J. Gunnar Trumbull
Philip Caldwell Professor of Business Administration
Gunnar Trumbull is a Professor at the Harvard Business School, where he teaches in the Business, Government, and the International Economy area. Trumbull graduated from Harvard College in 1991 and earned a Ph.D. in political science from M.I.T. in 1999. He joined the Harvard Business School faculty in 2001, where his research focuses on European political economy.
Trumbull's core interest is with consumer politics. He is author of Consumer Capitalism: Politics, Product Markets, and Firm Strategy in France and Germany (Cornell University Press, 2006), which explores the political roots of consumer protection policies that emerged in France and Germany beginning in the 1970s. He is also the author of two new books. Strength in Numbers: The Political Power of Weak Interests (Harvard University Press, forthcoming) investigates the sources of interest group influence on in public policy. He argues that diffuse groups like consumers are more influential, and industry less influential, than we commonly assume. Consumer Credit in Postwar America and France: The Political Construction of Economic Interest (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming) explores the politics and business of consumer lending over the 20th century. He argues that America came to see credit as a form of welfare policy that could take the place of an expansive welfare state.
Trumbull also conducts research on technology policy. His book Silicon and the State: French Innovation Policy in the Internet Age (2004) traces France's policy response in the late-1990s to the apparent success of the Silicon Valley model of technology innovation.
-
Article
| Business History Review
|
A Brief Postwar History of U.S. Consumer Finance
J. Gunnar Trumbull and Peter Tufano
In this brief history of U.S. consumer finance since World War II, the sector is defined based on the functions delivered by firms in the form of payments, savings and investing, borrowing, managing risk, and providing advice. Evidence of major trends in consumption, savings, and borrowing is drawn from time-series studies. An examination of consumer decisions, changes in regulation, and business practices identifies four major themes that characterized the consumer-finance sector: innovation that increased the choices available to consumers; enhanced access in the form of consumers' broadening participation in financial activities; do-it-yourself consumer finance, which both allowed and forced consumers to take greater responsibility for their own financial lives; and a resultant increase in household risk taking.
Keywords: consumer finance;
Consumer credit;
u.s. history;
-
Article
| Politics & Society
|
Credit Access and Social Welfare: The Rise of Consumer Lending in the United States and France
Gunnar Trumbull
Research into the causes of the 2008 financial crisis has drawn attention to a link between growing income inequality in the United States and high household indebtedness. Most accounts trace the U.S. idea of credit-as-welfare to the period of wage stagnation and welfare retrenchment that began in the early 1970s. Using France as a comparison case, I argue that the link between credit and welfare was not unique to the United States. Indeed, U.S. charitable lending institutions that emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century were modeled in part on older French financial institutions. Three historical factors drove U.S. lenders and policymakers to push for expanded credit access for the working class. First, welfare reformers in the interwar period embraced private credit as an alternative to an expansive welfare state. Second, U.S. organized labor in the wake of World War II embraced credit access as a means to sustain industrial employment and finance strike actions. Third, commercial banks in the 1950s began offering revolving credit accounts as a means to attract new depositors at a time when banking regulation restricted the interest they could offer on deposits.
