Case 708-421, April 2009. (Revised from original December 2007 version.)
  38. The State of Connecticut: Strategy for Economic Development

    Describes the history of Connecticut's economy, its competitive challenges in the 1990s, and the steps taken to develop an economic plan for the state. A prominent issue is the competitive position of Connecticut's industry clusters and the efforts to create a formal cluster development process involving state government, the private sector, and universities.

    Keywords: Economic Growth; Economy; Government and Politics; Industry Clusters; Competition; Connecticut;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Kaia Miller. "The State of Connecticut: Strategy for Economic Development." Harvard Business School Case 703-426, March 2009. (Revised from original January 2003 version.)
  39. Pitney Bowes: Employer Health Strategy

    Pitney Bowes, a Fortune 500 mail and document management firm, offered its first health plans in the years following World War II. Over the ensuing decades, Pitney Bowes adapted its approach to employee health amid rising health care costs, shifting employer attitudes towards health benefits and a rapidly changing policy environment. By 2008, the firm was widely regarded as an innovator in employee health, having dedicated substantial time and resources to its health benefits under the leadership of then CEO Michael Critelli and Corporate Medical Director Jack Mahoney. The case provides an overview of the history of employee health benefits in the U.S. and at Pitney Bowes. The range of health plans Pitney Bowes offered to employees in 2008, as well as the firm's contracting policies with commercial insurers and self-insured plan administrators, are examined in detail. Pitney Bowes health and wellness programs are also described, enabling an analysis of the firm's overall employee health strategy in 2008 and a discussion of where Pitney Bowes should focus its attention moving forward.

    Keywords: Cost; Insurance; Policy; Health Care and Treatment; Compensation and Benefits; Employees; Corporate Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jennifer F Baron. "Pitney Bowes: Employer Health Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 709-458, February 2009. (Revised from original January 2009 version.)
  40. Pitney Bowes: Employer Health Strategy (TN)

    Teaching Note for 709458.

    Keywords: Health; Employees; Cost; Policy; Situation or Environment; Innovation and Invention; Contracts; Programs; Strategy; Manufacturing Industry; Service Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jennifer F Baron. "Pitney Bowes: Employer Health Strategy (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 709-483, February 2009.
  41. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center: Interdisciplinary Cancer Care (TN)

    Teaching Note for [708487].

    Keywords: health care; Health Industry; Texas;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Sachin H Jain. "The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center: Interdisciplinary Cancer Care (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 709-482, February 2009. (Revised from original February 2009 version.)
  42. Estonia (TN)

    Teaching Note to 702436.

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Estonia (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 707-522, February 2009. (Revised from original February 2007 version.)
  43. Commonwealth Care Alliance: Elderly and Disabled Care (TN)

    Teaching Note for [708502].

    Keywords: Massachusetts;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jennifer F Baron. "Commonwealth Care Alliance: Elderly and Disabled Care (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 709-467, January 2009.
  44. Strategy: Building and Sustaining Competitive Advantage

    It's great to have a blockbuster quarter or a revolutionary product or service, but true business excellence demands sustainability. Maintaining your competitive advantage requires a strategy that makes your business unique and carries you forward as the world around you changes. What makes a winning, sustainable strategy? Strategy: Building and Sustaining Competitive Advantage is a multimedia resource developed by ten faculty members in the Strategy Department at Harvard Business School. Included in this resource are faculty presentation, animated frameworks, print- and video-based case studies, and workbooks to help business leaders formulate action plans specific to their own companies.

    Keywords: Competitive Advantage;

    Citation:

    Anand, Bharat N., Stephen P. Bradley, Pankaj Ghemawat, Tarun Khanna, Cynthia A. Montgomery, Michael E. Porter, Jan W. Rivkin, Michael G. Rukstad, John R. Wells, and David B. Yoffie. "Strategy: Building and Sustaining Competitive Advantage." Harvard Business School Class Lecture 705-509, September 2008. (Revised from original June 2005 version.)
  45. In-Vitro Fertilization: Outcomes Measurement

    As of 2007, there were very few examples of widespread measurement and reporting of health outcomes, a critical quality measure. In-vitro fertilization clinics have been required to report their patient's health outcomes since 1995. The protagonist of the case, Dr. James Goldfarb, faces a number of challenges. As the medical director of a nationally-renowned fertility program at the Cleveland Clinic, he must run an efficient and effective practice that draws patients from both the surrounding area and from around the world. As a leader of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, he must contribute toward the continuing evolution of the practice of in-vitro fertilization and ensure that the outcome measurement system is creating proper incentives and delivering timely, accurate, and useful information to patient, physicians, and researchers.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Medical Specialties; Measurement and Metrics; Operations; Outcome or Result; Health Industry; Cleveland;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Saquib Rahim, and Benjamin Chung-Shi Tsai. "In-Vitro Fertilization: Outcomes Measurement." Harvard Business School Case 709-403, August 2008. (Revised from original July 2008 version.)
  46. Brigham and Women's Hospital: Shapiro Cardiovascular Center

    Considers the situation facing Gary Gottlieb, president of Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), prior to the opening of BWH's integrated cardiovascular center. This case allows students to develop an appreciation of the strategic, financial, organizational, clinical, and physical aspects of integrating health care delivery around specific categories of disease. It provides an opportunity to evaluate BWH's approach to integration along all of these dimensions and to identify the nature of the tradeoffs that hospitals-specifically, academic medical centers-face as they attempt to create disease-specific models of integrated care. Finally, students have the opportunity to evaluate the degree to which integrated models of care can be developed within academic medical centers.

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Health Disorders; Service Delivery; Organizational Design; Integration; Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Robert S. Huckman, and Jeremy Lance Friese. "Brigham and Women's Hospital: Shapiro Cardiovascular Center." Harvard Business School Case 608-175, June 2008.
  47. Commonwealth Care Alliance: Elderly and Disabled Care

    Individuals enrolled in both Medicare and Medicaid, known as dual eligibles, are among the highest-cost beneficiaries in the US. Commonwealth Care Alliance, a small nonprofit insurer and care delivery system in Massachusetts, operated under a public demonstration program designed to provide comprehensive coverage and care for the elderly dual eligible population. Led by Dr. Robert Master, Commonwealth Care Alliance worked with its contracted providers to implement and support a care delivery model that could allow as many members as possible to live independently outside of nursing homes. The case examines Commonwealth Care Alliance's insurance and care delivery approaches amidst a changing policy environment and various resource constraints. This case can be used to teach: Approaches to value-based insurance and care delivery; Insurance and care delivery considerations for underserved, high-cost populations; Evolution and structure of US Medicare and state Medicaid programs and demonstrations; and payer and provider reimbursement models.

