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• Working Paper | HBS Working Paper Series | 2013

  iPosture: The Size of Electronic Consumer Devices Affects our Behavior

  Maarten W. Bos and Amy J.C. Cuddy

  We examined whether incidental body posture, prompted by working on electronic devices of different sizes, affects power-related behaviors. Grounded in research showing that adopting expansive body postures increases psychological power, we hypothesized that working on larger devices, which forces people to physically expand, causes users to behave more assertively. Participants were randomly assigned to interact with one of four electronic devices that varied in size: an iPod Touch, an iPad, a MacBook Pro (laptop computer), or an iMac (desktop computer). As hypothesized, compared to participants working on larger devices (e.g., an iMac), participants who worked on smaller devices (e.g., an iPad) behaved less assertively—waiting longer to interrupt an experimenter who had made them wait, or not interrupting at all.

  Citation:

  Bos, Maarten W., and Amy J.C. Cuddy. "iPosture: The Size of Electronic Consumer Devices Affects our Behavior." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13–097, May 2013.

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• Article | Psychological Science | April 2013

  Gendered Races: Implications for Interracial Marriage, Leadership Selection, and Athletic Participation

  Adam D. Galinsky, Erika V. Hall and Amy J.C. Cuddy

  Six studies explored the overlap between racial and gender stereotypes and the consequences of this overlap for interracial dating, leadership selection, and athletic participation. Two initial studies, utilizing explicit and implicit measures, captured the stereotype content of different racial groups: the Asian stereotype was seen as more feminine whereas the Black stereotype more masculine compared to the White stereotype. Study 3 found that preferences for masculinity versus femininity mediated White participants' attraction to Blacks relative to Asians. Analysis of the 2000 United States Census replicated this pattern with interracial marriages. In Study 5, Blacks were more likely and Asians less likely to be selected for a masculine leadership position compared to Whites. Study 6 analyzed the NCAA Student-Athlete Ethnicity Report and found Blacks were more heavily represented in masculine versus feminine sports relative to Asians. These studies demonstrate that the association between racial and gender stereotypes has important real-world consequences.

  Keywords: stereotypes; race; gender; attraction; leadership;

  Citation:

  Galinsky, Adam D., Erika V. Hall, and Amy J.C. Cuddy. "Gendered Races: Implications for Interracial Marriage, Leadership Selection, and Athletic Participation." Psychological Science 24, no. 4 (April 2013): 498–506.

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• Article | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 2012

  Leadership Is Associated with Lower Levels of Stress

  Gary D. Sherman, J. J. Lee, A.J.C. Cuddy, Jonathan Renshon, Christopher Oveis, James J. Gross and Jennifer S. Lerner

  As leaders ascend to more powerful positions in their groups, they face ever-increasing demands. This has given rise to the common perception that leaders have higher stress levels than non-leaders. But if leaders also experience a heightened sense of control—a psychological factor known to have powerful stress-buffering effects—leadership should be associated with reduced stress levels. Using unique samples of real leaders, including military officers and government officials, we found that, compared to non-leaders, leaders had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol and lower reports of anxiety (Study 1). In a second study, leaders holding more powerful positions exhibited lower cortisol levels and less anxiety than leaders holding less powerful positions, a relationship explained significantly by their greater sense of control. Altogether, these findings reveal a clear relationship between leadership and stress, with leadership level being inversely related to stress.

  Keywords: leadership; stress; cortisol; control;

  Citation:

  Sherman, Gary D., J. J. Lee, A.J.C. Cuddy, Jonathan Renshon, Christopher Oveis, James J. Gross, and Jennifer S. Lerner. "Leadership Is Associated with Lower Levels of Stress." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (2012): 17903–17907.

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