Keywords: Credit;
Welfare or Wellbeing;
Borrowing and Debt;
France;
United States;
-
Article
| Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte
|
Varieties of Consumerism
Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: Customers;
-
Article
| French Politics, Culture and Society
|
Policy Activism in a Globalized Economy: France's 35-hour Work Week
Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: Policy;
Globalization;
Economy;
France;
-
Article
| Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft
|
More Trade, Safer Products
Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: Trade;
Product;
-
Chapter
| The Development of Consumer Credit in Global Perspective: Business, Regulation, and Culture
| Forthcoming
Banking on Consumer Credit: Explaining Patterns of Household Borrowing in the United States and France
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: Credit;
Commercial Banking;
Personal Finance;
Borrowing and Debt;
Financing and Loans;
Consumer Behavior;
Banking Industry;
United States;
France;
Citation: Trumbull, J. Gunnar. "Banking on Consumer Credit: Explaining Patterns of Household Borrowing in the United States and France." Chap. 7 in The Development of Consumer Credit in Global Perspective: Business, Regulation, and Culture, edited by Jan Logemann. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
-
Chapter
| The Oxford Handbook of Business and Government
| 2010
Consumer Policy: Business and the Politics of Consumption
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: Demand and Consumers;
Policy;
-
Chapter
| The Voice of the Citizen Consumer
| 2011
Between Global and Local: The Invention of Data Privacy in the United States and France
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: Social Issues;
Knowledge Management;
Information Management;
Rights;
United States;
France;
-
Chapter
| Affluence and Activism: Organized Consumers in the Post-War Era
| 2004
The Surprise of Collective Action: Consumer Mobilization in France, 1970-1985
Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: History;
Demand and Consumers;
France;
Citation: Trumbull, Gunnar. "The Surprise of Collective Action: Consumer Mobilization in France, 1970-1985." In Affluence and Activism: Organized Consumers in the Post-War Era, edited by Even Lange, and Iselin Theien. Oslo: Unipub, 2004.
-
Chapter
| Material Politics: The State and Consumer Society
| 2000
Strategies of Consumer Group Mobilization
Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: Customer Relationship Management;
Consumer Behavior;
Marketing Strategy;
Groups and Teams;
Citation: Trumbull, Gunnar. "Strategies of Consumer Group Mobilization." In Material Politics: The State and Consumer Society, edited by Martin Daunton, and Matthew Hilton. Oxford: Berg, 2000.
-
Chapter
| Global Political Economy: Among and Within Nations
| 2000
Divergent Paths of Product Market Regulation in France and Germany, 1970-1990
Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: History;
France;
Germany;
Citation: Trumbull, Gunnar. "Divergent Paths of Product Market Regulation in France and Germany, 1970-1990." In Global Political Economy: Among and Within Nations, edited by Stuart S. Nagel. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000.
-
Chapter
| The German and Dutch Economies: Who Follows Whom?
| 1998
Wage Bargaining, Labour Markets and Macroeconomic Performance in the Netherlands
Gunnar Trumbull, Anne Wren, Bob Hancke and David Soskice
Keywords: Labor and Management Relations;
Macroeconomics;
Performance;
Netherlands;
Citation: Trumbull, Gunnar, Anne Wren, Bob Hancke, and David Soskice. "Wage Bargaining, Labour Markets and Macroeconomic Performance in the Netherlands." In The German and Dutch Economies: Who Follows Whom? edited by Lei Delsen, and Eelke de Jong. New York: Physica-Verlag, 1998.
-
Working Paper
| HBS Working Paper Series
| 2010
A Brief Postwar History of U.S. Consumer Finance
Andrea Ryan, Gunnar Trumbull and Peter Tufano
This article describes the consumer finance sector in the US since World War II. We first define the sector in terms of the functions delivered by firms (payments, savings/investing, borrowing, managing risk, and providing advice.) We provide time series evidence on major trends in consumption, savings, and borrowing. Examining consumer decisions, changes in regulation, and business practices, we identify four major themes that characterize the sector: (a) innovation that increased the choices available to consumer; (b) enhanced access in the form of broadening participation of consumers in financial activities, (c) do-it-yourself consumer finance, which allowed and forced consumers to take greater responsibility for their own financial lives, and (d) the resultant increase in household risk taking.
Keywords: Decision Choices and Conditions;
Borrowing and Debt;
Mortgages;
Personal Finance;
Business History;
Innovation and Invention;
Risk and Uncertainty;
Financial Services Industry;
United States;
-
Working Paper
| HBS Working Paper Series
| 2010
Regulating for Legitimacy: Consumer Credit Access in France and America
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Theories of legitimate regulation have emphasized the role of governments either in fixing market failures to promote greater efficiency or in restricting the efficient functioning of markets in order to pursue public welfare goals. In either case, features of markets serve to justify regulatory intervention. I argue that this causal logic must sometimes be reversed. For certain areas of regulation, its function must be understood as making markets legitimate. Based on a comparative historical analysis of consumer lending in the United States and France, I argue that national differences in the regulation of consumer credit had their roots in the historical conditions by which the small loan sector came to be legitimized. Americans have supported a liberal regulation of credit because they have been taught that access to credit is welfare promoting. This perception emerged from a historical coalition between commercial banks and NGOs that promoted credit as the solution to a range of social ills. The French regulate credit tightly because they came to see credit as both economically risky and a source of reduced purchasing power. This attitude has its roots in the early postwar lending environment, in which loans were seen to be beneficial only if they were accompanied by strong government protections. These cases suggest that national differences in regulation may trace to historically contingent conditions under which markets are constructed as legitimate.