    Keywords: Programs; Public Sector; Alliances; Policy; Age Characteristics; Service Delivery; Value; Health Care and Treatment; Welfare or Wellbeing; Insurance Industry; Health Industry; Massachusetts;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jennifer F Baron. "Commonwealth Care Alliance: Elderly and Disabled Care." Harvard Business School Case 708-502, May 2008. (Revised from original April 2008 version.)
  48. Estonia in Transition

    Discusses the success of a transition country, Estonia, which, until 1991, formed part of the former Soviet Union. Illustrates the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, the Diamond model, the cluster model, national policy (macro stability and micro reforms), and potential for a cross-border regional agenda (role of proximity, regional restructuring, and enhanced attractiveness). Presents the specific case of a planned economy (under Soviet oppression) moving into a transition phase during the 1990s.

    Keywords: Economy; Macroeconomics; Microeconomics; Policy; Government and Politics; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Strategy; Estonia;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Estonia in Transition." Harvard Business School Case 702-436, May 2008. (Revised from original February 2002 version.)
  49. AFP Provida

    Describes the evolution of AFP Provida, one of the early entrants into the Chilean pension fund system established in 1981. By 1999, AFP Provida was not only the largest pension fund administrator in Chile, but also the largest in Latin America in terms of number of affiliates and the second largest in terms of assets under management, after the Brazilian company Previ. Provida was also the most international firm in the industry. At the turn of the 20th century, Provida's senior management was considering how to extend the company's position in a rapidly expanding international marketplace. Describes the firm's internationalization process in terms of timing, geographic choices, and modes of entry. Also discusses Chilean special conditions for the pension fund industry, including local factors, context for strategy and rivalry, demand conditions, and related and supporting industries. Allows for the discussion of the origins of clusters in developing economies as well as the sources of international competitive advantage. Also provides an interesting evaluation of Provida's strategic choices and the sustainability of its international leadership.

    Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Globalized Firms and Management; Industry Clusters; Competitive Advantage; Expansion; Financial Services Industry; Chile;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Arturo L. Condo, and Andrea Prado. "AFP Provida." Harvard Business School Case 703-424, May 2008. (Revised from original February 2003 version.)
  50. Atlas Electrica: International Strategy

    Atlas must decide whether to acquire La Indeca, increasing its Central American presence, or to focus on larger Latin American markets where higher growth is possible. In the year 2000, Jorge Rodriguez was in charge of Atlas Electrica, the largest home appliance firm in Central America. Although it had almost doubled its sales in the 1990s, by the end of the decade Atlas was experiencing a declining market share in its home region and facing increasing competition from outside the region, especially from Mexican and Korean multinationals. At the time, Atlas' main competitor in Central America, El Salvador-based Indeca, was up for sale. Atlas Electrica, based in Costa Rica, served more than a dozen Latin American countries. Since its establishment in 1961, it had served Central American markets with different types of home appliances, later focusing on white-goods for middle-income segments of Central American consumers. In the mid-1990s, through a strategic alliance with Sweden's AG Electrolux, Atlas had expanded to Latin American markets beyond Central America.

    Keywords: Acquisition; Growth and Development Strategy; Markets; Partners and Partnerships; Competition; Expansion; Latin America; Central America;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Arturo Condo. "Atlas Electrica: International Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 704-435, May 2008. (Revised from original November 2003 version.)
  51. Finland and Nokia (TN)

    Teaching Note to (9-702-427).

    Keywords: Telecommunications Industry; Finland;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Finland and Nokia (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 705-435, April 2008. (Revised from original December 2004 version.)
  52. ThedaCare: System Strategy (TN)

    Teaching Note for 708-424.

    Keywords: Health Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Sachin H. Jain. "ThedaCare: System Strategy (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 708-442, February 2008.
  53. Latvia: Economic Strategy after EU Accession

    Describes the economic development of Latvia, a small eastern European country on the shores of the Baltic Sea, from regaining independence in 1991 to European Union (EU) accession in 2004 and is set on May 1st, 2004, the day Latvia became an EU member. Latvia had achieved strong growth since regaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. Describes Latvia's economic development over this period, discussing the economic policy efforts that have taken place and includes general information on the country, its history and politics, and the business environment that companies faced in 2004. A special focus is the influence that the EU accession process has on the Latvian economy and on economic policy choices in the country. Challenges students to discuss how the environment changes as EU membership is achieved, and which new priorities the country might need to define for its economic policy.

    Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies; Economic Growth; Policy; Business and Government Relations; European Union; Latvia;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Christian H.M. Ketels. "Latvia: Economic Strategy after EU Accession." Harvard Business School Case 707-515, November 2007. (Revised from original February 2007 version.)
  54. Understanding Industry Structure

    Examines the structural determinants of industry attractiveness (the Five Forces framework) and the implications of industry structure for strategy.

    Keywords: Five Forces Framework; Industry Structures; Competitive Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Understanding Industry Structure." Harvard Business School Background Note 707-493, August 2007. (Revised from original December 2006 version.)
  55. Rwanda: National Economic Transformation (TN)

    Teaching Note to 706491.

    Keywords: Economy; Problems and Challenges; Development Economics; Policy; Poverty; Transformation; Performance Evaluation; Political Elections; Rwanda;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Michael Patrick McCreless. "Rwanda: National Economic Transformation (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 708-437, July 2007.
  56. Latvia: Economic Strategy after EU Accession (TN)

    Teaching note to 707515.

    Keywords: Multinational Firms and Management; Emerging Markets; Market Entry and Exit; Perspective; Opportunities; Retail Industry; Latvia; Russia; China; Germany; India;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Christian H.M. Ketels. "Latvia: Economic Strategy after EU Accession (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 707-524, March 2007.
  57. Volvo Trucks (C): Closing Volvo Global Trucks

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues; Failure; Competitive Strategy; Manufacturing Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Volvo Trucks (C): Closing Volvo Global Trucks." Harvard Business School Case 702-444, May 2006. (Revised from original February 2002 version.)
  58. St. Louis: Inner-City Economic Development

    Describes the history and challenges of the economically distressed inner city areas of St. Louis, a major U.S. metropolitan area. Profiles regional and inner city economics and describes a new effort by community leaders to develop and implement a strategy to revitalize the inner city economy.

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Anne S. Habiby, and Joanne Lasala. "St. Louis: Inner-City Economic Development." Harvard Business School Case 704-492, April 2006. (Revised from original March 2004 version.)
  59. Asociacion Colombiana de Industrias Plasticas (Acoplasticos)

    Acoplasticos was established in 1961 as a lobbying group for Colombia's major plastics manufacturing companies. In the early 1980s, the organization shifted its focus toward improving the productivity of the Colombian plastics and rubber cluster, which also included certain petrochemical, manmade fiber, paint, and ink industries. Over time, the organization's activities expanded to include cluster technology upgrading, training, trade fair production, joint procurement, and information collection and dissemination. Despite significant improvement in the performance of the Colombian plastics and rubber cluster during the 1990s, however, Executive Director Carlos Garay was concerned about the challenging economic and political environment in 2002.

    Keywords: Cooperation; Technology; Alliances; Research and Development; Business and Government Relations; Performance Productivity; Developing Countries and Economies; Manufacturing Industry; Chemical Industry; Colombia;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Willis M. Emmons III. "Asociacion Colombiana de Industrias Plasticas (Acoplasticos)." Harvard Business School Case 703-437, March 2006. (Revised from original February 2003 version.)
  60. Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM)

    Le Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique S.A. (CSEM)--the Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology--was a major nonprofit research institution located in Neuchatel, Switzerland, with roots in the Swiss watch industry. CSEM maintained close links to several Swiss universities, and over time, the center's activities expanded to include basic and applied research, contract production, and technology consulting. By the late 1990s, CSEM began spinning off promising commercial ventures and incorporating them as for-profit companies. In 2001, CEO Thomas Hinderling wondered whether any adjustments in CSEM's strategy were necessary or desirable going forward.

    Keywords: Cooperation; Technology; Alliances; Research and Development; Performance Productivity; Innovation and Invention; Nonprofit Organizations; Electronics Industry; Switzerland;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., Willis M. Emmons III, and Christian Fenner. "Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM)." Harvard Business School Case 703-438, March 2006. (Revised from original February 2003 version.)
  61. Volvo Trucks (A): Penetrating the U.S. Market

    Volvo Trucks has worked on a global strategy for several decades. Beginning in the mid-1970s, the company decided to enter the largest market for trucks: the United States. Over time, the company has struggled to get a significant share of the U.S. market and at the same time integrate operations around the world into a truly global strategy. However, the competitive structure (five-force model) differs significantly between Europe and the United States, and in spite of heavy investments, the global synergies seem far-fetched. This case illustrates clearly that entry and penetration of a market is a learning process for Volvo, where the initial strategic logic and underlying assumptions have to be changed several times.

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Volvo Trucks (A): Penetrating the U.S. Market." Harvard Business School Case 702-418, February 2006. (Revised from original February 2002 version.)
  62. Estonia in Transition (TN)

    Teaching Note to (9-702-436).

    Keywords: Success; Economy; Policy; Transition; Estonia;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Estonia in Transition (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 705-439, March 2005.
  63. Volvo Trucks (C): Closing Volvo Global Truck (TN)

    Teaching Note to (9-702-444).

    Keywords: Manufacturing Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Volvo Trucks (C): Closing Volvo Global Truck (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 705-438, December 2004.
  64. Volvo Trucks (A): Penetrating the U.S. Market (TN)

    Teaching Note to (9-702-418).

    Keywords: United States; Europe;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Volvo Trucks (A): Penetrating the U.S. Market (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 705-436, December 2004.
  65. Volvo Trucks (B): Acquisition of RVI (TN)

    Teaching Note to (9-702-419).

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Volvo Trucks (B): Acquisition of RVI (TN)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 705-437, December 2004.
  66. Volvo Trucks (B): Acquisition of RVI

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Orjan Solvell. "Volvo Trucks (B): Acquisition of RVI." Harvard Business School Case 702-419, March 2004. (Revised from original February 2002 version.)
  67. Institutions for Collaboration: Overview

    Provides an overview of the wide variety of organizations other than firms, government ministries and regulatory agencies, and universities that may have significant effects on competitiveness. These intermediary entities, referred to as institutions for collaboration (IFCs), include, for example, chambers of commerce, industry associations, professional associations, trade unions, technology transfer organizations, quality centers, think tanks, university alumni associations, and others.

    Keywords: Globalization; Labor Unions; Organizations; Competitive Strategy; Technology;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Willis M. Emmons III. "Institutions for Collaboration: Overview." Harvard Business School Background Note 703-436, January 2003.
  68. Competition & Strategy: Course Structure TN

    Provides an overview of the Competition & Strategy course, a first course on business strategy, as taught at Harvard Business School during the summer of 1999. Describes the role of the course in the overall MBA curriculum, the superstructure of the course, and the concepts emphasized in each module and case. Emphasizes how the parts of the course fit together to form an integrated body of ideas and analytical tools.

    Keywords: Curriculum and Courses; Higher Education; Management; Business or Company Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Management Practices and Processes; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Strategy; Education Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jan W. Rivkin. "Competition & Strategy: Course Structure TN." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 700-091, March 2001. (Revised from original January 2000 version.)
  69. Industry Transformation

    One of the steepest challenges a strategist faces is to navigate his or her company through a period of industry transformation--an era of rapid and wholesale changes in industry structure. This note considers how periods of transformation typically unfold. It then examines how the core tools of the strategist can be deployed during such periods and how new tools come to the fore. Periods of industry transformation pose grave threats and tremendous opportunities to companies. Industry leaders are often unseated during such times, replaced by underdogs and entrants. Perhaps most importantly, periods of transformation give companies unusual latitude to influence future industry structure. Teaching purpose: Designed to support course modules that consider strategy-making under uncertainty or the intersection of competitive strategy and technology.

    Keywords: Technological Innovation; Management; Management Practices and Processes; Industry Growth; Industry Structures; Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Consulting Industry; Service Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jan W. Rivkin. "Industry Transformation." Harvard Business School Background Note 701-008, July 2000.
  70. Scotts Company: North American Corporate Strategy

    Keywords: Corporate Strategy; North America;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Brian S. Silverman. "Scotts Company: North American Corporate Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 701-002, July 2000.
  71. Robert Mondavi: Competitive Strategy

    Describes the competitive situation facing Robert Mondavi, the leading premium California winery. Mondavi has been an industry innovator and has recently taken steps to become more international. Mondavi has to cope with growing domestic competition as well as market share growth by wineries from Chile and Australia.

    Keywords: Global Strategy; Technological Innovation; Business or Company Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Industry Structures; Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Competitive Advantage; Food and Beverage Industry; California; Australia; Chile;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Gregory C Bond. "Robert Mondavi: Competitive Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 799-125, June 2000. (Revised from original June 1999 version.)
  72. Edward Jones

    Edward Jones is a leading, highly profitable retail brokerage firm with a unique strategy very different from those of its rivals. The case describes Jones's activities and allows a rich discussion of its positioning choices, supporting activities, and tradeoffs. Jones must cope with a rapidly evolving industry, which, at least on the surface, is a threat to its strategy.

    Keywords: Financial Institutions; Business or Company Management; Goals and Objectives; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Business Strategy; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Banking Industry; Financial Services Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Gregory C. Bond. "Edward Jones." Harvard Business School Case 700-009, June 2000. (Revised from original July 1999 version.)
  73. Eckerd Corporation

    Describes the history and current situation in the retail pharmacy industry, including competition from new merchants and Internet drugstores. Eckerd, one of the top four drug chains, must decide how to position itself for the future.

    Keywords: History; Competition; Internet; Distribution Channels; Business Strategy; Retail Industry; Pharmaceutical Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and John E. Kelleher. "Eckerd Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 799-141, June 2000. (Revised from original June 1999 version.)
  74. Novo Industri (B)

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jong Hyun Lee. "Novo Industri (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 799-134, June 1999.
  75. Matching Dell (A)

    After years of success with its vaunted "Direct Model" for computer manufacturing, marketing, and distribution, Dell Computer Corp. faces efforts by competitors to match its strategy. This case describes the evolution of the personal computer industry, Dell's strategy, and efforts by Compaq, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Gateway 2000 to capture the benefits of Dell's approach. Students are called on to formulate strategic plans of action for Dell and its various rivals.