Keywords: Borrowing and Debt;
Credit;
Financial Markets;
Personal Finance;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Business History;
Business and Government Relations;
Welfare or Wellbeing;
France;
United States;
-
Working Paper
| HBS Working Paper Series
| 2003
From Rents to Risks: France's New Innovation Policy
Gunnar Trumbull
Citation: Trumbull, Gunnar. "From Rents to Risks: France's New Innovation Policy." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 04–020, October 2003.
-
Working Paper
| HBS Working Paper Series
| 2002
The Rise of Consumer Politics: Market Institutions and Product Choice in Postwar France and Germany
Gunnar Trumbull
Citation: Trumbull, Gunnar. "The Rise of Consumer Politics: Market Institutions and Product Choice in Postwar France and Germany." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 03–054, October 2002.
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2013
Europe: An Ever Closer Union?
Gunnar Trumbull, Jonathan Schlefer and Diane Choi
In 2010, the European Union faces the challenges of the global financial crisis. With 27 member states, each facing different challenges, can new EU institutions respond effectively? Will its new currency, the euro, survive?
Keywords: Financial Crisis;
Money;
Trade;
Currency;
Policy;
Government and Politics;
European Union;
Citation: Trumbull, Gunnar, Jonathan Schlefer, and Diane Choi. "Europe: An Ever Closer Union?" Harvard Business School Case 713-085, April 2013.
-
Background Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2012
Note on the Arab Spring
J. Gunnar Trumbull and Jonathan Schlefer
Citation: Trumbull, J. Gunnar, and Jonathan Schlefer. "Note on the Arab Spring." Harvard Business School Background Note 712-055, April 2012.
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2012
(Revised from original 2011 version)
Fraunhofer: Innovation in Germany (TN)
Diego A. Comin and J. Gunnar Trumbull
Teaching Note for 711022.
Keywords: Innovation and Invention;
Germany;
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2012
(Revised from original 2011 version)
Fraunhofer: Innovation in Germany
Diego A. Comin, J. Gunnar Trumbull and Kerry Yang
Fraunhofer is one of the largest applied research organizations in the world. With 17,000 employees and a 1.6 billion euros budget, Fraunhofer has 60 institutes in Germany that cover most fields of science. The case examines the consequences that Fraunhofer has for the competitiveness of the German economy. It also explores whether the organization of R&D is affected by the size distribution of firms as well as by institutions in labor and financial markets.
Keywords: Economy;
Entrepreneurship;
Financial Markets;
Government and Politics;
Labor;
Markets;
Outcome or Result;
Research and Development;
Competitive Strategy;
Germany;
Citation: Comin, Diego A., J. Gunnar Trumbull, and Kerry Yang. " Fraunhofer: Innovation in Germany." Harvard Business School Case 711-022, March 2012. (Revised from original March 2011 version.)
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
(Revised from original 2010 version)
The Political Economy of Carbon Trading
Forest L. Reinhardt, J. Gunnar Trumbull, Mikell Hyman, Patia McGrath and Nazli Zeynep Uludere
Global climate change is an increasingly prominent political and business problem. Design of market-based systems to reduce carbon emissions has proven difficult. More broadly, national attempts to comply with the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol present both governments and firms with significant challenges. The design of international institutions that will be useful for managing change after the Kyoto period is a challenge both for Kyoto ratifiers and for countries like the United States that have not ratified the agreement. Creation of a post-Kyoto treaty on climate change requires agreement by China and the United States, the world's largest carbon emitters. The case summarizes the science and economics of climate change and encourages readers to contemplate the strategic and risk management problems that it presents to government officials and to business leaders in developed countries and in the developing world.