    Keywords: History; Cost vs Benefits; Hardware; Competitive Advantage; Customization and Personalization; Computer Industry;

    Citation:

    Rivkin, Jan W., Michael E. Porter, Charles E. Bruin, Markus Chappel, Thomas M Galizia, and Laila J Worrell. "Matching Dell (A)." Harvard Business School Case 799-158, June 1999.
  76. Masco Corp. (A)

    Describes the history and corporate position of a large and successful producer of faucets and related household products. Masco is considering entry into the $14 billion furniture industry. Designed to be used with Household Furniture Industry in 1986 in a strategy course on corporate strategy for diversified firms.

    Keywords: Diversification; Market Entry and Exit; Corporate Strategy; Rank and Position; Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Cynthia A. Montgomery. "Masco Corp. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 389-186, December 1998. (Revised from original April 1989 version.)
  77. Household Furniture Industry in 1986

    Profiles the household furniture industry in the United States in 1986. Designed for use with Masco Corp. (A) and (B).

    Keywords: Supply and Industry; Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Cynthia A. Montgomery. "Household Furniture Industry in 1986." Harvard Business School Background Note 389-189, December 1998. (Revised from original April 1989 version.)
  78. Masco Corp. (B)

    Describes Masco's initial entry strategy and is designed as an in-class handout.

    Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Diversification; Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Cynthia A. Montgomery. "Masco Corp. (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 389-187, November 1998. (Revised from original April 1989 version.)
  79. Progressive Corporation

    Progressive is a leader in providing nonstandard (high-risk) automobile insurance to drivers across America, with a long record of extraordinary profitability. Progressive is facing a challenge in its segment from Allstate, the industry leader, and must decide how to respond.

    Keywords: Insurance; Business or Company Management; Growth and Development Strategy; Growth Management; Planning; Business Strategy; Competition; Competitive Strategy; Auto Industry; Insurance Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Nicolaj Siggelkow. "Progressive Corporation." Harvard Business School Case 797-109, May 1998. (Revised from original May 1997 version.)
  80. Masco Corporation (A) & (B) TN

    Teaching Note for (9-389-186) and (9-389-187).

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Montgomery, Cynthia A., and Michael E. Porter. "Masco Corporation (A) & (B) TN." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 396-242, January 1996.
  81. Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi-Cola and the Soft Drink Industry

    Describes the competition between Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola. Provides a summary of the history of the soft drink industry prior to World War II, and over the period 1950-1990 in greater detail. Major strategic competitive moves and countermoves are described. Also profiles industry developments, including the Pepsi Challenge, the reformulation of Coca-Cola, and the consolidation of the bottler network. Provides a teaching vehicle for analysis of competitors and strategic rivalry. An updated and revised version of an earlier case.

    Keywords: Competition; Industry Growth; Business Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi-Cola and the Soft Drink Industry." Harvard Business School Case 391-179, October 1994. (Revised from original March 1991 version.)
  82. Novo Industri

    Describes the structure of the insulin industry, a treatment for diabetes and Novo's strategy and competitive position in early 1982. The industry is undergoing significant change and Novo must decide how to defend and build its international position. Designed as an early case in global strategy. The class can understand how Novo has competed internationally in the past, how that relates to industry structure, and how industry changes will alter the appropriate way of competing globally. Coalitions of alliances factor into the list of strategic alternatives.

    Keywords: Change; Global Strategy; Industry Structures; Alliances; Competitive Strategy; Health Disorders; Pharmaceutical Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Michael J. Enright. "Novo Industri." Harvard Business School Case 389-148, January 1994. (Revised from original April 1989 version.)
  83. Hattori-Seiko and the World Watch Industry in 1980

    Focuses on the industry's development and evolution in three principal watch producing countries: Switzerland, the United States, and Japan. Based in part on two earlier cases by F.T. Knickerbocker and H.E.R. Uyterhoeven.

    Keywords: Industry Growth; Consumer Products Industry; Japan; Switzerland; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Edward J. Hoff. "Hattori-Seiko and the World Watch Industry in 1980." Harvard Business School Background Note 385-300, September 1993. (Revised from original April 1985 version.)
  84. Edizione Holding, SpA: Sporting Goods (A)

    Keywords: Sports Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Edizione Holding, SpA: Sporting Goods (A)." Harvard Business School Case 794-008, September 1993. (Revised from original July 1993 version.)
  85. Sulzer Brothers Ltd. (Condensed)

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Sulzer Brothers Ltd. (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Case 386-021, May 1992. (Revised from original July 1985 version.)
  86. Georgia-Pacific Corp.: Corporate Strategy

    Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Pulp and Paper Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Garth Saloner. "Georgia-Pacific Corp.: Corporate Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 391-174, May 1992. (Revised from original May 1991 version.)
  87. Great Northern Nekoosa vs. Georgia-Pacific: Check Paper

    Keywords: Pulp and Paper Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Garth Saloner. "Great Northern Nekoosa vs. Georgia-Pacific: Check Paper." Harvard Business School Case 391-173, May 1992. (Revised from original March 1991 version.)
  88. Ethical Dimensions of Competitive Analysis

    Presents some of the dilemmas of gathering competitive information and the appropriate limits for competitive analysis. Raises the issues involved and provides information about actual corporate practice.

    Keywords: Ethics; Competition; Management Practices and Processes; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Corporate Governance; Information Management;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Ethical Dimensions of Competitive Analysis." Harvard Business School Background Note 792-088, April 1992.
  89. General Mills, Inc.: Corporate Strategy

    Keywords: Corporate Strategy; Food and Beverage Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "General Mills, Inc.: Corporate Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 388-123, January 1992. (Revised from original April 1988 version.)
  90. EG&G, Inc. (A) (Condensed)

    Provides background on the company and outlines its five-year plan.

    Keywords: Planning;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "EG&G, Inc. (A) (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Case 377-027, January 1992. (Revised from original August 1976 version.)
  91. Note on the Aluminum Industry in 1983

    Keywords: Metals and Minerals;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Aluminum Industry in 1983." Harvard Business School Background Note 391-205, October 1991. (Revised from original April 1991 version.)
  92. Rockwell International (A)

    Describes the competitive situation facing Rockwell International, the market leader in the U.S. water meter industry. The industry is undergoing structural change, and competitor activity is intensifying. Rockwell must decide what, if any, actions are necessary to change its competitive posture. Whether or not to put a plastic case meter on the market is a particularly visible decision issue. Designed for use in the early part of Industry and Competitive Analysis, to facilitate the understanding of industry structural analysis and the concept of generic strategies.

    Keywords: Transformation; Decisions; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Markets; Industry Structures; Business Strategy; Competition; Manufacturing Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Rockwell International (A)." Harvard Business School Case 383-019, September 1991. (Revised from original August 1982 version.)
  93. Skil Corp., Teaching Note

    Teaching Note for (9-389-005).

    Keywords: United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Skil Corp., Teaching Note." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 389-021, December 1989. (Revised from original October 1988 version.)
  94. Hattori-Seiko and the World Watch Industry in 1980, Teaching Note

    Teaching Note for (9-385-300).

    Keywords: Manufacturing Industry; Japan; Switzerland; United Kingdom;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Hattori-Seiko and the World Watch Industry in 1980, Teaching Note." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 390-074, October 1989.
  95. The Oil Tanker Shipping Industry in 1983

    Describes the international oil tanker shipping industry both historically and in 1983. Designed to provide a vehicle for practicing industry analysis in a volatile commodity business, and for formulating strategy in such an environment. Also can be used to examine industry capacity overexpansion and vertical integration policies of oil companies who own some but not all of the ships they use to transport their oil.

    Keywords: Strategic Planning; Globalized Markets and Industries; Goods and Commodities; Volatility; Vertical Integration; Supply and Industry; Shipping Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "The Oil Tanker Shipping Industry in 1983." Harvard Business School Background Note 384-034, February 1989. (Revised from original September 1983 version.)
  96. Note on the World Copier Industry in 1983

    Keywords: Manufacturing Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the World Copier Industry in 1983." Harvard Business School Background Note 384-152, November 1988. (Revised from original November 1983 version.)
  97. Canon Inc.: Worldwide Copier Strategy

    Describes Canon's worldwide strategy in the copier business. Designed to be used to explore strategy formulation in a worldwide industry, and the principles of international competition.

    Keywords: Values and Beliefs; Global Strategy; Marketing Strategy; Business Strategy; Competitive Strategy; Manufacturing Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Canon Inc.: Worldwide Copier Strategy." Harvard Business School Case 384-151, October 1988. (Revised from original November 1983 version.)
  98. Skil Corp.

    The portable electric power tool market in the United States was approximately $1.1 billion in 1979. There were about a dozen manufacturers competing in the U.S. market, of which five were U.S. companies. Skil was the third largest U.S. competitor. Skil was acquired by Emerson Electric in 1979. Skil was a turnaround situation from Emerson's perspective. The company faced intense competition from Black & Decker and emerging foreign competitors.

    Keywords: Competition; Competitive Strategy; Mergers and Acquisitions; Business Strategy; Emerging Markets; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Skil Corp." Harvard Business School Case 389-005, September 1988.
  99. Chain Saw Industry in 1978

    For use on the second day of a two-day sequence on the U.S. chain saw industry. Describes the evolution of the industry since 1974. Illustrates issues in industry evolution, the forces causing evolution, and the strategic issues raised by evolution. The discussion can center around understanding the 1974-78 time period, and then on an analysis of the future. The class can be asked to take the perspective of different major competitors.

    Keywords: History; Perspective; Machinery and Machining; Corporate Strategy; Forecasting and Prediction; Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and David J. Collis. "Chain Saw Industry in 1978." Harvard Business School Case 379-176, June 1988. (Revised from original April 1979 version.)
  100. Receiving Tube Industry in 1966

    Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Corporate Strategy; Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Receiving Tube Industry in 1966." Harvard Business School Case 379-181, June 1988. (Revised from original April 1979 version.)
  101. Note on the World Copier Industry in 1983 (Condensed)

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the World Copier Industry in 1983 (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Background Note 386-106, December 1987. (Revised from original November 1985 version.)
  102. NFL vs. the USFL

    Keywords: Sports Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "NFL vs. the USFL." Harvard Business School Case 386-168, November 1987. (Revised from original March 1986 version.)
  103. Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry

    Keywords: Distribution; Electronics Industry; Distribution Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry." Harvard Business School Background Note 377-041, February 1987. (Revised from original September 1976 version.)
  104. Cramer Electronics, Inc.

    Designed to be the second day of a two-day series on the electronic component distribution industry, following a day spent discussing Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry and Raytheon Co.: Diversification. The important teaching themes which this case is designed to highlight are: 1) to practice the diagnosis of the strategic health of an industry leader, with emphasis on applying the tests of consistency for an effective strategy; 2) to provide practice in both qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of a company's resources, and the relating of these to strategic priorities; 3) to examine the strategic difficulties in attempting to be a large firm in a fragmented industry; and 4) to explore the difficulty of limiting growth and turning away opportunity as a strategic alternative. The series can be positioned either early in a course on strategy formulation, highlighting industry analysis and strategic testing, or later in such a course with the focus on strategic reaction to innovation, responding to a changing industry and assessing strategic alternatives.

    Keywords: Change Management; Innovation Strategy; Management Style; Resource Allocation; Opportunities; Corporate Strategy; Diversification; Distribution Industry; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Cramer Electronics, Inc." Harvard Business School Case 377-063, February 1987. (Revised from original October 1976 version.)
  105. Sweco, Inc. (A)

    Describes Sweco's decision about whether to enter the mud-processing equipment industry (used in oil well drilling). This is an internal entry decision, and the case describes Sweco's existing businesses as well as the mud-processing industry and competitors. The case contains enough data to calculate the costs of entry in the new industry, and to forecast the reactions of existing firms to the entry.

    Keywords: Cost vs Benefits; Decisions; Forecasting and Prediction; Cost; Data and Data Sets; Market Entry and Exit; Competition;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and George S. Yip. "Sweco, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 380-167, February 1987. (Revised from original March 1980 version.)
  106. Sweco, Inc. (A1)

    Supplements the (A) case. Designed as an in-class handout.

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and George S. Yip. "Sweco, Inc. (A1)." Harvard Business School Supplement 380-168, February 1987. (Revised from original March 1980 version.)
  107. Cramer Electronics, Inc. (Condensed)

    Keywords: Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Cramer Electronics, Inc. (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Case 387-121, January 1987.
  108. Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry (Condensed)

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Background Note 387-122, January 1987.
  109. Sulzer Brothers Ltd.

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Sulzer Brothers Ltd." Harvard Business School Case 384-127, January 1987. (Revised from original November 1983 version.)
  110. U.S. Television Set Market, Prewar to 1970 (Condensed)

    Citation:

    Ghemawat, Pankaj, and Michael E. Porter. "U.S. Television Set Market, Prewar to 1970 (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Background Note 387-019, November 1986.
  111. Offshore Drilling Industry in 1980 (Condensed)

    Citation:

    Ghemawat, Pankaj, and Michael E. Porter. "Offshore Drilling Industry in 1980 (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Background Note 387-020, October 1986.
  112. Bendix Corp. (A) (Condensed)

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Bendix Corp. (A) (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Case 386-177, September 1986. (Revised from original April 1986 version.)
  113. U.S. Lodging Industry in 1985

    Keywords: United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "U.S. Lodging Industry in 1985." Harvard Business School Background Note 386-068, September 1986. (Revised from original October 1985 version.)
  114. General Electric vs. Westinghouse in Large Turbine Generators (A)

    Describes the U.S. large turbine generator industry in early 1963, a period of severe price cutting and depressed industry conditions. Presents data to allow a structural analysis of the industry and an analysis of the strategies of the major players since 1946. The major teaching issue is the process of competitive rivalry in an oligopoly market, particularly the problems of deescalating in a situation of market warfare. This industry is one where the conditions for avoiding warfare are difficult. Subsidiary teaching issues include the structural analysis of capital goods markets and strategy for the market leader in areas like pricing, rate of technological change, and customer focus. After understanding the industry structure, the discussion should turn to what GE can do to extricate itself from the disastrous price cutting afflicting the industry.