Keywords: Policy;
International Relations;
Risk Management;
Agreements and Arrangements;
Business and Government Relations;
Natural Environment;
Pollution and Pollutants;
Weather and Climate Change;
Environmental Sustainability;
Public Administration Industry;
Citation: Reinhardt, Forest L., J. Gunnar Trumbull, Mikell Hyman, Patia McGrath, and Nazli Zeynep Uludere. " The Political Economy of Carbon Trading." Harvard Business School Case 710-056, April 2011. (Revised from original February 2010 version.)
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
Santander Consumer Finance (TN)
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Teaching Note for 711015.
Keywords: Organizational Structure;
Expansion;
Decisions;
Economic Slowdown and Stagnation;
Credit;
Growth and Development;
Personal Finance;
Management Practices and Processes;
Banking Industry;
Spain;
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2012
(Revised from original 2010 version)
ABB: 'In China, for China'
J. Gunnar Trumbull, Elena Corsi and Elisa Farri
ABB, a power and automation Swiss engineering company had to decide if they wanted to be even more integrated into the Chinese economy, ABB's biggest market, or if they should instead increase their presence in other emerging markets such as India and Brazil.
Keywords: History;
Multinational Firms and Management;
Engineering;
Problems and Challenges;
Competitive Strategy;
Emerging Markets;
Global Strategy;
Growth and Development Strategy;
Industrial Products Industry;
China;
India;
Brazil;
Citation: Trumbull, J. Gunnar, Elena Corsi, and Elisa Farri. " ABB: 'In China, for China'." Harvard Business School Case 711-044, December 2012. (Revised from original November 2010 version.)
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
European Union: The Road to Lisbon (TN)
J. Gunnar Trumbull and Diane Choi
Teaching Note for 711032.
Keywords: Currency;
Financial Crisis;
Problems and Challenges;
Performance Effectiveness;
Portugal;
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
The Euro in Crisis: Decision Time at the European Central Bank (TN)
J. Gunnar Trumbull, Dante Roscini and Diane Choi
Teaching Note for 711049.
Keywords: Currency;
Central Banking;
Borrowing and Debt;
Decisions;
Banking Industry;
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
Common Agricultural Policy and the Future of French Farming (TN)
J. Gunnar Trumbull and Diane Choi
Teaching Note for 707027.
Keywords: Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
France;
European Union;
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
The Financial Crisis of 2008 (TN)
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Teaching Note for 709036.
Keywords: Financial Crisis;
Perspective;
History;
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
Consumer Lending in Japan: Citi CFJ (TN) (A) & (B)
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Teaching Note for 709017 and 710018.
Keywords: Profit;
Saving;
Situation or Environment;
Mergers and Acquisitions;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Japan;
-
Background Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
The International Monetary Fund
Rafael M. Di Tella, J. Gunnar Trumbull and Natalie Kindred
How the International Monetary Fund (IMF) defined and carried out its mandate has evolved considerably since 1944, when it was founded to serve a vital but narrow function in maintaining the global foreign exchange system and thus enabling international trade. This note gives an overview of the IMF's evolution by describing key phases in its history, including the Bretton Woods system and its collapse, the international debt crisis of the 1980s, the Washington Consensus era, and reform efforts in the 2000s.
Keywords: International Finance;
History;
Globalized Economies and Regions;
Trade;
Financial Institutions;
Macroeconomics;
Financial Services Industry;
Citation: Di Tella, Rafael M., J. Gunnar Trumbull, and Natalie Kindred. "The International Monetary Fund." Harvard Business School Background Note 711-040, March 2011.
-
Supplement
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
Fraunhofer: Five Significant Innovations
Diego A. Comin, J. Gunnar Trumbull and Kerry Yang
Keywords: Innovation and Invention;
Citation: Comin, Diego A., J. Gunnar Trumbull, and Kerry Yang. "Fraunhofer: Five Significant Innovations." Harvard Business School Supplement 711-058, March 2011.