    Keywords: Transformation; Customer Focus and Relationships; Machinery and Machining; Cost Management; Price; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Marketing Strategy; Industry Structures; Competition; Manufacturing Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "General Electric vs. Westinghouse in Large Turbine Generators (A)." Harvard Business School Case 380-128, August 1986. (Revised from original January 1980 version.)
  115. The U.S. Bicycle Industry in 1974

    Keywords: Bicycle Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "The U.S. Bicycle Industry in 1974." Harvard Business School Background Note 382-030, August 1986. (Revised from original September 1981 version.)
  116. The Swiss Watch Industry--1981-85

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Edward J. Hoff. "The Swiss Watch Industry--1981-85." Harvard Business School Background Note 387-033, July 1986.
  117. Baby Foods Industry--1965

    Keywords: Food and Beverage Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Baby Foods Industry--1965." Harvard Business School Case 379-178, June 1986. (Revised from original April 1979 version.)
  118. Corn Sweetener Industry

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and John R. Wells. "Corn Sweetener Industry." Harvard Business School Background Note 386-154, June 1986. (Revised from original March 1986 version.)
  119. Note on Diversification as a Strategy

    Presents a discussion of corporate diversification. Covers historical background, the concept of strategy for a diversified company, and concepts of value creation.

    Keywords: Diversification; Strategy; Value Creation;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Malcolm S. Salter. "Note on Diversification as a Strategy." Harvard Business School Background Note 382-129, June 1986. (Revised from original March 1982 version.)
  120. Note on Supplying the Automobile Industry (Condensed)

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on Supplying the Automobile Industry (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Background Note 386-176, April 1986.
  121. Polaroid-Kodak (B4)

    Supplements the (B1) case.

    Keywords: Technology Industry; Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak (B4)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-176, March 1986. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  122. Seven-Up Division of Philip Morris

    In 1979, Philip Morris acquired the Seven-Up Co., the number three concentrate producer in the U.S. After four years of losses, Seven-Up had registered an operating profit in 1984. Industry analysts were debating the role that Seven-Up would play in Philip Morris's future.

    Keywords: Acquisition; Business Divisions; Debates; Profit; Production; Personal Development and Career; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Edward J. Hoff. "Seven-Up Division of Philip Morris." Harvard Business School Case 385-321, March 1986. (Revised from original April 1985 version.)
  123. Tatung Co. (B)

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Tatung Co. (B)." Harvard Business School Case 385-174, February 1986. (Revised from original October 1984 version.)
  124. World Television Industry in 1979

    Keywords: Television Entertainment; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "World Television Industry in 1979." Harvard Business School Background Note 385-193, January 1986. (Revised from original October 1984 version.)
  125. Water Meter Industry in 1982

    Keywords: Utilities Industry; Industrial Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Water Meter Industry in 1982." Harvard Business School Case 386-128, December 1985.
  126. U.S. Television Set Market, Prewar to 1970

    Keywords: Electronics Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "U.S. Television Set Market, Prewar to 1970." Harvard Business School Background Note 380-180, November 1985. (Revised from original April 1980 version.)
  127. Note on Supplying the Automobile Industry: Changing Relationships

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Pankaj Ghemawat. "Note on Supplying the Automobile Industry: Changing Relationships." Harvard Business School Background Note 386-091, October 1985.
  128. Polaroid-Kodak, Addendum

    Supplements the case.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak, Addendum." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-165, October 1985. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  129. The Disposable Diaper Industry in 1974

    Describes the rapidly growing disposable diaper industry in 1974, a period in which Procter and Gamble's industry leadership faced strong challenges from Kimberly Clark, Johnson and Johnson, and Union Carbide. The latter two firms were in the process of entry into the industry. Focuses on the decision to enter the business, the barriers to entry, and the optimal reaction of going firms, in this case Procter and Gamble, to deter or impede entry. Software for this note is available (9-388-504).

    Keywords: Market Entry and Exit; Competition; Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "The Disposable Diaper Industry in 1974." Harvard Business School Background Note 380-175, September 1985. (Revised from original April 1980 version.)
  130. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.: Commercial Roofing Division (A)

    Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Change Management; Construction Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and John R. Wells. "Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.: Commercial Roofing Division (A)." Harvard Business School Case 383-040, August 1985. (Revised from original September 1982 version.)
  131. Offshore Drilling Industry in 1980

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Offshore Drilling Industry in 1980." Harvard Business School Background Note 384-170, July 1985. (Revised from original December 1983 version.)
  132. Bendix Corp. (A)

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Bendix Corp. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 378-257, July 1985. (Revised from original May 1978 version.)
  133. Fiber-Optics Industry (A): Products, Technology, and Markets--1978

    Keywords: Competition; Competitive Strategy; Hardware; Communications Industry; Telecommunications Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Fiber-Optics Industry (A): Products, Technology, and Markets--1978." Harvard Business School Case 379-136, July 1985. (Revised from original February 1979 version.)
  134. Receiving Tube Industry in 1967-78

    Keywords: Competition; Competitive Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Receiving Tube Industry in 1967-78." Harvard Business School Case 379-184, July 1985. (Revised from original April 1979 version.)
  135. Baby Foods Industry--1966-78

    Keywords: Food and Beverage Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Baby Foods Industry--1966-78." Harvard Business School Case 379-185, July 1985. (Revised from original April 1979 version.)
  136. Chain Saw Industry in 1974

    Describes the structure of the chain saw industry in 1974, when it is on the threshold of a major period of growth. Data are provided on each significant competitor. The discussion should center around strategies in a growing market for differently situated competitors.

    Keywords: History; Marketing Strategy; Industry Growth; Corporate Strategy; Infrastructure; Growth and Development;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Chain Saw Industry in 1974." Harvard Business School Case 379-157, June 1985. (Revised from original March 1979 version.)
  137. Raytheon Co.: Diversification

    Centers on the question of whether Raytheon should enter the electronic component distribution industry in the context of its broad diversification approach and acquisition criteria. This industry represents a vertical integration area for Raytheon, so the analytical issues raised by vertical integration decisions can be explored as well. Used in a section of a business policy course on diversification strategy, or to motivate the comprehensive analysis of the electronic component distribution industry earlier in a policy course. Designed for use with Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry.

    Keywords: Acquisition; Policy; Market Entry and Exit; Distribution; Diversification; Vertical Integration; Distribution Industry; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Raytheon Co.: Diversification." Harvard Business School Case 377-055, May 1985. (Revised from original October 1976 version.)
  138. NFL vs. the USFL (A)

    Keywords: Sports Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "NFL vs. the USFL (A)." Harvard Business School Case 385-311, May 1985.
  139. NFL vs. the USFL (B)

    Keywords: Sports Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "NFL vs. the USFL (B)." Harvard Business School Case 385-318, May 1985.
  140. Note on the Corn Wet Milling Industry--1972

    Keywords: Food and Beverage Industry; Manufacturing Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Corn Wet Milling Industry--1972." Harvard Business School Background Note 378-186, April 1985. (Revised from original February 1978 version.)
  141. Chain Saw Industry in 1978, Addendum

    Supplements the case. Designed as an in-class handout.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Chain Saw Industry in 1978, Addendum." Harvard Business School Supplement 379-177, June 1984. (Revised from original April 1979 version.)
  142. Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. and the Hospital Management Industry (Condensed)

    Keywords: Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. and the Hospital Management Industry (Condensed)." Harvard Business School Case 383-115, March 1984. (Revised from original January 1983 version.)
  143. EG&G, Inc. (B)

    Raises the dilemmas of making strategic decisions within an organizational construct. The divestment of a division of the company raises not only strategic issues but organizational and interpersonal ones as well. The decision is framed through the strategic planning process, and the case presents data in the form the general manager had available.

    Keywords: Business Divisions; Decisions; Business or Company Management; Organizations; Strategic Planning; Strategy; Service Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "EG&G, Inc. (B)." Harvard Business School Case 376-188, November 1983. (Revised from original February 1976 version.)
  144. U.S. Securities Industry in 1979

    Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Financial Services Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "U.S. Securities Industry in 1979." Harvard Business School Case 379-190, October 1983. (Revised from original April 1979 version.)
  145. Polaroid-Kodak (B7)

    Supplements the (B1) case.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak (B7)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-179, October 1983. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  146. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.: Commercial Roofing Division (B)

    Keywords: Manufacturing Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and John R. Wells. "Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.: Commercial Roofing Division (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 383-041, September 1983. (Revised from original September 1982 version.)
  147. Rockwell International (A1)

    Supplements the (A) case. Designed as an in-class handout.

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Rockwell International (A1)." Harvard Business School Supplement 383-020, July 1983. (Revised from original August 1982 version.)
  148. Note on the Structural Analysis of Industries

    Provides a framework for the analysis of industry structure. Identifies the major structural features that influence the profit potential in industries and some illustrative implications of these for strategy formulation. Can be used as a reference note for business policy courses and/or as the background for a lecture on industry analysis.

    Keywords: Industry Structures; Business Strategy; Profit;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Structural Analysis of Industries." Harvard Business School Background Note 376-054, June 1983. (Revised from original September 1975 version.)
  149. Polaroid-Kodak, (B11)

    Supplements the (B1) through (B10) cases.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak, (B11)." Harvard Business School Supplement 379-149, May 1983. (Revised from original March 1979 version.)
  150. Polaroid-Kodak (B1)

    Describes additional events in battle between Polaroid and Kodak outlined in Polaroid-Kodak. Includes the competitive actions taken by the companies such as the introduction of customer rebates and bonus plans with dealers. Details the new products of each company and the marketing practices employed. Designed to allow a contrast to Kodak's entry into instant cameras.

    Keywords: Customer Focus and Relationships; Marketing Strategy; Market Entry and Exit; Product; Competitive Strategy; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak (B1)." Harvard Business School Case 378-173, February 1983. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  151. Polaroid-Kodak (B2)

    Supplements the (B1) case.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak (B2)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-174, February 1983. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  152. Polaroid-Kodak (B3)

    Supplements the (B1) case.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak (B3)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-175, February 1983. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  153. Polaroid-Kodak (B5)

    Supplements the (B1) case.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak (B5)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-177, February 1983. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  154. Polaroid-Kodak (B6)

    Supplements the (B1) case.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak (B6)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-178, February 1983. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  155. Polaroid-Kodak (B8)

    Supplements the (B1) case.

    Keywords: Technology Industry; Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak (B8)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-180, February 1983. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  156. Polaroid-Kodak (B9)

    Supplements the (B1) case.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak (B9)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-181, February 1983. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  157. Polaroid-Kodak, (B10)

    Supplements the (B1) case.

    Keywords: Consumer Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Polaroid-Kodak, (B10)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-182, February 1983. (Revised from original January 1978 version.)
  158. U.S. Television Set Market--1970-79

    Keywords: United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "U.S. Television Set Market--1970-79." Harvard Business School Background Note 380-181, November 1982. (Revised from original April 1980 version.)
  159. Television Set Industry in 1979: Japan, Europe, and Newly Industrializing Countries

    Keywords: Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Television Set Industry in 1979: Japan, Europe, and Newly Industrializing Countries." Harvard Business School Background Note 380-191, November 1982. (Revised from original January 1980 version.)
  160. Fiber-Optics Industry (B): Historical Development and Competitor Profiles--1978

    Keywords: History; Competition; Applied Optics; Information Technology; Communications Industry; Telecommunications Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Fiber-Optics Industry (B): Historical Development and Competitor Profiles--1978." Harvard Business School Case 379-139, October 1982. (Revised from original February 1979 version.)
  161. Fiber-Optics Industry (C)

    Keywords: Telecommunications Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and John R. Wells. "Fiber-Optics Industry (C)." Harvard Business School Case 383-043, October 1982.
  162. Fiber-Optics Industry (D)

    Keywords: Communications Industry; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and John R. Wells. "Fiber-Optics Industry (D)." Harvard Business School Supplement 383-044, October 1982.
  163. Fiber-Optics Industry (E)

    Keywords: Communications Industry; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and John R. Wells. "Fiber-Optics Industry (E)." Harvard Business School Supplement 383-045, October 1982.
  164. Fiber-Optics Industry (F)

    Keywords: Communications Industry; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and John R. Wells. "Fiber-Optics Industry (F)." Harvard Business School Supplement 383-046, October 1982.
  165. Note on Supplying the Automobile Industry

    Keywords: Supply Chain; Auto Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on Supplying the Automobile Industry." Harvard Business School Background Note 378-219, July 1981. (Revised from original March 1978 version.)
  166. Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. and the Hospital Management Industry

    Keywords: Health Care and Treatment; Management; Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. and the Hospital Management Industry." Harvard Business School Case 381-205, May 1981.
  167. Note on the Corn Wet Milling Industry--1973-77

    Keywords: Food and Beverage Industry; Manufacturing Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Corn Wet Milling Industry--1973-77." Harvard Business School Background Note 378-206, April 1981. (Revised from original February 1978 version.)
  168. Heinz U.S.A.: Baby Food

    Keywords: Food and Beverage Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Heinz U.S.A.: Baby Food." Harvard Business School Case 381-102, March 1981.
  169. People's Republic of China

    Keywords: China;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "People's Republic of China." Harvard Business School Case 381-082, November 1980.
  170. Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry, Raytheon Co.: Distribution, & Cramer Electronics, Teaching Note

    Keywords: Distribution Industry; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry, Raytheon Co.: Distribution, & Cramer Electronics, Teaching Note." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 379-146, September 1980. (Revised from original March 1979 version.)
  171. Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. (A)

    Keywords: Competitive Strategy; Contracts; Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 377-170, May 1980. (Revised from original February 1977 version.)
  172. General Electric vs. Westinghouse in Large Turbine Generators (B)

    Supplements the (A) case. Designed as an in-class handout.