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
ABB: 'In China, for China' (TN)
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Teaching Note for 711044.
Keywords: Industrial Products Industry;
China;
India;
Brazil;
-
Module Note
|
2011
Varieties of Capitalism
J. Gunnar Trumbull
This module, part of the second year HBS course MITI, introduces a political economy approach to analyzing national economic strategies, with a primary focus on German economic policy.
Keywords: Economy;
Markets;
Curriculum and Courses;
Policy;
Competitive Advantage;
Goals and Objectives;
Geographic Location;
Strategy;
Germany;
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
The Political Economy of Carbon Trading (TN)
Forest L. Reinhardt and J. Gunnar Trumbull
Teaching Note for 710056.
Keywords: Weather and Climate Change;
Globalization;
International Relations;
Problems and Challenges;
Agreements and Arrangements;
Risk Management;
Developing Countries and Economies;
System;
United States;
China;
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2011
(Revised from original 2010 version)
The Euro in Crisis: Decision Time at the European Central Bank
J. Gunnar Trumbull, Dante Roscini and Diane Choi
This case traces the origins and evolution of the European Central Bank, with attention to its 2010 decision concerning the purchase of Greek sovereign debt.
Keywords: Financial Crisis;
Borrowing and Debt;
Currency;
Central Banking;
Financial Management;
Sovereign Finance;
Policy;
Crisis Management;
Europe;
Greece;
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2010
(Revised from original 2010 version)
Santander Consumer Finance
J. Gunnar Trumbull, Elena Corsi and Andrew Barron
A Spanish company has to decide if they should expand into the fragmented European consumer finance market and has to make important organizational strategy decisions in the midst of the world economic downturn that followed the 2007 U.S. credit crunch. Since 2002, the consumer finance branch of the Spanish banking Grupo Santander, Santander Consumer Finance (SCF), had grown into one of the largest European consumer finance companies capturing the recent growth in Europe of the consumer finance market. Against a background of growing concern about the sustainability of household debt levels in Europe and the United States, in 2008 the new CEO, Magda Salarich Fernández de Valderrama, had to decide if this was the right time to expand or, if instead, she should focus on consolidation. She was also facing important organizational strategy decisions. Which functions should be left to national affiliates to decide, and which should be centralized at headquarters? What processes should be standardized, and which left to local initiatives?
Keywords: Borrowing and Debt;
Financial Markets;
International Finance;
Personal Finance;
Consolidation;
Corporate Strategy;
Expansion;
Financial Services Industry;
European Union;
Spain;
Citation: Trumbull, J. Gunnar, Elena Corsi, and Andrew Barron. " Santander Consumer Finance." Harvard Business School Case 711-015, December 2010. (Revised from original September 2010 version.)
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2010
(Revised from original 2007 version)
Afghanistan 2006: Building a Brand New State
Noel Maurer, Debora L. Spar and J. Gunnar Trumbull
In 2006, Afghanistan remains a country in turmoil. It has a newly elected democratic government, a rebounding economy, and considerable economic potential. But the country is still torn by rival factions and dominated by the opium trade. Explores how Afghanistan has been rebuilt since the U.S. invasion of 2001, and what it means to create a modern state. Can state institutions be imposed from the outside? And what are the prospects for democracy in such a perilous place?
Keywords: Developing Countries and Economies;
Economic Growth;
Policy;
Government and Politics;
Political Elections;
Organizations;
Outcome or Result;
Afghanistan;
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2009
(Revised from original 2008 version)
Consumer Lending in Japan: Citi CFJ (A)
J. Gunnar Trumbull and Akiko Kanno
Despite a tradition of high household savings, Japan has supported a dynamic and technically sophisticated consumer-lending sector. The high profitability of the sector has periodically attracted interest from domestic banks as well as international investors. Most recently, in 1998 and 2000 respectively, GE Capital and Citi Financial both acquired Japanese consumer-lending companies. In 2006, when the Japanese Supreme Court rules that one of the big Japanese consumer lenders must repay a borrower for "excess interest payments," the U.S. firms must decide how to respond.
Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions;
Financing and Loans;
Foreign Direct Investment;
Personal Finance;
Courts and Trials;
Business and Government Relations;
Banking Industry;
Japan;
-
Supplement
| HBS Case Collection
|
2009
Consumer Lending in Japan: Citi CFJ (B)
J. Gunnar Trumbull and Akiko Kanno
As the regulatory environment for consumer lending evolves, CFJ has to decide how to respond.
Keywords: Personal Finance;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Risk Management;
Business and Government Relations;
Banking Industry;
Japan;
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2008
The Financial Crisis of 2008
J. Gunnar Trumbull
This case presents excerpts from the speeches of observers to the 2008 financial crisis, including former and current central bankers, a private banker, and a Nobel-prize winning economist. They present different interpretations of the causes of the financial crisis and make proposals about how a similar crisis might be stopped in the future. The goal of the case is to provide students with alternative perspectives and broad historical data so that they can evaluate both causes of and responses to the crisis.
Keywords: Financial Crisis;
Financial Management;
Policy;
History;
Perspective;
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2008
(Revised from original 2006 version)
The European Union in the 21st Century
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Focuses on the challenges facing the European Union in 2006. Following the French and Dutch referendums in 2005, the fate of the European Constitution is in jeopardy. Ten new accession countries have just joined the EU, with Turkey in the beginning stages of the accession process. New member states and additional future members have provoked widespread debate on financial, political, and social issues. Growth within the EU has been sluggish, with high unemployment and low investment in R&D. The EU has launched a set of reforms to create a "single passport" system of mutual recognition within the EU for capital, services, and people. Still, terrorist attacks, an upsurge in domestic violence, budgetary problems, and foreign policy, enlargement, and immigration issues plague the EU. In light of these problems, what will be the future of the EU and its constitution?
Keywords: Economic Growth;
Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues;
Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms;
Policy;
Government Administration;
European Union;
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2007
(Revised from original 2006 version)
Common Agricultural Policy and the Future of French Farming
J. Gunnar Trumbull, Vincent Marie Dessain and Elena Corsi
Presents the history and evolution of the EU Common Agricultural Policy, from early price supports to the 2003 decision to "decouple" payments to European farmers. Explores the logic behind agricultural supports, with a focus on the economic, political, and cultural context of French farming. Discusses efforts to reform the CAP in the context of the Doha Round of WTO negotiations against the backdrop of European enlargement.
Keywords: History;
Agreements and Arrangements;
Price;
Policy;
Trade;
Agribusiness;
Agriculture and Agribusiness Industry;
France;
European Union;
-
Teaching Note
| HBS Case Collection
|
2006
Wal-Mart in Europe (TN)
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Keywords: Retail Industry;
Europe;
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2004
(Revised from original 2004 version)
Wal-Mart in Europe
J. Gunnar Trumbull and Louisa Neissa
Presents challenges facing Wal-Mart during its move into Germany. Explores the dynamics of the German retail market.
Keywords: Globalized Markets and Industries;
Distribution Channels;
Expansion;
Trade;
Foreign Direct Investment;
Retail Industry;
Europe;
Germany;
Citation: Trumbull, J. Gunnar, and Louisa Neissa. " Wal-Mart in Europe." Harvard Business School Case 704-027, July 2004. (Revised from original April 2004 version.)
-
Case
| HBS Case Collection
|
2003
(Revised from original 2003 version)
Creation of the European Union, The
J. Gunnar Trumbull
Describes the emergence of the European Union (EU). Focuses on a critical stage in European integration--the period in the early 1990s when member states negotiated the terms of the Maastricht Treaty. This agreement set in motion the project that would eventually lead to the formation of a single currency. Considers the political and economic conditions that led France, Germany, and Britain to undertake this common project.
Keywords: International Relations;
Alliances;
System;
Negotiation Participants;
Government and Politics;
Agreements and Arrangements;
Money;
Cooperation;
European Union;
|
|