    Keywords: Energy Generation; Industrial Products Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "General Electric vs. Westinghouse in Large Turbine Generators (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 380-129, May 1980. (Revised from original January 1980 version.)
  173. Profiles of Selected U.S. Securities Firms in 1979

    Keywords: History; Financial Services Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Profiles of Selected U.S. Securities Firms in 1979." Harvard Business School Case 380-140, February 1980.
  174. General Electric vs. Westinghouse in Large Turbine Generators (C)

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Keywords: Manufacturing Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "General Electric vs. Westinghouse in Large Turbine Generators (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 380-130, January 1980.
  175. Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry, Supplement

    Keywords: Distribution; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry, Supplement." Harvard Business School Supplement 380-084, November 1979.
  176. Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry, Addendum

    Keywords: Distribution Industry; Electronics Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Electronic Component Distribution Industry, Addendum." Harvard Business School Supplement 379-148, March 1979.
  177. Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (A)

    Describes the history and evolution of the log home manufacturing industry, a rapidly growing embryonic industry capitalizing on the back-to-basics lifestyle changes in the United States. Focuses on one of the leading firms in the industry, but allows a discussion of several of the other industry leaders as well. Designed for use in a two-day series on the analysis of strategic problems in an embryonic industry. What are the characteristic strategic issues in these types of industry environments? How do we anticipate and predict industry changes that will occur? How should an industry leader respond to the environment?

    Keywords: History; Risk Management; Duopoly and Oligopoly; Business or Company Management; Situation or Environment; Competitive Strategy; Industry Structures; Business Startups; Business Strategy; Construction Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 378-195, February 1978.
  178. Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B1)

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Keywords: Construction Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B1)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-196, February 1978.
  179. Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B2)

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Keywords: Construction Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B2)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-197, February 1978.
  180. Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B3)

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Keywords: Construction Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B3)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-198, February 1978.
  181. Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B4)

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Keywords: Construction Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B4)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-199, February 1978.
  182. Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B5)

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Keywords: Construction Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B5)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-200, February 1978.
  183. Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B6)

    Supplements the (A) case.

    Keywords: Construction Industry; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Sierra Log Homes, Inc. (B6)." Harvard Business School Supplement 378-201, February 1978.
  184. Mobil Oil Corp. (A)

    Keywords: Energy Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Mobil Oil Corp. (A)." Harvard Business School Case 378-126, December 1977. (Revised from original November 1977 version.)
  185. Note on the Hospital Management Industry

    Keywords: Management; Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Note on the Hospital Management Industry." Harvard Business School Background Note 377-169, November 1977. (Revised from original February 1977 version.)
  186. Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. (B)

    Keywords: Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 377-171, March 1977.
  187. Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. (C)

    Keywords: Health Industry;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Hospital Affiliates International, Inc. (C)." Harvard Business School Supplement 377-172, March 1977.
  188. Industry Structural Change

    Presents a framework for understanding and predicting industry structural change. Examines 1) the important underlying forces causing structural change, 2) the key relationships among industry elements in the process of change, and 3) some implications of change for corporate strategy. Designed for use in a section of a course on strategy formulation which concerns itself with strategy formulation in changing industries.

    Keywords: Framework; Industry Structures; Organizational Change and Adaptation; Organizational Structure; Strategy; Corporate Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "Industry Structural Change." Harvard Business School Background Note 377-051, October 1976.

Presentations

  1. Biotechnology Industry Organization Paper

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael. "Biotechnology Industry Organization Paper." Paper presented at the Bio 2000 Economic Forum, Boston, MA, March 27, 2000.
  2. Achieving Competitiveness in the UK: Challenges for Government and Industry

    Keywords: Competition; Problems and Challenges; Business and Government Relations; United Kingdom;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael. "Achieving Competitiveness in the UK: Challenges for Government and Industry." Merck, Sharp and Dohme Inc., December 10, 1998.
  3. On the Economy of New Zealand

    Keywords: Economics; Oceania;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E. "On the Economy of New Zealand." Paper presented at the Wellington Town Hall Presentation, New Zealand Trade Development Board, November 01, 1998.

Other Publications and Materials

  1. Prosperity at Risk: Findings of Harvard Business School's Survey on U.S. Competitiveness

    Keywords: Trade; International Relations; Competition; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Jan W. Rivkin. "Prosperity at Risk: Findings of Harvard Business School's Survey on U.S. Competitiveness." Report, January 2012.
  2. UK Competitiveness: Moving to the Next Stage

    The UK has seen its economic performance improve significantly over recent years. But despite this positive trend, there remains a productivity gap towards the US and the leading continental European countries. This report provides a broad assessment of UK competitiveness to analyze the root causes for this gap. It dismisses the claim that weak management might be the culprit for the lower level of R&D and productivity in UK companies. Instead, it points towards the need to move competitiveness upgrading to a new level, thus providing an environment where companies will face conditions in which they can and need to move towards more knowledge-based modes of competing. The UK has been successful as a very open, highly competitive economy where barriers to rivalry have been removed and companies excelled in making the most from existing assets. It now needs to move to a model where investments in the business environment enable companies to also build new skills and assets. This requires changes in government policy as well as in company strategies.

    Keywords: Competition; Economics; Performance Productivity; Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques; Research and Development; Competency and Skills; Investment; Assets; Corporate Strategy; Policy; Management; Knowledge Use and Leverage; United Kingdom; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael E., and Christian H.M. Ketels. "UK Competitiveness: Moving to the Next Stage." DTI Economics Paper Report Series, 2003.
  3. Tradeoffs, Activity Systems, and the Theory of Competitive Strategy

    Keywords: Competitive Strategy;

    Citation:

    Porter, M. E. "Tradeoffs, Activity Systems, and the Theory of Competitive Strategy." December 1996.
  4. Lifting All Boats: Increasing the Payoff from Private Investment in the US Economy

    Keywords: Investment; Private Sector; United States;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael. "Lifting All Boats: Increasing the Payoff from Private Investment in the US Economy." Report, September 1995. (Capital Allocation Subcouncil to the Competitiveness Policy Council.)
  5. The Wealth of Regions

    Keywords: Wealth; Globalized Economies and Regions;

    Citation:

    Porter, Michael. "The Wealth of Regions." World Link Publications, London, England, November 1993.